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Portugal's history of viticulture and vinification covers many centuries and has included the use of an extensive number native varieties. In addition, through experimentation and field trials a number of new varieties have emerged and are now playing key roles in producing the country's wide array of wines.

The relative absence of many international varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay and Semillon is another characteristic of this country's wine industry, although in recent decades many of these varieties have been brought into wider use as the lists below reveal.

Portugal's wine production in 2019 was 6.5 million hectolitres (Mhl), consistent with its annual average since 2015, and the forecast for 2020 is also 6.5 Mhl. This industry makes an important contribution to the country's annual income by attracting a vigorous local market and by being exported all over the world with France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil and Germany as the main destinations. Evidence gained from recent research may suggest that the industry has not yet reached its maximum level of winegrape output efficiency.

Among other wine exporting nations, Portugal was ranked as the world's 9th largest in 2018-2019.

Identifying a variety - the problem with homonyms and synonyms

Wine grape varieties are usually known by what is called the "prime name", and it is under this name they are listed in official and academic documents such as the Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) and Kym Anderson et al.'s Which Winegrape is Grown Where?: A Global Empirical Picture.

Sometimes in a particular country, a variety may have a prime name which is different from its prime name in the international context. For example, the variety called Tempranillo or Tempranillo Tinto internationally is officially listed in Portugal as Aragonez, and is also known in different regions as Tinta Roriz or Aragonês.

Along with the prime name, the other names, that is homonyms and synonyms, by which each variety is known are also included in the lists below. These homonyms and synonyms indicate how many of the wine grape varieties grown in Portugal are known by more than one name both within the country itself and internationally. For example, the synonyms for Tinta Caiada (also called Tinta Lameira in Portugal, and known elsewhere by its Spanish name, Parraleta), listed by country of origin, are:

Bonvedro, False Carignan (Australia); Espagnin Noir (France); Bastardão, Bonvedro, Bomvedro, Lambrusco de Alentejo, Monvedro, Monvedro do Algarve, Monvedro de Sines, Murteira, Olho Branco, Pau Ferro, Perrel, Preto Foz, Preto João Mendes, Tinta Caiada, Tinta Grossa, Tinta Lameira, Tintorro, Torres de Algarve (Portugal); Bonifaccencu, Bonifacienco, Carenisca, Caricagiola (Sardinia); Bastardo, Cua Tendra, Parraleta, Parrel, Salceño Negro (Spain).

In an international context, some varieties have more than 200 or 300 homonyms or synonyms: over 250 for Chasselas Blanc, about 300 for Pinot Noir, and close to 350 for Moscatel Galego Branco.

Often homonyms or synonyms of a particular variety are a direct translation from one language or dialect to another. Pinot Blanc, for example, originated from France and therefore its prime name is in French, but in Italian it is called Pinot Bianco (bianco = white) and Pinot Bijeli (bijeli = white) in Croatian and languages or dialects related to Serbo-Croatian. Sometimes, when a variety originated from a particular place or has been grown there for a long time, it can be given a local name that reflects that association. Arinto, for example, has among its synonyms Arinto d'Anadia, Arinto de Bucelas, Arinto do Dão and Arinto do Douro as well as Asal Espanhol, Pé de Perdiz Branco and Terrantez de Terceira.

Further confusion has arisen when a particular homonym or synonym has been given to more than one variety. Espadeiro, for example, is the prime name for a variety; but as Wein-Plus warns, "It must not be confused with Camaraou Noir, Manseng Noir (both from France), Padeiro, Trincadeira Preta or Vinhão (all five with the synonym Espadeiro), despite the fact that they seem to share synonyms or have morphological similarities.

Probably the greatest confusion of identity has come about through misidentification, misnaming, or mislabelling. Some growers, for example, have found themselves with vines for which they have no formal identification and have based their decision on observation or even guesswork; so if the vine, grape or seasonal behaviour is similar to that of another variety, it is not surprising that the variety is given an incorrect name. The occurrence of mislabelling was also frequent in the past, especially when the gathering and exchanging of cuttings were carried out informally and without some form of control. New legislation and strict administration have reduced but not eliminated this risk.

Ampelography and the establishment of the National Ampelographic Collection

A major step in mapping and conserving Portugal's unique grape profile was the establishment in 1988 of the Coleção Ampelográfica Nacional (National Ampelographic Collection or CAN), a germplasm bank containing as many of the country's unique native varieties as have been found so far along with those varieties that have been introduced from elsewhere. The collection is located at the Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV) in Dois Portos, and has been described as the "national reference collection" and "in addition to its preservation aspect, also has pedagogical functions and supports national and international research."

Another of its functions was, as Eiras-Dias wrote, "to solve the problems of synonymy and homonymy spread over the different wine regions." The extent of this problem and its many causes have already been discussed above. Other examples given by Eiras-Dias are " Castelão (vs. Periquita, vs. Trincadeiro, vs. João de Santarém, vs. Castelão Francês) or Fernão Pires (vs. Maria Gomes)" with debate about the standardisation of their identity causing hot debate in the early 1980s. In his words, the widespread nature of this problem to confusion which, in turn, "had very negative effects on the knowledge and management of the rich viticultural heritage of the country."

Steps that led to the founding of CAN began in 1981 with the setting up of the Projecto Nacional de Ampelografia e Sinonímia das Variedades de Videira (National Ampelographic and Synonymous Grapevine Varieties Project or PNASVV). This just predated Portugal's accession to the European Economic Community (a precursor of the European Union (EU) into which on its establishment, EEC was absorbed) and was motivated by a need to be able to operate efficiently within the broader European context. Between PNASVV's formation and the establishment of CAN, a number of regional-based ampelographic projects began, and by the time the national collection was operating, the role and value of ampelography in the wine industry had been established. The integration of CAN with the government's legislative and administrative involvement in the wine industry was shown when CAN's listing became the core of the government's 2000 ordinance list and later revisions including the 2017 "Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties or NCVV). New information from CAN continues to be provided to the government for the updating of its list, to VIVC and to the EU's certification body, the European Commission (EC).

Scientific research and the establishment of identity

In recent years, genetic testing, DNA profiling and genomics have played a major role in establishing the identity and parentage of grape varieties. Especially Jorge Böhm has to be named when it comes to the scientific research of Portuguese grape varieties, since he's well-known for his success in improving most of the native varieties by mutating new clones with his own plant nursery. But the availability of these services has been limited and largely concentrated on those varieties playing key roles in wine production. This means there is still much work to be done, leaving many varieties still clouded in mystery, and if they are varieties which have passed out of use, it seems unlikely their identities will ever be investigated.

One groundbreaking Portuguese research program carried out in the Douro-Porto regions was set up:

"…to compare the effectiveness of RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) molecular techniques in the detection of synonyms, homonyms and misnames. RAPD and ISSR analysis enabled the detection of 36 different band patterns, reducing in about 36% the original material. Several accessions grown under different names, between and within collections, were confirmed as the same genotype, namely Gouveio/Verdelho, Sousão Douro/Vinhão and Arinto Oeste/ Pedernã. Similarly, some homonyms/misnames were also identified, namely within Azal Tinto and Rabigato accessions. RAPD and ISSR markers revealed to be adequate molecular techniques for grapevine varieties fingerprinting with advantages over other molecular procedures, contributing for a good management of grapevine collections."

The findings from this research illustrated why it has become necessary to sort out the confusion that has been caused and sustained by the use of false and misleading synonyms and homonyms. Regarding, for example, the problem with identifying Sousão (now officially known as Sezão) and Vinhão, the report said:

"Results highlight the genetic proximity between Sousão and Vinhão accessions. Sousão is the prime name of a cultivar grown especially in ‘Vinhos Verdes' Region whose cultivar designation was modified to Sezão in the last review of the ‘Portuguese List of Varieties fit for Wine Production'. Vinhão has been reported as the synonym of the Spanish cultivar Sousón. However, a focus of confusion exists in Douro Region, where, frequently, the name Sousão it given to the cultivar Vinhão. Though, the observed separated RAPD clusters for Sousão and Vinhão groups are correct, nevertheless, the fact that these accessions have a miscellany of names between the two RAPD clusters and that they cluster together in the ISSR marker analysis, suggest that Sousão and Vinhão accessions are genetically close."

Further gains for the identification of varieties have been achieved through the use of microsatellites. Programs have been conducted in several regions. One of the most interesting involved a review in 2010 of 313 accessions planted at that time on CAN's own site. All of these had been authorised for commercial wine production. Of these, the researchers were able to confirm 244 as distinct genotypes, leaving 69 for further classification. Of these, 40 were subdivided into 17 distinct genotype groups each defined by shared synonyms. The largest groups was made up of Ramisco Tinto, Rabo de Ovelha Tinto, Saborinho, Molar, Tinto de Porto Santo and Tinta Negra with each of these registered at that time under two to six synonyms. In some cases, when varieties had different berry colours but shared the same Simple Sequence Repeat DNA marker) profiles (SSR), it was taken that one was a mutation of the other and they were listed together. So, for example, Fernão Pires has green-yellow berries (B) and Fernão Pires Rosado has rose berries (Rs) and Fernão Pires Rosado has rose berries (Rs), but they have the same SSR profiles and Fernão Pires Rosado is listed as a colour mutation of Fernão Pires. As the researchers said in their report:

"Traditionally, cultivar characterization relied on plant morphological description. However, these observations are time consuming and error-prone due to environmental variations that may alter the expression of the measured characteristics. In the last years, developments in DNA analysis for the discrimination of cultivars through the application of the microsatellite (SSR) fingerprinting in viticulture has become the technique of choice for cultivar identification and distinction."

Another research program carried out prior to 2015 involved the use of microsatellites and SSR profiling set out to survey and correctly identify 39 less-known cultivars in the Vinhos Verdes region. As the research report says:

"The accessions analyzed were identified and grouped into 34 different genotypes, nine of them referred as new genotypes. Some new synonyms were detected, namely between Spanish and Portuguese cultivars. Misidentifications and wrong designations were also detected." (p. 53) (The nine new genotype cultivars have been added to the lists below. )

Taking into account this reports closing paragraph, the findings of this research offer outcomes as significant for the Vinhos Verdes region as they could be for the country's entire wine industry:

"Besides the genetic interest in the correct identification and preservation of these autochthonous and minor cultivars in order to prevent their extinction and maintain the biodiversity of Vinhos Verdes DOC Region, they could also be restored and introduced on the production of new and original wines."(p. 57)

Investigating the origin and identity of Portugal's native vines was built on the theory that those cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. ssp.vinifera, which had originated from the eastern part of the Mediterranean and been brought west by Phoenician, Greek and Roman settlers, had crossed with a pre-existing generation of wild vines from the Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris population which had either originated on the Iberian peninsula or had survived there during the last glacial period which ended approximately 11,700 years ago. Ssp. sylvestris, with common names like videira brava, videira silvestre or parreira brava, still survive in the Alentejo, Beiras and Dão forests and elsewhere on the Iberian peninsula. Various research programs made use of microsatellites along with morphological and SSR analyses and their findings are outlined in various reports, the most detailed being from Cunha et al. who concluded by saying:,

"The relationships revealed between local wild-vines and local grapevine cultivars further stresses the importance of protecting the populations were this important repository of genetic variability exists, not only from a biodiversity point of view but also as a source of traits potentially useful to viticulture and oenology."

As much as Portugal has progressed in correctly identifying and indexing its grape varieties, the need for much more work remains. As Cunha and his colleagues wrote:

"Normally, the winegrower is averse to the unknown in his vineyards. Either you know the true name of a grape variety or, simply, rename it, originating the existence of several names to designate a variety (synonymy) and the same name to identify different varieties (homonymy). This problem, common to all wine-growing countries, requires the adoption of an official nomenclature in which each grape variety is identified by a unique name. Exceptionally, and when justified by expressive traditions, a recognized synonym can be admitted, with an intended use equivalent."

Government legislation and an official list of names

As already indicated, in 2010, having foreseen the need for regulation, the Portuguese Government through its then-titled issued an ordinance governing the list of grape varieties that could be used in the wine industry. Subsequent revisions followed.

In 2017, incorporating new information which had come from CAN and other sources, the government issued a comprehensive document the title "Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties or NCVV). Each was shown in the catalogue under the prime name by which it is required to be known within the country's commercial wine production and distribution. The right to add new varieties to the list was placed in the hands of the Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho, IP (Institute of Vine and Wine or IVV), a division of the now-called Ministério da Agricultura (Ministry of Agriculture).

Of the 343 varieties on that list, 230 were native to Portugal or the Iberian Peninsula. But as Cunha and his colleagues warned, "There are still dozens of unidentified grape varieties in the collection (unknown), collected in vineyards subject to final grubbing up and/or for restructuring throughout the country, currently being the object of identity and definition of the strategy for its preservation." The use of genome typing for the standardising of the prime names of Portugal's grape variety list was the primary goal of Cunha and his team, and their findings are contained in that report. According to the 2010 report by Veloso et al.,

"Less than 15 native cultivars represent the majority of those presently utilised for viticulture, namely Alvarinho, Antão Vaz, Arinto, Fernão Pires, for the green-yellow cultivars (25,800 ha) and Baga, Castelão, Tinta Barroca, Tinto Cão, Touriga Franca, Touriga Nacional and Trincadeira (= Trincadeira Preta), for the blue-black cultivars (73,630 ha)."

Portugal's wine appellations

Portugal's wine appellation system classifies wines in three ways, Denominação de Origem Controlada (Controlled Denomination of Origin or DOC), Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada (Indication of Regulated Provenance or IPR), and Vinho Regional (Regional Wine or VR).

The highest classification is Denominação de Origem Controlada. Under its operation, strict regulations: (1) designate the region or DOC from which a particular wine originates; (2) govern the grape varieties or castas which, having been officially listed for that region, can be used to make a wine whose label will include that region's DOC stamp; (3) protect the producers within a region from others elsewhere making false claims of origin; and (4) set the standards for each product which must be met by its producer.

Each DOC region has its own regulating body which performs these tasks and to which producers are required to submit for annual assessment samples of all their wines carrying the DOC stamp. Therefore, for example, wines produced under these regulations by Douro DOC will have on the label the words "Douro DOC" or "Douro Denominação de Origem Controlada" and this appellation conveys to the market a guarantee that the wine has been produced according to that region's standards.

For various reasons, a DOC may enter into decline and as a result may be merged with another DOC. Examples include the former Borba, Portalegre, Redondo, Reguengos and Vidigueira DOCs which are now subregions of Alentejo DOC.

From 1990, smaller regions or sub-regions within DOCs used to label their wines under a classification called Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada (Indication of Regulated Provenance or IPR) or VQPRD (Vinho De Qualidade Produzido Em Região Demarcada or Quality Wine Produced in a Demarcated Region) and either IPR or VQPRD. These regions set up their own internal regulating bodies similar to these operating in DOCs, and often their plan was to develop their own identity and quality of output to an extent that would lead, in turn, to their being recognised as a DOC.

The third appellation is Vinho Regional (Regional Wine). As Wines of Portugal points out:

"Rules for making Vinho Regional are much less stringent than those that govern DOC wines. Nevertheless, many prestigious Portuguese wines are classified as Vinho Regional. This is often because the producer has chosen to use grape varieties that are not permitted for the local DOC, or at least not in those particular combinations or proportions. The looser regulations for Vinho Regional give producers greater scope for individuality, although these wines still have to fulfil certain criteria regarding grape variety, minimum alcohol content and so on."

As it happens, the DOC and VR systems can and do operate side by side in relation to specific regions. Therefore, the Alentejo region has Alentejo DOC and Alentejano VR designations, while in the Douro region there are Douro DOC and Duriense VR designations. Therefore, a variety may appear on different levels of listing, that is to say on both the DOC and VR lists because this allows for that variety to be used in different ways. In turn, this would govern the type of stamp the producer can use on the label of a specific wine.

Portugal's base category of wines was once known as vinho de mesa (table wine) but these days is more often called simply vinho or vinho de Portugal. These may be produced using grape juice from anywhere in the country or from elsewhere, there is not the same level of control on standards as applied in DOC and VR wines, and the label usually only carries the producer's name, either the product's name or the grape varieties used in it and the words "Product of Portugal".

European Union wine appellations

Geographical Indication or the association of a product with a specific place or region has had a long history at a national level in Europe. In 1992 the EU formalised this process under its own regulations with a certification process to be administered by the EC.

In devising its certification regulations, EU modelled it on Portugal's DOC system, France's Appellation d'origine contrôlée (Controlled Designation of Origin or AOC), Italy's Denominazione di origine controllata (Controlled Designation of Origin or DOC), Spain's Denominación de origen (Denomination of Origin or DO), and those of other EU members. As with Portugal and each other wine-producing member of the EU, internal systems operate in parallel with EU's, and those varieties that appear on internal lists also appear on the equivalent EU lists.

Under EU's regulations, there are three categories of certification which are explained as follows:

1. "Protected Designation of Origin" (PDO) – "Product names registered as PDO are those that have the strongest links to the place in which they are made.";
2. "Protected Geographical Indication" (PGI) – "PGI emphasises the relationship between the specific geographic region and the name of the product, where a particular quality, reputation or other characteristic is essentially attributable to its geographical origin", and "Geographical Indication" of spirit drinks and aromatised wines" (GI) – "The GI protects the name of a spirit drink or aromatised wine originating in a country, region or locality where the product's particular quality, reputation or other characteristic is essentially attributable to its geographical origin.";
3. "Traditional Specialities Guaranteed" (TSG) – "Traditional speciality guaranteed (TSG) highlights the traditional aspects such as the way the product is made or its composition, without being linked to a specific geographical area. The name of a product being registered as a TSG protects it against falsification and misuse."

Each of the categories is represented by a stamp and when appellation has been authorised under EU's regulations, wine producers are entitled to show the appropriate stamp on their labelling. Regarding Portugal's wine industry, reports say that the majority of producers are continuing to use only the country's own internal appellation categories on their labels.

Because Portugal's Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho, IP (Institute of Vine and Wine or IVV), which operates under the supervision of the currently-called Ministério da Agricultura (Ministry of Agriculture), uses only EU's appellation terminology, the tables below are set up in the same way except where alternatives are necessary.

Lists of wine grape varieties

For an explanation of techniques used for the investigation of a variety's genetic structure and the determination of its pedigree, see Myles, et al. "Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape."

Red varieties

Abbreviations

• CAN - Coleção Ampelográfica Nacional (National Ampelographic Collection)
• Color of Berry Skin - N (noir - black), Rg (rouge - red), Rs (rose - pale red or pink), Gr (gris - gray or greyish - blue)
• FPS - Foundation Plant Service Grape Registry
• ha - hectare, a measurement of land area
• NCVV - Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties)
• VIVC - Vitis International Variety Catalogue
• WPL - Wein.Plus Lexicon

White varieties

Abbreviations

• CAN - Coleção Ampelográfica Nacional (National Ampelographic Collection)
• Colour of Berry Skin – B (blanc – yellow or green)
• FPS – Foundation Plant Service Grape Registry
• ha - hectare, a measurement of land area
• NCVV – '"Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties)
• VIVC – Vitis International Variety Catalogue
• WPL – Wein.Plus Lexicon

Other recommended lists

• Castas portuguesas (Portuguese varieties) (In Portuguese)
• List of Port wine grapes
• Regiões (Regions)

Notes

1. One source says,

   "The USA is the world's largest wine market, with the largest population of regular wine drinkers and the largest amount of imported wine (by value). The still wine market is around 360 million cases per annum and is forecast to grow to approximately 368 million cases by 2023."

2. Conducted in the Douro region, the report includes the following summary of findings:

   "The results show that some farmers' vineyards have a low efficiency level and that there are essential determinants of the production system, which can influence its efficiency. This suggests considerable opportunities for improvement of wine grape productivity through better use of available resources considering the state of technology."

3. Portugal's total wine exports for 2018-2019 were worth US$919,737,000 as of the date of the report, constituting 2.5% of the total world exports. In the list of the world's largest wine exporters, Portugal was ranked in order behind France, Italy, Spain, Australia, Chile, the United States, New Zealand and Germany.
4. The relevance of prime names and synonyms to wine labelling is explored in an article by Australian economist and educationist, Professor Eddie Oczkowski. Oczkowski is Professor of Applied Economics and Quantitative Methods in the Faculty of Business, Justice and Behavioural Sciences, based in the Wagga Wagga Campus of Australia's Charles Sturt University. His field of expertise is applied econometrics with an emphasis on wine pricing, limited dependent variables, modelling markets for agricultural products and structural equation modelling applications to marketing and management. One of his major developments was the Australian Wine Price Calculator, a tool for identifying under- and over- priced wines for consumers.
5. In this revealing essay, the author explores the consequences of a variety having more than one name. A number of varieties discussed here are being grown in Portugal.
6. Manseng Noir is now officially listed in CAN as Espadeiro Mole.
7. This report from Wine Australia shows how Gros Manseng was misidentified there as Petit Manseng.
8. In this report, the authors explain why vines growing in different parts of Georgia were being identified as the same variety and the process by which they were finally found to be distinctly different varieties.
9. Mislabelling can occur for many reasons including the grower's or winemaker's confusion about the identity of the grapes used in a wine's production. There are also cases where this has been carried out deliberately and has led to criminal charges being laid against the perpetrators. This news report focuses on such an event in France.
10. As indicated, the DOC system also protects the origin and quality of other products including cheeses, butters, meats, breads, fruits and vegetables.
11. Cunha et al. say, "The oldest archeological remains of grapevine seeds in Portugal date back from the Chalcolithic (circa 3350–2250 BCE)."
12. VIVC records there being 19.08 ha planted in Portugal in 1999. According to Robinson et al., by 2010 the total area is 320 ha, and made specific mention of its authorization for use in PGI Açores and that it is being used as a blend in the making of table wine on Pico. WPL cites a source saying the total planting in 2016 was 299 ha.
13. Robinson et al. say this variety is found "mainly in the Bairrada and Lisboa regions."
14. Robinson et al. reported the total planting in 2010 as 1,492 ha. which, according to WPL's source had increased to 1,860 ha by 2016. It is not surprising, then, to read this opinion:

    "This cultivar and their progenies represent about 15% of the total grapevine acreage in Portugal, stressing the importance of 'Alfrocheiro' in the Portuguese wine character."

15. Robinson et al . noted Portugal's planting in 2010 as 2,203 ha
16. Robinson et al. say, "It has been a victim of changes in consumer preferences and total Portuguese plantings were just 67 ha (166 acres) by 2010, although there has been recent renewed interest for the production of rosé.”
17. Robinson et al. reported the 2010 planting as 123 ha, although Anderson et al. had seen reports of only 92 ha.
18. This variety was discovered in the former parish of Santa Marinha de Zêzere in the municipality of Baião in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)
19. VIVC lists Gouveio as a variety in its own right whereas WPL lists it only as a synonym for Godello.
20. VIVC lists Bastardinho as a variety in its own right but provides little else except saying that Bastardo is its synonym. It has no listing under Tinta Bastardinha. IVV does not list Bastardinho as a distinct variety and its only mention of Tinta Bastardinha is as a synonym for Alfrocheiro Preto. WPL also says that Tinta Bastardinha is a synonym for Alfrocheiro Preto.
21. VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right but provides little other information. No other references have been located.
22. WPL says that "when only "Bastardo" is mentioned, it is often not clear which grape variety is actually involved: Alfrocheiro (i.e. Bastardo Negro, Bastardo Tinto, Tinta Bastardinha), Bastardo Branco (also Bastardo Branca), Bastardo Magarachsky (also Bastard de Magaraci), Bastardo Roxo - Mutation of Trousseau Noir, Bastartiko - Clone of Promara Castelão Francês (i.e. Bastardo Castico, Bastardo Espanhol), Graciano (i.e. Bastardo Nero), Monvedro (also Bastardão, Bastardo), Parraleta (i.e. Bastardão, Bastardo), Tinta de Lisboa (i.e. B. do Outeiro, B. Espanhol Cova Beira, B. Espanhol Noir, B. Tinto) or Trousseau Noir (i.e. Bastardo, Bastardillo Chico, Bastardinha, Bastardinho)." An amusing but inconclusive investigation of the true identity of Bastardo varieties can be found in an essay entitled "Who ya gonna call? Those bastards!".
23. Under the category "Bastardo", VIVC complicates establishing this grape's identity by listing four with the cultivar name Bastardo Espanhol and two as Bastardo Espanhol Noir. Two of these are paralleled with the prime name Bastardo Espanhol, three with Tinta de Lisboa, and one with Castelão. By contrast, WPL lists Bastardo Espanhol only as a synonym for Castelão Francês and Tinta de Lisboa.
24. VIVC lists the established parentage as Hebén x Trousseau Noir = Bastardo.
25. This variety was discovered in the former parish of Gagos (the report lists this as "Gagos de Cima") in the municipality of Celorico de Basto in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)
26. According to VIVC, Portugal's planting of Borraçal decreased dramatically from 2035.12 hectares in 1999 to 1275 ha in 2007 and 187 ha in 2010.
27. With the breeder listed by VIVC as "A. Cabral", this person could have been José A.S. Cabral, staff member of the Universidade do Porto (University of Porto), or another member of the Douro winemaking Cabral family. This requires validation.
28. VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right whereas WPL mentions it only as being the synonym for Baga and Cayetana Blanca.
29. FPS advises, "This selection came to Foundation Plant Services in 2005 from Jorge Böhm, Viveiros Plansel S.A., Portugal. The material was JPB clone 74. The original material underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2005. When the selection was released from quarantine in 2007, the original material received the name Castelão 01. The version of the clone that had undergone tissue culture therapy was simultaneously planted in the Classic Foundation Vineyard as a backup vine to Castelão 01. The name of the selection was changed in 2008 to Castelão PLANSEL 74 to reflect the name of the Plansel clone number. When the Russell Ranch Vineyard was established in 2011, the backup vine that had undergone tissue culture therapy was tested and qualified for that vineyard, where it was planted as Castelão 74.1. After being a proprietary selection for some years, Castelão 74 and 74.1 were released to the FPS public grapevine collection in 2019."
30. VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right but provides little additional information. WPL says it is a synonym for Castelão Francês (ie Castelão) and Trincadeira Preta.)
31. This variety was discovered in the former parish of Marrancos in the municipality of Vila Verde in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)
32. WPL reported that there were tiny quantities planted in the Trás-os-Montes area and cited a source saying that only 0.1 ha was reported in 2016.
33. WPL cited a source saying that 34 ha were reported in 2016.
34. VIVC and WPL both identify Espadeiro Mole as a synonym for the French variety Manseng Noir. Espadeiro says Espadeiro Mole is one of "several variants in the Espadeiro family of grapes."
35. In Wine Grapes, Robinson points out that Trincadeiro is called Espadeiro in the Setúbal region and Padeiro is sometimes called Espadeiro in Minho. WPL says this variety "must not be confused with Camaraou Noir, Manseng Noir (both from France), Padeiro, Trincadeira Preta or Vinhão (all five with the synonym Espadeiro), despite the fact that they seem to be synonyms or morphological similarities."
36. VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right but provides little additional information. In addition, VIVC lists Verdelho Tinto as a variety in its own right with Verdelho Feijão as a synonym, and Verdelho Feijão as a variety in its own right with Feijão as a synonym. A search under Verdelho Feijão on WPL draws a response which includes the statement, "Synonym (also Feijao) for the grape variety Verdelho Tinto", while a search under Verdelho Tinto draws a response saying, "The red grape variety originates from Portugal. Synonyms are Feijao, Mindeco, Miudesso and Verdelho Feijão." This evidence suggests that Feijoa, Verdial Feijão and Verdial Tinto are different names for the same variety. On this basis, the three will be conflated on this table under the name Verdelho Tinto.
37. This listing of Ferral with Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur as a synonym is based on recent studies by Cunha et al. published as "A identidade das castas." in which "Ferral (Rg)" is identified under "Nome da casta (cor do bago)" (Variety name (berry color)) and "Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur" is shown under "Nome principal" (Primary name) as being identical. VIVC and WPL both continue to list Ferral and Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur as distinct, unrelated varieties.
38. VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right but provides little information about it. WPL says it originated from Portugal, that "nothing is known about a possible relationship to other varieties with the Folgasão part of the name," and cites a source saying that no plantings were reported in 2016.
39. Although this variety's skin colour ranges from rose pink to red, the juice is used for making white wines only and most sources list it as being a white grape variety. For example, see WPL, "Gewürtztraminer."
40. Verdelho says this variety is often confused with Gouveio in the Douro valley. WPL warn that it should not be confused with Godello (Gouveio), Gouveio Estimado or Gouveio Real, despite the shared synonyms or morphological similarities.
41. WPL says this is grown "in tiny quantities in the Trás-os-Montes" region and cites a source saying only 0.5 ha was reported in 2016.
42. Evidence suggests that Jacquez vines originated from the USA and were planted at Madeira late in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Its use became more widespread after Madeira's original vine plantings were largely destroyed, first by an infestation in 1851 by the powdery mildew Uncinula necator, followed in the 1870s by the vine louse Phylloxera vastatrix. As a result, wine production decreased to almost nothing, many Madeirans migrated elsewhere, and while research was underway to find preventatives for phylloxera, the old varieties were replaced largely by disease-resistant hybrid and American vines including Jacquez. This led to a brief revival of Madeira's wine output, but to the detriment of its reputation because the wines made from these grapes did not match the standards of the earlier era. Thus, from the middle of the 20th century, the "replacement" vines were ripped out and the so-called "noble grape" varieties such as Sercial, Verdelho, Boal and Malvasia were planted in their place. Small plantings of Jacquez remain on Madeira but they do not appear to be in commercial use.
43. Many of the synonyms used for Jaen are also used for Mencía, and vice versa, including the name Mencía itself appearing here among the synonyms. This suggests that, despite the fact that each has different parentage, the two varieties must be very similar and have often been confused with each other. Noting the confusion, WPL says Jaen "must not be confused with the Mencía variety (Jaén Tinto), despite the fact that the synonyms or morphological similarities appear to indicate this."
44. Not to be confused with Lambrusco, a grape variety widely used in Italy although it has also been planted in Argentina, Australia and Spain.
45. WPL says this variety is also being grown in the Vinho Verde region. It cites a source saying the total planting in all regions in 2016 was 79 ha.
46. This variety was discovered in the former parish of Quinchães (the report incorrectly says "Queijães") in the municipality of Fafe in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)
47. Evidence shows that Malbec in being grown in the Pinhão Valley area of the Douro region and is being blended with Cabernet Sauvignon and is being labelled as a "Vinho Regional Duriense".
48. According to research findings summarised by VIVC Mário Feld has been assessed as a cultivar name for Pinot Noir. The original research report can be found at.
49. WPL warns that Mencía "must not be confused with the varieties Juan García, Jaén Tinto and Loureiro Tinto, despite the fact that synonyms or morphological similarities appear to indicate this." Comments under "Mencia" also note the confusion of identity that has reflected itself in the synonyms: "Over the years, Mencía has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Fernão Pires Tinta, Giao, Jaén, Loureiro Tinto, Mencin, Negra, Negro, Mencia Roble, Tinto Mencia and Tinto Mollar. It is known as Jaén colorado in León, not to be confused with Jaén blanco or Jaén rosado (both of which are variants of Cayetana) and Jaén tinto, from Huelva."
50. WPL ("Mourisco.") says this is a synonym for Marufo, Mourisco de Semente, Palomino and Tinta Castañal. As advised by Cunha et al., Castañal is registered in CAN under the name Mourisco.
51. WPL cites a source saying that no plantings were reported in 2016.
52. VIVC lists Pagadividas as a variety in its own right and Paga Divida as a synonym. WPL does not list Pagadividas but has entry for Paga Divida which it says is a synonym for Baga.
53. In the past this variety has been classified as a Rabo de Anho cultivar, but this research program identified this as being incorrect, explaining why it has been listed here as a new genotype. (pp. 55-56) The variety is not listed by VIVC, and WPL says it is a synonym for Negramoll.
54. This variety was discovered in the former parish of Ancede in the municipality of Baião in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)
55. This variety was discovered in the former parish of Gagos (the report lists this as "Gagos de Cima") in the municipality of Celorico de Basto in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p. 55)
56. FPS advises, "This selection was imported to Davis in 1984 by Dr. Harold Olmo (Professor, UC Davis) from the Regua Agricultural Station in the Douro region of Portugal. The original material was named Souzão II and was infected with leafroll virus. The selection underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2007 and successfully completed testing to qualify for the Russell Ranch Foundation Vineyard in 2013." As this variety came from Douro and the date of its importation to UC Davis predated the genetic studies carried out by Castro et al.() it seems likely that Souzão 02.1 is actually related to Vinhão.
57. VIVC's records say that this variety was bred in 1948 by Ferreira de Almeida and José Leão at the former Estação Agronómica Nacional (National Agronomic Station), Quinta do Marques, Portugal. Its current use is unrecorded. (Estação Agronómica Nacional.)
58. VIVC lists Tinta Fontes as a variety in its own right. WPL lists Tinta de Fontes as a synonym for Graciano.
59. Parraleta, VIVC and WPL all indicate that Tinta Lameira is a synonym for Parraleta, the Spanish name for what is now listed in CAN as Tinta Caiada. DNA tests in Portugal, Sardinia and Spain on what were originally thought to be different varieties showed that Tinta Caiada, Tinta Lameira and Parraleta were identical. However, in this table Tinta Lameira has been listed separately from Tinta Caiada because some regions have appellation rights with EU under the name Tinta Caiada while Península de Setúbal has rights under both names, and Douro only has rights under Tinta Lameira.
60. Neither VIVC nor WPL list the variety.
61. VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right with unknown parentage, whereas WPL says it is synonymous with Petit Bouschet with a parentage of Aramon Noir x Teinturier du Cher Under "Tintinha - Red", Wine & Winemakers says, "Tintinha is an unusual and very particular Portuguese grape variety. The true origin is uncertain since it is both synonym for Petit Bouschet and the name of a distinct variety whose DNA profile in Almadanim et al. (2004) is unique." Because this variety has PDO and PGI appellations with EU under its own name, in this table Tintinha is being interpreted as a distinct variety as described in VIVC's entry.
62. This variety was discovered in the former parish of Bairros in the municipality of Castelo de Paiva in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p. 55)
63. WPL cites a source saying that no plantings were reported in 2016.
64. VIVC says there were 73 ha planted in Portugal in 1989.
65. WPL says DNA testing shows that this variety has a close relationship with Loureiro
66. While VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right, WPL lists it only as a synonym for Sercial and Terrantez da Terceira.
67. This variety was discovered in the parish of Refojos de Riba de Ave in the municipality of Santo Tirso in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p. 55)
68. The exact identity of this Pinot has not been established; but considering that Branco Especial is a white variety and its second parent, Schiava Grossa is a red, the first parent could be assumed to be Pinot Blanc.
69. WPL says this variety was "cultivated in tiny amounts in the Centro and Norte regions" and cited a source saying that 0.2 ha of vines were reported in 2016.
70. WPL says this variety possibly originated from Portugal and cites a source saying that 0.5 ha were reported in 2016.
71. WPL says this variety is grown in the Vinho Verde region but cites a source saying that no stocks were reported in 2016.
72. WPL cites a report saying that no planting were reported in 2016.
73. The actual identity of Diagalves is confused by contradictory notes from different sources. VIVC does not list a white variety under the name Diagalves, but the option arises under the name Montúa where Diagalves is listed as a synonym. They this variety originated in Spain. WPL lists Diagalves which the say originated in Portugal and list a number of synonyms identical to VIVC's list for Montúa, and including Montúa itself which they say is the "second main name." Because of confusion arising from the sharing of synonyms with other varieties, WPL goes on to warn that Diagalves "should not be confused with either Beba (Eva) or Malvasia Fina (Diagalves) "despite seemingly suggestive synonyms or morphological similarities." As far as Portugal's official listing of varieties is concerned, the findings of Cunha et al. was that the Spanish variety Mantúo (only listed by VIVC as a synonym for Montúa and by WPL as a synonym for "Beba, Chelva and Diagalves) was equivalent to Montúa.
74. WPL points out that this variety's former name "Arinto do Douro or Arinto no Douro was changed to Dorinto (combination of Douro and Arinto) to avoid confusion."
75. VIVC has two listings, Esgana Cão and Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes, either of which could be relevant to a report on new genotypes identified in the Vinhos Verdes region. The report itself lists the variety as Esgana Cão (p. 55) and its relevance might depend on whether there are two distinct varieties or whether Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes is an unrecognised synonym for Esgana Cão.
76. A variety listed as Esgana Cão was discovered in the former parish of Oleiros (the report lists this as "Gagos de Cima") in the municipality of Ponte da Barca in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55). It is unclear whether this refers to this variety or to Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes.
77. VIVC has two listings, Esgana Cão and Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes, either of which could be relevant to a report on new genotypes identified in the Vinhos Verdes region. The report itself lists the variety as Esgana Cão (p. 55) and its relevance might depend on whether there are two distinct varieties or whether Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes is an unrecognised synonym for Esgana Cão.
78. A variety listed as Esgana Cão was discovered in the former parish of Oleiros (the report lists this as "Gagos de Cima") in the municipality of Ponte da Barca in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p. 55) It is unclear whether this refers to this variety or Esgana Cão.
79. VIVC lists Esganinho as a variety in its own right, whereas WPL says it is a synonym for Sercial.
80. VIVC lists Esganoso as a variety in its own right whereas WPL lists it only as a synonym for Esganoso de Ponte de Lima and Sercial.
81. VIVC lists Esganoso de Ponte de Lima as a synonym for Esganoso, whereas WPL lists it as a variety in its own right.
82. According to VIVC, the planting of Galego Dourado in Portugal has declined from 10 ha in 2007 to 6 ha in 2010. Robinson et al. say it still manages to thrive on the east coast but link its decline in the Lisboa region to "severe urban encroachment on its vineyards.”
83. VIVC lists Gouveio as a variety in its own right, whereas WPL says it is the synonym for Godello.
84. WPL advises, "Despite apparently indicative synonyms or morphological similarities, it should not be confused with the varieties Godello (Gouveio), Gouveio Preto or Gouveio Real."
85. WPL advises, "Despite apparently indicative synonyms or morphological similarities, it should not be confused with the varieties Godello (Gouveio), Gouveio Estimado or Verdelho."
86. Relevant to this listing, WPL says Malvasia is the short name for Malvasia de Colares and points out that it unrelated to all other varieties whose names include the word Malvasia.
87. WPL says the variety grows "exclusively in the Colares area northwest of Lisbon" and cites a source saying 1,031 ha were reported in 2010.
88. Malvasia Babosa was once grown on Madeira where its nickname was "Lazy Malmsey". According to one source, it was introduced to the islands in 1515 but is no longer cultivated there.
89. VIVC lists this as a variety in its right, whereas WPL raises doubts about whether there is an independent variety of this name.
90. VIVC, WPL and Palomino all list this variety as a synonym for Palomino. Malvasia says under the heading "Portuguese varieties", "Malvasia Rei is believed to be the Palomino grown in Spain for Sherry production which may be related to the Malvasia family. In Portugal, Malvasia Rei is grown in the Douro, Beiras and Lisboa region." Because this variety is widely called Malvasia Rei in Portugal and therefore a number of regions have listed it under this name through EU's certification system, with regard to those regions, the variety will be listed here under this name.
91. Pictorial evidence and its caption shows the variety growing at Herdade do Esporão, Évora, in the Alentejo region.
92. VIVC lists this as a variety in its right, whereas WPL raises doubts about whether there is an independent variety of this name, whereas WPL says it is a synonym for Malvasia Rei and Pedro Ximénez.
93. Whether Doña Blanca is a unique variety or a synonym for Síria appears to be a matter of debate. One source says,Doña Blanca is an obscure white grape variety used in the production of White Port and, less frequently, dry table wines. It finds its home on the northwestern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, particularly in the vineyards of northern Portugal and Galicia in Spain." Doña Blanca seems to be suggesting wider usage in Portugal: "Doña Blanca (Spanish "White Lady", also known as Dona Branca in Portuguese) is a white Spanish and Portuguese grape variety that is grown … throughout Portugal from the Douro northward." WPL does not treat Doña Blanca as a variety in its own right but as a synonym of Síria. In IVV's "Lista da Castas: Castas Brancas" there is no listing of Dona Branca under its own name, but it is mentioned as a Sinónimo Reconhecido (Recognised Synonym) of Folha de Figueira There is no mention of it against Síria.
94. VIVC lists this as Branco Gouvães with Touriga Branca as a synonym.
95. The warning from WPL is that Touriga Branca "must not be confused with the other Touriga varieties or Planta Nova (Alvarelhão Branco), despite the fact that the synonyms and morphological similarities seem to indicate this."
96. WPL said the variety was being grown in small quantities in the Centro and Norte regions and cited a source saying that there were 0.4 ha reported in 2016.
97. FPS advises, "This white wine grape selection was donated to the Foundation Plant Services public grapevine collection in 2007 by Jorge Böhm, Viveiros Plansel S.A., Portugal. It is JPB clone 300 from Madeira. The original plant material tested positive for virus and underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2008. The treated material qualified for the California Grapevine Registration & Certification Program in 2012 as Verdelho 11."
98. FPS advises, "This white wine grape selection was donated to the Foundation Plant Services public grapevine collection in 2007 by Jorge Böhm, Viveiros Plansel S.A., Portugal. It is JPB clone 300. The original plant material tested positive for virus and underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2008. The treated material qualified for the FPS foundation vineyard in 2012 as Verdelho 11.1. The treated material also successfully completed testing to qualify for the Russell Ranch Foundation Vineyard in 2014."
99. FPS advises, "This white wine selection was donated to the public grapevine collection at Foundation Plant Services in 2007 by Jorge Böhm, Viveiros Plansel S.A., in Portugal. The material is JBP clone 300 from Madeira. The original material tested positive for virus and underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2008. This selection was planted as a backup selection to Verdelho 11 once disease testing was completed in 2012. The name for the selection was changed in 2014 when the material successfully passed 2010 Protocol testing for Russell Ranch. There are vines in the Classic Foundation Vineyard for Verdelho 11.2."

References

1. ^ VIVC, "Cabernet Sauvignon"
2. ^ VIVC, "Chardonnay Blanc"
3. ^ VIVC, "Semillon"
4. 2020 Wine Production: First Estimates. 27 October 2020. International Organisation of Vine and Wine. p. 4. Available online at
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8. Workman, Daniel. "Wine Exports by Country 2019." World's Top Exports. Accessed 7 January 2021.
9. Maul, Erika, et al. Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC). Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants. Accessed 23 February 2020.
10. ^ Anderson, Kym, and Signe Nelgen. Which Winegrape is Grown Where?: A Global Empirical Picture, Revised Edition. Edited by Kym Anderson and N R Aryal. University of Adelaide Press, 2020. ISBN 978-1-925261-86-8 Published online 2020. ISBN 978-1-925261-87-5. Accessed 2 February 2021.
11. ^ VIVC, "Aragonez"
12. "WPL, "Aragonez"". Archived from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
13. Oczkowski, Eddie. "The strategic use of synonyms for varietal names in labelling." Winetitles Media, November 2018. Accessed 27 December 2020.
14. Professor Eddie Oczkowski, Charles Sturt University
15. ^ VIVC, "Parraleta"
16. ^ WPL, "Tinta Lameira"
17. WPL, "Parraleta"
18. ^ VIVC, "Chasselas Blanc"
19. ^ VIVC, "Pinot Noir"
20. ^ VIVC, "Moscatel Galego Branco"
21. ^ VIVC, "Pinot Blanc"
22. ^ VIVC, "Arinto"
23. Krebiehl, Anne. "What Does it Mean When the Same Grape has Different Names?" Wine Basics. WineEnthusiasts, 27 March 2018. Accessed 23 January 2021.
24. ^ VIVC, "Espadeiro Tinto"
25. VIVC, "Camaraou Noir"
26. ^ VIVC, "Manseng Noir"
27. ^ Cunha, et al. "A identidade das castas", p. 22.)
28. ^ WPL, "Espadeiro Mole"
29. ^ VIVC, "Padeiro"
30. ^ VIVC, "Trincadeira"
31. ^ VIVC, "Vinhão"
32. ^ WPL, "Espadeiro"
33. VIVC, "Manseng Gros Blanc"
34. VIVC, "Manseng Petit Blanc"
35. "Grape variety misidentified." Wine Australia, 2020. Accessed 23 January 2021.
36. Maghradze, David, Londa Mamasakhlisashvili and Erika Maul. "Clarification of homonymy (misnaming) for a grapevine cultivar in Georgia: the case of 'Moldova' alias 'Aladasturi.'" Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research. Vol. 54 (Special Issue), 2015. pp. 73–76.
37. Fichot, Nicolas. "French traders sentenced for mislabeling wine." Reuters Lifestyle, 18 February 2010. Accessed 23 January 2021
38. ^ Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, João Brazão, Francisco Baeta, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias. Coleção Ampelográfica Nacional: uma “ferramenta” indispensável à preservação e ao melhoramento de variedades autóctones de videira (National Ampelographic Collection: an indispensable “tool” for the preserving and improving of indigenous grape varieties). Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV), January/February/March 2020. pp. 25-28. Available online at . Accessed 1 January 2021.
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40. Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, João Brazão, Margarida Teixeira-Santos, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias, P. Fevereiro, Jose Miguel Martinez-Zapater, et al. A identidade das castas de videira portuguesas aptas à produção de vinho no contexto ibérico e europeu. O uso de marcadores moleculares do tipo SNP para a sua discriminação (The identity of Portuguese grape varieties suitable for wine production in the Iberian and European context. The use of molecular markers of the SNP type for their discrimination). Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinãria (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV), January/February/March 2017. pp. 18-25. Available online at . Accessed 24 December 2020.
41. ^ Eiras-Dias, José Eduardo. "20 Anos de ampelográphia em Portugal" (20 Years of ampelography in Portugal). Vine to Wine Circle. Accessed 29 January 2021.
42. ^ VIVC, "Castelão"
43. ^ VIVC, "Fernão Pires"
44. ^ MADRP, Ordinance No 428/2000, Diário da República n.º 163/2000, Série I-B de 2000-07-17. Accessed 26 December 2020.
45. ^ "Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties (NCVV). Direção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, Ministério da Agricultura, Florestas e Desenvolvimento Rural (Directorate-General for Food and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development). 2017. Archived 2020-06-17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 18 January 2021.
46. Under "Holding institutions (institute codes)" on VIVC listings, the code "PRT051" indicates that this variety is at "Estaçao Vitivinicola Nacional, EVN - INIAP Quinta da Almoinha", meaning that it is represented in CAN's holdings.
47. Genetics, Genomics, and Breeding of Grapes. 2nd edition. Edited by Anne-Francoise Adam-Blondon, Jose-Miguel Martinez-Zapater and Chittaranjan Kole. CRC Press, 2016. ISBN 9781439871997.
48. Castro, Isauro, Olinda Pinto-Carnide, Jesús-María Ortiz, Vanessa Ferreira and Juan Pedro Martín. "A comparative analysis of genetic diversity in Portuguese grape germplasm from ampelographic collections fit for quality wine production." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 14, Issue 4, 2016. pp. 1-11. Available online at ResearchGate. Accessed 3 January 2021.
49. Castro et al., "A comparative analysis", Abstract.
50. ^ VIVC, "Sezão"
51. ^ Castro et al., "A comparative analysis", p. 8.
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53. ^ Veloso, Manuela, Maria Cecilia Almadanim Pina, Margarida Baleiras-Couto, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias. "Microsatellite database of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars used for wine production in Portugal." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola, Vol. 25 No 2, January 2010. pp. 53-56. Available online from ResearchGate at Accessed 29 January 2021.
54. ^ Ferreira, Vanessa, Olinda Pinto-Carnide, Teresa Mota, Juan Pedro Martin, Jésus M Ortiz and Isaura Castro. "Identification of minority grapevine cultivars from Vinhos Verdes Portuguese DOC Region." Vitis, Vol. 54 (Special edition), 2015. Available on ResearchGate at Accessed 1 February 2021.
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58. Institute of Vine and Wine (IVV) Accessed 26 December 2020.
59. Cunha et al. "A identidade das castas", p. 18.
60. ^ VIVC, "Alvarinho"
61. ^ VIVC, "Antão Vaz"
62. ^ VIVC, "Baga"
63. ^ VIVC, "Tinta Barroca"
64. ^ VIVC, "Tinto Cão"
65. ^ VIVC, "Touriga Franca"
66. ^ VIVC, "Touriga Nacional"
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69. As noted by Wein.Plus, Germany, France, Italy and Spain had similar systems. (Tischelmayer, "VQPRD.")
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72. "Council Regulation (EEC) No 208. (Document L:1992:208:TOC)" Official Journal of the European Communities, L 208, 24 July 1992. Accessed 29 October 2020. ISSN 0378-6978.
73. European Commission. "Certification." Accessed 17 December 2020.
74. The parallels between Portugal's internal system and EU's is explained in Wines of Portugal's "Official Wine Categories." Accessed 5 March 2020.
75. ^ European Commission. "Aims of EU quality schemes"
76. Quem somos (Who we are). Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho. Accessed 16 February 2020.
77. Myles, Sean, Adam R Boyko, et al. "Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape." Edited by Barbara A Schaal. PNAS Journal, Vol 108/9, 1 March 2011. pp. 3530-3535. Online at /9/3530.full.pdf. Accessed 8 August 2020.
78. ^ "FPS Grape Registry: Grapevine Varieties." Foundation Plant Services, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis. Accessed 23 February 2020.
79. ^ Tischelmayer, Norbert, et al. "Lexicon." Wein.Plus, Accessed 20 February 2020.
80. VIVC, "Agronómica"
81. ^ VIVC, "Areas by countries - Portugal"
82. ^ Robinson, Jancis, Julia Harding and José Vouillamoz. Wine Grapes: A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavors. HarperCollins, 2012. ISBN 9781846144462. Access available online at Apple Books. - grapes / id582875915 ISBN 9780062325518. Accessed 20 February 2020. (NB When viewing this text online, the page numbering varies depending on the settings in View. All grape varieties are listed alphabetically and the location of individual varieties can be searched at "“ Varieties in Alphabetical Order ”.)
83. WPL, "Agronómica"
84. VIVC, "Agua Santa"
85. ^ VIVC, "Camarate Tinto"
86. ^ IVV, “IG“ Beira Atlântico ”.”
87. ^ IVV, “IG” Terras do Dão ”.”
88. ^ VIVC, "Ferral"
89. ^ VIVC, "Alcoa"
90. ^ VIVC, "Fepiro"
91. ^ VIVC, "Alfrocheiro"
92. ^ VIVC, "Savagnin Blanc"
93. ^ IVV, ”PDO" Alentejo "."
94. ^ IVV, “DOP“ Bairrada ”.”
95. ^ IVV, “DOP“ DoTejo ”.”
96. ^ IVV, “IPG“ Lisboa ”.”
97. ^ IVV, “IGP“ Lisboa - Alta - Estremadura ”.”
98. ^ IVV, “DOP“ Encostas D'Aire ”.”
99. ^ IVV, “IGP“ Lisboa - Estremadura ”.”
100. ^ IVV, ”IGP“ Minho ”.”
101. ^ IVV, "IGP" Península de Setúbal "."
102. ^ IVV, “IGP“ Tejo ”.”
103. WPL, "Alfrocheiro"
104. Jorge Cunha, Lalla Hasna Zinelabidine, Margarida Teixeira - Santos, Joáo S Brazãoi, Pedro Fevereiro, 4), José Miguel Martínez - Zapater, Javier Ibáñez and José Eduard Eiras - Dias. "Grapevine cultivar 'Alfrocheiro' or 'Bruñal' plays a primary role in the relationship among Iberian grapevines." Vitis , Vol 5454 (Special Issue), 2015. p. 65. Available online at ResearchGate. Accessed 4 February 2021.
105. ^ VIVC, "Alicante Henri Bouschet"
106. ^ VIVC, "Garnacha Tinta"
107. ^ VIVC, "Bouschet Petit"
108. ^ IVV, “DOP“ Tavira ”.”
109. ^ IVV, "PDO" Douro "."
110. ^ IVV, “DOP“ Lagoa ”.”
111. ^ IVV, “DOP “Lagos”.”
112. ^ IVV, “DOP“ Alenquer ”. ”
113. ^ IVV, “DOP“ Alenquer ”.”
114. ^ IVV, “DOP“ Óbidos ”.”
115. ^ IVV, “DOP“ Torres Vedras ”.”
116. ^ IVV, “DOP“ Palmela ”.”
117. ^ IVV, “DOP“ Portimão ”.”
118. ^ IVV, “IPG" Transmontano ”. ”
119. IVV, “PDO” Trás - os - Montes ”.”
120. ^ IVV, “PDO” Trás - os - Montes - Chaves ”.”
121. ^ IVV, “PDO" Trás - os - Montes - Planalto Mirandês ”.”
122. VIVC, "Alvar Roxo"
123. ^ VIVIC, "Alvarelhão"
124. ^ IVV, ”PDO “Vinho Verde”.”
125. ^ IVV, “DOP “Baião”.”
126. VIVC, "Alvarelhão Ceitão"
127. ^ VIVC, "Hebén"
128. VIVC, "Alvarelhão de Pé Vermelho"
129. ^ VIVC, "Amaral"
130. ^ Vinho Verde - Amarante PDO (IVV, “DOP “Amarante”.”)
131. ^ IVV, “DOP “Ave”.”
132. ^ IVV, “DOP “Basto”.”
133. ^ Vinho Verde - Cávado PDO (IVV, “DOP “Cávado”.”)
134. ^ Vinho Verde - Paiva PDO (IVV, “DOP “Paiva”.”)
135. ^ Vinho Verde - Sousa PDO (IVV, “DOP “Sousa”.”)
136. VIVC, "Amaral de Baião"
137. ^ VIVC, "Aramon Noir"
138. VIVC, "Ouliven"
139. ^ VIVC, "Heunisch Weiß"
140. VIVC, "Amostrinah"
141. ^ VIVC, "Preto Martinho"
142. ^ IVV, "DOP "Carcavelos"."
143. VIVC, "Albillo Mayor"
144. VIVC, "Benedicto"
145. ^ IVV, “PGI ”Duriense”.”
146. ^ IVV, DOP "Porto".
147. ^ IVV, “DOP “Setúbal”.”
148. ^ VIVC, "Listán Prieto"
149. ^ VIVC, "Aubun"
150. ^ VIVC, "MalvasiaFina"
151. ^ VIVC, "Barca"
152. ^ VIVC, "Barreto"
153. ^ VIVC, "Marufo"
154. ^ VIVC, "Gouveio"
155. ^ WPL, "Gouveio"
156. ^ VIVC, "Trousseau Noir"
157. VIVC, "Bastardinho"
158. IVV, "Castas Tintas e Rosadas"
159. WPL, "Tinta bastardinha"
160. VIVC, "Bastardinho do Porto"
161. WPL, "Bastardo"
162. Nickles, Jane. "Who ya gonna call? Those bastards!" The Bubbly Professor. 23 August 2020.
163. ^ IVV, “DOP “Madeira”.”
164. ^ IVV, “DOP “Madeirense”.”
165. ^ IVV, “PDO ”Trás-os-Montes - Valpaços”.”)
166. ^ VIVC, "Bastardo Espanhol"
167. VIVC, "Bastardo"
168. ^ VIVC, "Tinta de Lisboa"
169. WPL, "Bastardo Espanhol"
170. ^ VIVC, "Benfica"
171. ^ VIVC, "Portugieser Blau"
172. VIVC, "Bogalhal"
173. ^ VIVC, "Monvedro"
174. ^ VIVC, "Borraçal"
175. ^ VVI, "Vinho Verde - Lima”.”
176. VIVC, "Areas by countries - Portugal"
177. ^ VIVC, "Teinturier"
178. VIVC, "Branjo"
179. ^ VIVC, "Cabernet Franc"
180. ^ VIVC, "Sauvignon Blanc"
181. VIVC, "Cabinda"
182. ^ VIVC, "Grand Noir"
183. VIVC, "Cabral." Not to be confused with Malvasia Cabral. (VIVC, "Malvasia Cabral.")
184. VIVC, "Cabral"
185. ^ VIVC, "Cainho da Terra"
186. VIVC, "Cainho Preto"
187. VIVC, "Caladoc"
188. ^ VIVC, "Côt"
189. VIVC, "Calrão"
190. ^ VIVC, "Cayetana Blanca"
191. VIVC, "Camarate Vermelho"
192. ^ VIVC, "Jampal"
193. WPL cites a source saying no plantings were reported in 2016. (WPL, "Camarate Vermelho"
194. VIVC, "Campánario"
195. ^ VIVC, "Preto Cardana"
196. ^ VIVC, "Carignan Noir"
197. ^ VIVC, "Carrasquenho"
198. WPL, "Carrasquenho"
199. VIVC, "Carrega Burros"
200. ^ VIVC, "Carrega Tinto"
201. VIVC, "Casculho"
202. ^ VIVC, "Castañal"
203. ^ WPL, "Mourisco"
204. VIVC, "Castelã"
205. ^ IVV, “DOP “Colares”.”
206. ^ Felicity Carter. "Quinta da Plansel: Head over heels in love with Portugal." Families of Wine. Meininger Verlag, 2015. pp. 66-67. Online at . In English. Accessed 13 January 2021.
207. FPS, "Grape Variety: Castelão"
208. VIVC, "Castico Preto"
209. VIVC, "Casteloa"
210. ^ VIVC, "Cidadelhe"
211. VIVC, "Cidreiro"
212. VIVC, "Cinsaut"
213. ^ VIVC, "Coração de Galo"
214. VIVC, "Complexa"
215. ^ VIVC, "Muscat Hamburg"
216. VIVC, "Concieira"
217. ^ VIVC, "Ramisco"
218. VIVC, "Cornifesto"
219. ^ VIVC, "Rayada Melonara"
220. VIVC, "Deliciosa"
221. ^ VIVC, "Montua"
222. ^ VIVC, "Doce"
223. ^ VIVC, "Doçal Tinto"
224. VIVC, "Doçália"
225. VIVC, "Donzelinho Roxo"
226. WPL, "Donzelinho Roxo"
227. VIVC, "Donzelinho Tinto"
228. WPL, "Donzelinho Tinto"
229. ^ VIVC, "Durif"
230. ^ VIVC, "Engomada"
231. Robinson, et al. "Espadeiro."' Wine Grapes.
232. VIVC, "Feijão"
233. ^ VIVC, "Verdelho Tinto"
234. VIVC, "Verdelho Feijão"
235. WPL, "Verdelho Fejão"
236. WPL, "Verdelho Tinto"
237. VIVC, "Fernão Pires Rosada"
238. VIVC, "Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur"
239. WPL, "Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur"
240. VIVC, "Breval Negro"
241. VIVC, "Ferral Tamara"
242. VIVC, "Folgasão Preto"
243. WPL, "Folgasão Preto"
244. VIVC, "Folgasão Roxo"
245. ^ VIVC, "Folgasão"
246. VIVC, "Formosa"
247. VIVC, Schiava Grossa"
248. VIVC, "Delizia di Vaprio"
249. ^ VIVC, "Galego Dourado Tinto"
250. ^ VIVC, "Gewuerztraminer"
251. WPL, "Gewürztraminer"
252. VIVC, "Gonçalo Pires"
253. For the origin of this name, see "A Grape By Any Other Name". Vinography: a wine blog, 2014. Accessed 25 February 2020.
254. ^ VIVC, "Mouraton"
255. ^ VIVC, "Gouveio Preto"
256. ^ WPL, "Gouveio Preto"
257. VIVC, "Gouveio Roxo"
258. ^ VIVC, "Graciano"
259. ^ VIVC, "Tinta da Graciosa"
260. VIVC, "Grangeal"
261. ^ VIVC, "Grec Rouge"
262. WPL, "Grossa"
263. ^ VIVC, "Jacquez"
264. "Taxon: Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera cv. Linné." Genetic and Genomic Information System. Unité de Recherche Génomique Info (Genomics Research Unit Information or URGI). Accessed 30 November 2020.
265. Rodrigues, Jeronimo. A view into the grapevine history of Jacquez and its connection to the Madeira Islands – Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet franc is a possible parent of Jacquez. 2016. Available online at ResearchGate. Accessed 30 November 2020
266. ^ VIVC, "Jaén Tinto"
267. WPL, "Jaén Tinto"
268. VIVC, "Labrusco"
269. WPL, "Labrusco"
270. VIVC, "Listrão Roxo"
271. VIVC, "Lourela"
272. VIVC, "Loureiro Bravo"
273. VIVC, "Lusitano"
274. ^ VIVC, "Malandra"
275. ^ VIVC, "Magdeleine Noire des Charentes"
276. VIVC, "Prunelard"
277. Ahmed, Sarah. "First taste: Quinta do Portal Black Pur 2012 – a Duriense Malbec/Cabernet." The Wine Detective, 2015. Accessed 19 January 2021.
278. VIVC, "Malvarisco"
279. ^ The word "Malvasia" is derived from the Greek word "Μονεμβασιά" (Monemvasia), the name of a Peloponnese island off the coast of Laconia, Greece. The Italians called the island Malvasia. In the 10th century it became a fortress island, and by the mid-14th century it had been developed into a major shipping port under the influence of Venetian traders. Wines known interchangeably as Malvasia, Malvazia and Malmsey ("malmsey" being a late Middle English word derived from the Middle Dutch word "malemeseye", which in turn was derived from the Old French word "monemvasia" (the same source of the Old French word "malvesie" which became "malvoisie" in modern usage)) were a large part of the exports handled through the island. Made from grapes belonging to the Malvasia family, some was produced on the island itself, butmost was made in Crete from where that family is thought to have originated. Many other wines from the eastern parts of the Mediterranean and further afield were also shipped through the port. Monemvasia's role in wine exporting rose and fell from time to time depending on political upheaval in the surrounding region and finally came to an end in the late 18th century. By that stage, Madeira had taken over as the renowned source of Malmsey wines also Malvasia varieties we being grown elsewhere in Portugal. A wine called Μαλβαζία or Malvasia is still produced on the island and has a PDO appellation. (Kalligas, Haris A. Monemvasia: A Byzantine City State. Routledge, 2010. ISBN 978-0-415-24880-8.)
280. VIVC, "Malvasia Cabral"
281. VIVC, "Malvasia di Sardegna Rosada"
282. VIVC, "Malvasia Fina Roxa"
283. VIVC, "Malvasia Preta." WPL comments that Malvasia Preta is "one of the many mostly unrelated varieties associated with the name Malvasia." (WPL, "Malvasia Preta"
284. VIVC lists Malvasia Rei Tinta as a variety in its own right (VIVC, "Malvasia Rei Tinta.") but it is not listed by WPL either under its own name or as a synonym for another variety.
285. ^ VIVC, "Trigueira"
286. VIVC, "Manteúdo Preto"
287. VIVC, "Prime names," p. 3.
288. Veloso, Manuela, Maria Cecilia Almadanim Pina, M Margarida Baleiras-Couto, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias et al. "Microsatellite database of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars used for wine production in Portugal." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola, Vol. 25 No. 2, 2010. pp. 53-61. Online in English at . ISSN 0254-0223. Accessed 23 January 2021.
289. VIVC, "Melhorio"
290. ^ VIVC, "Melra"
291. VIVC, "Mencia"
292. WPL, "Mencía"
293. ^ VIVC, "Patorra"
294. VIVC, "Merlot Noir"
295. VIVC, "Mindelo"
296. WPL lists the pedigree as "(Tintinha = Petit Bouschet x João de Santarém = Castelão Francês) x Muscat d'Hamburg" (See WPL, "Mindelo.")
297. ^ VIVC, "Molar"
298. ^ VIVC, "Mollar Cano"
299. Autoctovíno lists Mondet as a "rare grape". ("Mondet." Accessed 3 November 2020.)
300. ^ VIVC, "Mondeuse Noire"
301. VIVC, "Monvedro de Sines"
302. VIVC, "Moreto"
303. Castas portuguesas (Portuguese grape varieties) lists Moreto both as a separate variety and as a synonym for Malvasia Preta.
304. ^ VIVC, "Moscargo"
305. VIVC, "Moscatel de Bago Miúdo Tinto"
306. ^ VIVC, "Muscat à Petits Grains Rouge"
307. ^ VIVC, "Moscatel Galego Tinto"
308. ^ VIVC, "Muscat à Petits Grains Blancs"
309. ^ VIVC, "Mourisco de Semente"
310. ^ VIVC, "Palomino Fino"
311. Cunha et al., "A identidade das castas", p. 23.
312. WPL cites a source saying no plantings were reported in 2010.(WPL, "Tinta Castañal.")
313. VIVC, "Mourisco de Trevões"
314. VIVC, "Mulata"
315. VIVC, "Nevoeira"
316. WPL, "Nevoeira"
317. VIVC, "Pagadividas"
318. WPL, "Paga Divida"
319. WPL, "Baga"
320. VIVC, "Palomino Negro"
321. VIVC, "Pampal Gira"
322. VIVC, "Pardo Verdelho"
323. VIVC, "Parreira Matias"
324. VIVC, "Airén"
325. VIVC, "Pé Agudo"
326. According to WPL, Pégudo is also a synonym for Pedral. (WPL, "Pedral.")
327. VIVC, "Pechim"
328. VIVC, "Pedral"
329. ^ VIVC, "Peloursin"
330. ^ VIVC, "Rufete"
331. VIVC, "Pêro Pinhão"
332. ^ VIVC, "Verdot Petit"
333. VIVC, "Péxem"
334. ^ VIVC, "Piquepoul Noir"
335. VIVC, "Pilongo"
336. VIVC, "Pinot Gris"
337. Although this variety's fruit has a bluish-grey skin, it is only used for making white wines. (Robinson, "Pinot Grigio.")
338. VIVC, "Primavera"
339. ^ VIVC, "Primitivo"
340. ^ VIVC, "Rabo de Anho"
341. VIVC, "Rabo de Lobo"
342. WPL, "Rabo de Ovelha Tinto"
343. ^ VIVC, "Ricoca"
344. VIVC, "Roal"
345. ^ VIVC, "Mondeuse Blanche"
346. VIVC, "Tressot Noir"
347. ^ VIVC, "Roseira"
348. VIVC, "Perepinhao Portalegre"
349. VIVC, "Samarim"
350. VIVC, "Samarrinho Tinto"
351. VIVC, "Santarena"
352. VIVC, "Étraire de la Dui"
353. "Região Vitiníncola: Duriense (Douro e Porto)." Vine to Wine Circle
354. VIVC, "Corbeau"
355. ^ VIVC, "Syrah"
356. VIVC, "Sousão Galego"
357. FPS, "Grape Variety: Souzão"
358. VIVC, "Dureza"
359. VIVC, "Tannat"
360. VIVC, "Tinta Águiar"
361. VIVC, "Tinta Aurélio"
362. VIVC, "Tinta Pomar"
363. VIVC, "Tinta Carvalha"
364. ^ VIVC, "Siria"
365. VIVC, "Tinta Fontes"
366. WPL, "Tinta de Fontes"
367. VIVC, "Tinta Francisca"
368. ^ VIVC, "Tinta Martins"
369. VIVC, "Tinta Mesquita"
370. VIVC, "Prieto Picudo Tinto"
371. ^ VIVC, "TintaPomar"
372. VIVC, "Tinta Pereira"
373. VIVC, "Tinta de Tabuaço"
374. ^ VIVC, "Valdosa"
375. VIVC, "Tintinha"
376. WPL, "Tintinha"
377. "Tintinha - Red." Wine & Winemakers
378. VIVC, "Tinto de Pegões"
379. ^ VIVC, "Verdial Tinto"
380. VIVC, "Tinto Sem Nome"
381. VIVC, "Touriga Fêmea"
382. VIVC, "Transâncora"
383. WPL says this variety was grown in the Beira Interior and Trás-os-Montes regions and cites a source saying there were 10 ha reported in 2016. (WPL, "Malvasia Trigueira")
384. VIVC, "Triunfo"
385. VIVC, "Valbom"
386. VIVC, "Varejoa"
387. VIVC, "Verdelho Quelho"
388. WPL, "Verdial Tinto"
389. VIVC, "Xara"
390. VIVC, "Zé do Telheiro"
391. VIVC, "Abelhal"
392. VIVC, "Academica"
393. VIVC, "Agulha"
394. ^ VIVC, "Sultana Moscato"
395. ^ VIVC, "Trebbiano Toscano"
396. ^ VIVC, "Planta Fina"
397. ^ VIVC, "Boal de Alicante Moscatel"
398. VIVC, "Almafra"
399. ^ VIVC, "Dedo de Dama"
400. VIVC, "Alvadurão"
401. VIVC, "Alvar Branco"
402. ^ VIVC, "Batoca"
403. VIVC, "Alvarega"
404. ^ WPL, "Touriga Branca"
405. ^ VIVC, "Planta Nova"
406. ^ VIVC, "Sercial"
407. ^ VIVC, "Loureiro Blanco"
408. WPL, "Alvarinho"
409. IVV, "DOP "Monção e Melgaço"."
410. ^ VIVC, "Alvarinho Lilás"
411. ^ VIVC, "Uva Cão"
412. VIVC, "João Domingos"
413. ^ Açores - Biscoitoc PDO (IVV, “DOP “Biscoitos”.”)
414. ^ (IVV, "DOP "Graciosa".")
415. ^ Açores - Pico PDO (IVV, “DOP “Pico”.”)
416. ^ IVV, “DOP “Bucelas”.”
417. ^ VIVC, "Dorinto"
418. ^ VIVC, "Bical"
419. ^ VIVC, "Arinto do Interior"
420. VIVC, "Arinto dos Açores"
421. WPL, "Arinto dos Açores"
422. ^ VIVC, "Tamarez"
423. VIVC, "Arnsburger"
424. VIVC, "Assaraka"
425. VIVC, "Chaouch Blanc"
426. VIVC, "Avesso"
427. ^ VIVC, "Azal Branco"
428. VIVC, "Azal StoTirso"
429. ^ VIVC, "Malvasia Babosa"
430. ^ VIVC, "Folha de Figueira"
431. VIVC, "Barcelo"
432. ^ VIVC, "Carrega Branco"
433. VIVC, "Bastardo Branco"
434. ^ VIVC, "Boal Espinho"
435. ^ VIVC, "Beba"
436. ^ VIVC, "Boal Branco"
437. VIVC, "Boal Barriero"
438. The exact variety is uncertain, but WPL suggests it may be Boal Branco. (WPL, "Boal de Alicante Moscatel")
439. ^ VIVC, "Muscat of Alexandria"
440. ^ VIVC, "Santoal"
441. ^ VIVC, "Ratinho"
442. ^ VIVC, "Boal Vencedor"
443. VIVC, "Branca de Anadia"
444. ^ VIVC, "Branco Guimarães"
445. VIVC, "Branco Desconhecido"
446. ^ VIVC, "Pintosa"
447. ^ VIVC, "Madeleine Royale"
448. VIVC, "Schiava Grossa"
449. ^ VIVC, "Branco Gouvães"
450. ^ VIVC, "Rabigato"
451. ^ VIVC, "Castellana Blanca"
452. VIVC, "Branco Sr. João"
453. WPL, "Branco Sr. João"
454. ^ VIVC, "Lameiro"
455. ^ VIVC, "Branda"
456. ^ VIVC, "Samarrinho"
457. VIVC, "Caíño Blanco"
458. VIVC, "Caracol"
459. VIVC, "Luglienga Bianca"
460. WPL, "Caraméla"
461. VIVC, "Cascal"
462. WPL, "Cascal"
463. ^ VIVC, "Terrantes du Dão"
464. VIVC, "Castália"
465. VIVC, "Castelão Branco"
466. VIVC, "Castelo Branco"
467. VIVC, "Cerceal Branco"
468. VIVC, "Cercial"
469. WPL, "Cercial"
470. ^ VIVC, "Chasselas Cioutat"
471. VIVC, "Chasselas Sabor"
472. ^ VIVC, "Chenin Blanc"
473. VIVC, "Côdega do Larinho"
474. VIVC, "Colombard"
475. VIVC, "Cornichon Blanc"
476. VIVC, "Corval"
477. VIVC, "Dika II"
478. ^ WPL, "Diagalves"
479. WPL, "Mantúo"
480. WPL, "Beba"
481. WPL, "Chelva"
482. VIVC, "Diagalves Faux"
483. VIVC, "Dona Joaquina"
484. VIVC, "Donzelinho Branco"
485. WPL, "Dorinto"
486. VIVC, "Douradinha"
487. VIVC, "Encruzado"
488. VIVC, "Esgana Cão"
489. VIVC, "Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes"
490. ^ VIVC, "Esganoso"
491. ^ VIVC, "Esganinho"
492. WPL, "Esganinho"
493. WPL, "Esganoso"
494. ^ WPL, "Esganoso de Ponte de Lima"
495. WPL says it was cultivated in the Douro and Vinho Verde regions but cited a source saying no plantings were recorded in 2016.
496. ^ VIVC, "Estreito Macio"
497. ^ VIVC, "Malvasia Parda"
498. VIVC, "Fonte Cal"
499. VIVC, "Galego Dourado"
500. VIVC, "Area by countries - Portugal"
501. Robinson, et al. "Galego Dorado." Wine Grapes.
502. VIVC, "Generosa"
503. Not to be confused with a Hungarian variety also called Generosa which has a rosé berry skin. (VIVC, "Generosa")
504. VIVC, "Gouveio Estimado"
505. WPL, "Gouveio Estimado"
506. VIVC, "Gouveio Real"
507. WPL, "Gouveio Real"
508. VIVC, "Granho"
509. ^ VIVC, "Gros Vert Blanc"
510. VIVC, "Jacquere"
511. VIVC, "Larião"
512. VIVC, "Laira"
513. VIVC lists Luzidio as a variety in its own right (VIVC, "Luzidio") whereas WPL says it is a synonym for Lameiro (WPL, "Luzidio").
514. ^ VIVC, "Malvasia"
515. ^ WPL, "Malvasia de Colares"
516. Mayson, Richard. Madeira: The Islands and their Wines. Infinite Ideas, 2016. p. 46. ISBN 9781908984647.
517. VIVC, "Malvasia Bianca"
518. ^ WPL, "Malvasia Bianca"
519. VIVC, "Malvasia Aromatica di Parma"
520. ^ VIVC, "Malvasia Branca de São Jorge"
521. ^ VIVC, "Malvasia Cândida"
522. ^ VIVC, "Malvasia Cândida Romana"
523. ^ VIVC, "Malvasia Romana"
524. ^ VIVC, "Vital"
525. ^ VIVC, "Malvoeira"
526. ^ VIVC, "Malvia"
527. WPL, "Malvasia Rei"
528. ^ VIVC, "Manteúdo"
529. VIVC, "Marquinhas"
530. ^ VIVC, "Rabo de Ovelha"
531. ^ VIVC, "Meslier Saint-François"
532. VIVC, "Molinha Macia"
533. Silva, José. "Esporão, an Alentejo Classic." Translated by Jani Dunne. Blend - All About Wine.
534. ^ VIVC, "Moscatel Nunes"
535. ^ VIVC, "Trajadura"
536. VIVC, "Mueller Thurgau Weiss"
537. ^ VIVC, "Riesling Weiß"
538. ^ VIVC, "Heptakilo"
539. VIVC, "Muscat a Petits Grains Blanc"
540. VIVC, "Naia"
541. ^ VIVC, "Nehelescol"
542. VIVC, "Bourboulenc"
543. VIVC, "Perigo"
544. VIVC, "Perrum Branco"
545. WPL, "Perrum"
546. ^ WPL, "Planta Nova"
547. VIVC, "Rojal Tinta"
548. VIVC, "Praça"
549. VIVC, "Rabigato Moreno"
550. VIVC, "Rio Grande"
551. ^ VIVC, "Roupeiro Branco"
552. VIVC, "Sabro"
553. VIVC, "São Mamede"
554. VIVC "Seara Nova"
555. VIVC, "Sercealinho"
556. Kavanagh, Tom, et al. "Doña Blanca." Grape Varieties, Wine-Searcher . Accessed:February 25, 2020.
557. WPL, "Doña Blanca"
558. WPL, "Síria"
559. IVV, "Lista da Castas: Castas Brancas"
560. ^ VIVC, "Trincadeira das Pratas"
561. VIVC, "Tamarez Moscatel"
562. VIVC, "Terrantez do Pico"
563. WPL, "Touriga"
564. VIVC, "Trincadeira Branca"
565. WPL, "Uva Cão"
566. VIVC, "Uva Cavaco"
567. Raymond, Louis. "Parseley-leaved Grape." Archived 2016-07-02 at the Wayback Machine Louis the Plant Geek. Accessed 6 December 2020.
568. VIVC, "Uva sem Bagulho"
569. VIVC, "Valveirinho"
570. ^ VIVC, "Verdelho Branco"
571. ^ FPS, "Grape Variety: Verdelho"
572. VIVC, "Alva Verdial"
573. VIVC, "Viognier"
574. VIVC, "Viosinho"
575. Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho, I.P.', Ministério da Agricultura, Lisboa (Institute of Wine and Wine, IP, Ministry of Agriculture, Lisbon). (In Portuguese)