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Post-romanticism or Postromanticism refers to a range of cultural endeavors and attitudes emerging in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, after the period of Romanticism.

In literature

The period of post-romanticism in poetry is defined as the mid-to-late nineteenth century, but includes the much earlier poetry of Letitia Elizabeth Landon and Tennyson.

Notable post-romantic writers

• Herman Melville
• Thomas Carlyle
• Gustave Flaubert

In music

Post-romanticism in music refers to composers who wrote classical symphonies, operas, and songs in transitional style that constituted a blend of late romantic and early modernist musical languages. Arthur Berger described the mysticism of La Jeune France as post-Romanticism rather than neo-Romanticism.

Post-romantic composers created music that used traditional forms combined with advanced harmony. Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji created post-romantic nocturnes that used unconventional harmonic language and Béla Bartók, for example, "in such Strauss-influenced works as Duke Bluebeard's Castle", may be described as having still used "dissonance in traditional forms of music for purposes of post-romantic expression, not simply always as an appeal to the primal art of sound".

Other notable post-romantic composers

• Richard Wagner
• Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
• Anton Bruckner
• Giacomo Puccini
• Richard Strauss
• Gustav Mahler
• Jean Sibelius
• Alexander Scriabin
• Sergei Rachmaninoff
• Modest Mussorgsky
• Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji

References

1. Faith Lagay (August 2006). "Hawthorne's 'Birthmark': Is There a Post-Romantic Lesson for the 'Men of Science'?". Virtual Mentor. 8 (8): 541–544. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.8.mhum1-0608.
2. Sybille Baumbach, Birgit Neumann [de], Ansgar Nünning [de] (eds). A History of British Poetry, Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier 2015. ISBN 978-3-86821-578-6. Section 19: "Poetic Genres in the Victorian Age I: Letitia Elizabeth Landon's and Alfred Lord Tennyson's Post-Romantic Verse Narratives" by Anne-Julia Zwierlein [de].
3. Richard Bradford, A Linguistic History of English Poetry, New York: Routledge, 1993, p. 134. ISBN 0-415-07057-0.
4. ^ Robert Milder, Exiled Royalties: Melville and the Life We Imagine, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 41. ISBN 0-19-514232-2
5. Stephen Heath, Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 13. ISBN 0-521-31483-6.
6. Virgil Thomson. Virgil Thomson: A Reader: Selected Writings, 1924–1984, edited by Richard Kostelanetz, New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 268. ISBN 0-415-93795-7.
7. Daniel Albright. Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004, pp. 243–244. ISBN 0-226-01267-0.
8. ^ "Period: Late– Post-Romantic", Nolan Gasser, Classical Archives

Further reading

• Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music, 7th ed., New York: W. W. Norton, 2006.
• Pappas, Sara (Spring–Summer 2008). "Review of Claudia Moscovici, Romanticism and Postromanticism (Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2007)". Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 36 (3 & 4). University of Nebraska Press: 335–337. doi:10.1353/ncf.0.0035.
• Tilby, Michael. Review of Claudia Moscovici, Romanticism and Postromanticism. French Studies: A Quarterly Review, vol. 62, no. 4, October 2008, pp. 486–487.

See also

• Aestheticism
• Arts and Crafts movement
• Decadent movement
• Düsseldorf School
• Modernism
• Musical nationalism
• Neoclassicism
• Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
• Symbolist Movement
• Vegetarianism and Romanticism

• Victorian literature
• Marxist-Leninist views on Romanticism
• Underground culture

• Art movements
• Romanticism
• 19th-century classical music
• 20th-century classical music
• 19th-century literature