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པོ་ཏ་ལ་ཕོ་བྲང​​ 布达拉宫 Potala Palace
The Potala Palace in 2008
Religion
Affiliation	Tibetan Buddhism
Leadership	14th Dalai Lama
Location
Location	Lhasa, Tibet, China
Location within Tibet Autonomous Region
Geographic coordinates	29°39′28″N 91°07′01″E / 29.65778°N 91.11694°E / 29.65778; 91.11694
Architecture
Founder	Songtsen Gampo
Date established	1649; 375 years ago (1649)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, iv, vi
Designated	1994 (18th session)
Reference no.	707
Region	Asia-Pacific
Extensions	2000; 2001

The Potala Palace is a dzong fortress in Lhasa, capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. It was the winter palace of the Dalai Lamas from 1649 to 1959, has been a museum since then, and a World Heritage Site since 1994.

The palace is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. The 5th Dalai Lama started its construction in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa. It may overlie the remains of an earlier fortress called the White or Red Palace on the site, built by Songtsen Gampo in 637.

The building measures 400 metres (1,300 ft) east-west and 350 metres (1,150 ft) north-south, with sloping stone walls averaging 3 metres (10 ft) thick, and 5 metres (16 ft) thick at the base, and with copper poured into the foundations to help proof it against earthquakes. Thirteen storeys of buildings, containing over 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues, soar 119 metres (390 ft) on top of Marpo Ri, the "Red Hill", rising more than 300 metres (980 ft) in total above the valley floor.

Tradition has it that the three main hills of Lhasa represent the "Three Protectors of Tibet". Chokpori, just to the south of the Potala, is the soul-mountain (Wylie: bla ri) of Vajrapani, Pongwari that of Manjusri, and Marpori, the hill on which the Potala stands, represents Avalokiteśvara.

History

Potala Palace
Left to right in consecutive rows top to bottom: Tibetan Uchen and Umey script; Latinized Tibetan / Wylie Latinization of Tibetan script; Lantsa and Devanagari script; Mongol Cyrillic script; traditional Mongol script, traditional Chinese, and simplified Chinese.
Tibetan name
Tibetan	པོ་ཏ་ལ་ཕོ་བྲང​
Transcriptions Wylie po ta la pho brang
Mongolian name
Mongolian script	ᠪᠦᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠥᠷᠳᠥᠨ

The site on which the Potala Palace rises is built over a palace erected by Songtsen Gampo on the Red Hill. The Potala contains two chapels on its northwest corner that conserve parts of the original building. One is the Phakpa Lhakhang, the other the Chogyel Drupuk, a recessed cavern identified as Songtsen Gampo's meditation cave. Lozang Gyatso, the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the modern Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa. The external structure was built in 3 years, while the interior, together with its furnishings, took 45 years to complete. The Dalai Lama and his government moved into the Potrang Karpo ('White Palace') in 1649. Construction lasted until 1694, some twelve years after his death. The Potala was used as a winter palace by the Dalai Lama from that time. The Potrang Marpo ('Red Palace') was added between 1690 and 1694.

The new palace got its name from a hill on Cape Comorin at the southern tip of India—a rocky point sacred to the bodhisattva of compassion, who is known as Avalokitesvara, or Chenrezi. The Tibetans themselves rarely speak of the sacred place as the "Potala", but rather as "Peak Potala" (Tse Potala), or most commonly as "the Peak".

The palace was moderately damaged during the Tibetan uprising against the Chinese in 1959, when Chinese shells were launched into the palace's windows. Before Chamdo Jampa Kalden was shot and taken prisoner by soldiers of the People's Liberation Army, he witnessed "Chinese cannon shells began landing on Norbulingka past midnight on 19 March 1959... The sky lit up as the Chinese shells hit the Chakpori Medical College and the Potala." It also escaped damage during the Cultural Revolution in 1966 through the personal intervention of Zhou Enlai, who was then the Premier of the People's Republic of China. According to Tibetan historian Tsering Woeser, the palace, which harboured "over 100,000 volumes of scriptures and historical documents" and "many store rooms for housing precious objects, handicrafts, paintings, wall hangings, statues, and ancient armour", "was almost robbed empty".

The Potala Palace was inscribed to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. In 2000 and 2001, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka were added to the list as extensions to the sites. Rapid modernisation has been a concern for UNESCO, however, which expressed concern over the building of modern structures immediately around the palace which threaten the palace's unique atmosphere. The Chinese government responded by enacting a rule barring the building of any structure taller than 21 metres in the area. UNESCO was also concerned over the materials used during the restoration of the palace, which commenced in 2002 at a cost of RMB180 million (US$22.5 million), although the palace's director, Qiangba Gesang, has clarified that only traditional materials and craftsmanship were used. The palace has also received restoration works between 1989 and 1994, costing RMB55 million (US$6.875 million).

The number of visitors to the palace was restricted to 1,600 a day, with opening hours reduced to six hours daily to avoid over-crowding from 1 May 2003. The palace was receiving an average of 1,500 a day prior to the introduction of the quota, sometimes peaking to over 5,000 in one day. Visits to the structure's roof were banned after restoration efforts were completed in 2006 to avoid further structural damage. Visitorship quotas were raised to 2,300 daily to accommodate a 30% increase in visitorship since the opening of the Qingzang railway into Lhasa on 1 July 2006, but the quota is often reached by mid-morning. Opening hours were extended during the peak period in the months of July to September, where over 6,000 visitors would descend on the site.

In February 2022, Tibetan pop star Tsewang Norbu set himself on fire in front of the Potala Palace and died. The Foreign Ministry of China has disputed this.

Architecture

Built at an altitude of 3,700 m (12,100 ft), on the side of Ri Marpo ('Red Mountain') in the centre of Lhasa Valley, the Potala Palace, with its vast inward-sloping walls broken only in the upper parts by straight rows of many windows, and its flat roofs at various levels, is not unlike a fortress in appearance. At the south base of the rock is a large space enclosed by walls and gates, with great porticos on the inner side. A series of tolerably easy staircases, broken by intervals of gentle ascent, leads to the summit of the rock. The whole width of this is occupied by the palace.

The central part of this group of buildings rises in a vast quadrangular mass above its satellites to a great height, terminating in gilt canopies similar to those on the Jokhang. This central member of Potala is called the "red palace" from its crimson colour, which distinguishes it from the rest. It contains the principal halls and chapels and shrines of past Dalai Lamas. There is in these much rich decorative painting, with jewelled work, carving and other ornamentation.

The lower white frontage on the south side of the palace was used to hoist two gigantic thangkas joined representing the figures of Tara and Sakyamuni during the Sertreng Festival on the 30th day of the second Tibetan month.

The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, built between 1767 and 1771, was in part modelled after the Potala Palace. The palace was named by the American television show Good Morning America and newspaper USA Today as one of the "New Seven Wonders".

The nine-storey Leh Palace in Leh, Ladakh, India built by King Sengge Namgyal (c. 1570–1642), was a precursor of the Potala Palace.

The Lhasa Zhol Pillars

Lhasa Zhol Village has two stone pillars or rdo-rings, an interior stone pillar or doring nangma, which stands within the village fortification walls, and the exterior stone pillar or doring chima, which originally stood outside the South entrance to the village. Today the pillar stands neglected to the East of the Liberation Square, on the South side of Beijing Avenue.

The doring chima dates as far back as circa 764, "or only a little later", and is inscribed with what may be the oldest known example of Tibetan writing.

The pillar contains dedications to a famous Tibetan general and gives an account of his services to the king including campaigns against China which culminated in the brief capture of the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern Xi'an) in 763 during which the Tibetans temporarily installed as Emperor a relative of Princess Jincheng Gongzhu (Kim-sheng Kong), the Chinese wife of Trisong Detsen's father, Me Agtsom.

Gallery

• View showing recent Western Gate shops, highway, 2015
• View of the Potala from behind, seen from Ching Drol Chi Ling
• Potala Palace with Lhasa in the foreground
• The park, pond, and chapel behind the Potala
• Detail of decoration in Potala
• Mendicant monk at base of Potala, 1993

See also

• Patala, Patala/Potala
• Norbulingka, the Dalai Lama's former summer palace
• Jokhang Temple Monastery
• Dhvaja
• Kundun, a 1997 film about the Dalai Lama, chiefly set inside the palace
• Seven Years in Tibet
• Leh Palace
• Lhasa Mass Art Museum
• Mount Putuo
• List of tallest structures built before the 20th century

Footnotes

1. Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84
2. ^ Laird, Thomas. (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, pp. 175. Grove Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
3. ^ Karmay, Samten C. (2005). "The Great Fifth", p. 1. Downloaded as a pdf file on 16 December 2007 from: Archived 15 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
4. W. D. Shakabpa, One hundred thousand moons, translated with an introduction by Derek F. Maher, Vol.1, BRILL, 2010 p. 48
5. Michael Dillon, China : a cultural and historical dictionary, Routledge, 1998, p. 184.
6. Booz, Elisabeth B. (1986). Tibet, pp. 62–63. Passport Books, Hong Kong.
7. Buckley, Michael and Strausss, Robert. Tibet: a travel survival kit, p. 131. Lonely Planet. South Yarra, Vic., Australia. ISBN 0-908086-88-1.
8. Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization, p. 228. Translated by J. E. Stapleton Driver. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 (paper).
9. Derek F. Maher in W. D. Shakabpa, One hundred thousand moons, translated with an introduction by Derek F. Maher, BRILL, 2010, Vol. 1, p. 123.
10. Gyurme Dorje, Tibet Handbook: With Bhutan, Footprint Travel Guides, 1999 pp. 101–3.
11. W. D. Shakabpa, One hundred thousand moons, translated with an introduction by Derek F. Maher BRILL, 2010, Vol.1, pp. 48–9.
12. ^ Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84.
13. Lowell Thomas, Jr. (1951). Out of this World: Across the Himalayas to Tibet. Reprint: 1952, p. 181. Macdonald & Co., London
14. Topping, Audrey (9 December 1979). "JOURNEY TO TIBET: HIDDEN SPLENDORS OF AN EXILED DEITY". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
15. Aukatsang, Youdon; Aukatsang, Kaydor (2014). The Lion From Chamdo: Remembering a True Son of Tibet. New Delhi, India: Mahayana Press. p. 8.
16. Larsen, Ingrid (28 October 2013). "Climbing to Great Heights - The Potala Palace". smithsonianjourneys.org. Retrieved 8 May 2021. The Potala was spared at the insistence of Chairman Mao's comrade, Zhou Enlai, who reportedly deployed his own troops to protect it.
17. "II. Cultural Relics and Ancient Books and Records Are Well Preserved and Utilized". Govt. White Papers - china.org.cn. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
18. Oser, Decline of Potala, 2007
19. "Development 'not ruining' Potala". BBC News. 28 July 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
20. "Tourist entry restriction protects Potala Palace". chinadaily.com.cn.
21. Potala Palace bans roof tour Archived 26 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
22. Tibet's Potala Palace to restrict visitors to 2,300 a day Archived 20 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
23. "Tibet bans price rises at all tourist sites(05/04/07)". china-embassy.org.
24. "Deciphering a Tibetan Pop Star's Self-immolation". economist.com. 2 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
25. Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 206
26. Sertreng.
27. The Potala taken from the south.
28. "ABC Good Morning America "7 New Wonders" Page". Yahoo.
29. Larsen and Sinding-Larsen (2001), p. 78.
30. Richardson (1985), p. 2.
31. Coulmas, Florian (1999). "Tibetan writing". Blackwell Reference Online. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
32. Snellgrove and Richardson (1995), p. 91.
33. Richardson (1984), p. 30.
34. Beckwith (1987), p. 148.

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lhasa". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 529–532. (See p. 530.)
• Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987). The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 0-691-02469-3.
• "Reading the Potala". Peter Bishop. In: Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays. (1999) Edited by Toni Huber, pp. 367–388. The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India. ISBN 81-86470-22-0.
• Das, Sarat Chandra. Lhasa and Central Tibet. (1902). Edited by W. W. Rockhill. Reprint: Mehra Offset Press, Delhi (1988), pp. 145–146; 166–169; 262–263 and illustration opposite p. 154.
• Larsen and Sinding-Larsen (2001). The Lhasa Atlas: Traditional Tibetan Architecture and Landscape, Knud Larsen and Amund Sinding-Larsen. Shambhala Books, Boston. ISBN 1-57062-867-X.
• Richardson, Hugh E. (1984) Tibet & Its History. 1st edition 1962. Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications. Boston ISBN 0-87773-376-7.
• Richardson, Hugh E. (1985). A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions. Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0-94759300-4.
• Snellgrove, David & Hugh Richardson. (1995). A Cultural History of Tibet. 1st edition 1968. 1995 edition with new material. Shambhala. Boston & London. ISBN 1-57062-102-0.
• von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1981). Indo-Tibetan Bronzes. (608 pages, 1244 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications Ltd. ISBN 962-7049-01-8
• von Schroeder, Ulrich. (2001). Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet. Vol. One: India & Nepal; Vol. Two: Tibet & China. (Volume One: 655 pages with 766 illustrations; Volume Two: 675 pages with 987 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. ISBN 962-7049-07-7
• von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2008. 108 Buddhist Statues in Tibet. (212 p., 112 colour illustrations) (DVD with 527 digital photographs). Chicago: Serindia Publications. ISBN 962-7049-08-5

External links

• Official website
• Potala Palace at UNESCO.org
• Potala Palace with related biographies, art, and timelines (The Treasury of Lives)
• Potala (Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library)
• Research work on possible relation with Potala, Malaya Mountains and South India
• Research work on Buddhism in India
• Google Maps location of Potala Palace
• Three-dimensional rendering of Potala Palace (in English, Spanish, and German)
• Geographic data related to Potala Palace at OpenStreetMap
• The Potala palace (archived)
• Potala Palace Tour in Tibet is one of the most prominent attractions to be visited not only by the tourists from all around the world but even to the native Tibetans and the Potala Place had been list in UNESCO's World Heritage in 1994.

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v t e Dalai Lamas
	Gendun Drup (1391–1474) Gendun Gyatso (1475–1542) Sonam (1543–1588) Yonten (1589–1617) Lozang (1617–1682) Tsangyang (1683–1706) Kelzang (1708–1757) Jamphel (1758–1804) Lungtok (1805–1815) Tsultrim (1816–1837) Khedrup (1838–1856) Trinley (1857–1875) Thubten (1876–1933) Tenzin (1935–present)
List of Dalai Lamas Gelug Yellow Hat sect Ganden Podrang Potala Palace Norbulingka

v t e Lhasa
County-level divisions	District Chengguan Doilungdêqên Dagzê Counties Lhünzhub Damxung Nyêmo Qüxü Maizhokunggar
Towns and villages	Caina Chundui (Codoi) Dangquka Donggar Gongtang Gyaidar Horru Kunggar Leten Lhünzhub Namco Niu New Area Nyêmo Nyêtang Qiannang Wumatang Yangbajain Zaxoi Zhujia
Monasteries and palaces	Architecture of Lhasa Lingkhor Potala Palace Norbulingka Jokhang Tsomon Ling Ganden Monastery Kundeling Monastery Nechung Drolma Lhakhang Temple Yangpachen Monastery Drepung Monastery Ramoche Temple Reting Monastery Sanga Monastery Yerpa Sera Monastery Chupzang Nunnery Drakri Hermitage Garu Nunnery Keutsang Hermitage Keutsang East Hermitage Keutsang Hermitage Khardo Hermitage Negodong Nunnery Nenang Monastery Pabonka Hermitage Panglung Hermitage Purbuchok Hermitage Rakhadrak Hermitage Sera Monastery Sera Chöding Hermitage Sera Gönpasar Hermitage Sera Utsé Hermitage Takten Hermitage Trashi Chöling Hermitage
Other landmarks	Barkhor Chokpori Drapchi Prison Lhasa Zhol Pillar Tromzikhang Nyang bran Hutoushan Reservoir Samdrup Pohang Labrang Nyingba Monument of Jiangsu Road Treasure of the Plateau Lhasa Racecourse Potala Palace Inner Stele Lhasa Martyrs' Mausoleum Qinghai-Tibet-Sichuan-Tibet Highway Monument Consulate General of Nepal, Lhasa Lhalu Pohang Shirin Dorje Pohang Office building of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Auditorium Tibet Working People's Cultural Palace Lhasa North and South Mountain Greening Project Office of the Representative of the Central People's Government in Tibet
Culture & Life	Potala Palace Square Tibetan People's Hall Tibet Museum Tibet Museum of Natural Science Tibet Himalaya Mountaineering Guide School Tibet Stadium Lhasa Youth Activity Center People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region Tibetan Hospital of the Tibet Autonomous Region Tibet Autonomous Region Mass Art Museum Lhasa Comprehensive Pavilion Tibet Autonomous Region Archives Lhasa Mass Culture and Sports Center Lhasa Cinema City Tibet Rug Mansion Tibet Exhibition Center Memorial Hall Marking the Emancipation of More Than One Million Serfs Lhasa Half Marathon Lhasa Television
Business & Development	Lhasa Economic and Technological Development Zone Tibet Development Company Tibet Everest Resources Bank of Tibet Lhasa Donggar Wholesale Market
Education & Science	Tibet University Tibet University of Traditional Tibetan Medicine Lhasa Teachers College Lhasa Middle School Lhasa No.1 Elementary School Lhasa-Beijing Experimental Middle School Yangbajain Cosmic Ray National Field Scientific Observatory Tibet Library Lhasa Library Lhasa 500kV Transmission Project Lhasa Converter Station One River, Two Rivers Project Qinghai-Tibet Networking Project Tibet Huayu Mining Tibet Gaozheng Explosives
Hotels & Parks	Chagpori Park Liwu Park Cisongtang Park Banak Shöl Hotel Lhasa Hotel Tibet Hotel Tibet Autonomous Region Guesthouse Tibet Tourism
Transport	Lhasa Airport Damxung railway station Lhasa railway station Lhasa West railway station Wumatang railway station Yangbajain railway station G109 G318 G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway North Linkor Road Central Beijing Road Norbulingka Road Jiangsu Road Jinzhu West Road Lhasa River Special Bridge Lhasa Passenger Station Tibet Skyway
Government	Doje Cezhug Jigme Namgyal

v t e World Heritage Sites in China
East	Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City Classical Gardens of Suzhou Fujian tulou Lushan Huangshan Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of Yellow Sea–Bohai Sea of China (Phase I) Mount Sanqing Mount Tai Wuyi Mountains Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and Kong Family Mansion in Qufu Xidi, and Hongcun West Lake Kulangsu
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Southwestern	Chengjiang Fossil Site Dazu Rock Carvings Fanjingshan Honghe Hani Rice Terraces Huanglong Jiuzhaigou Lijiang Mount Emei and Leshan Giant Buddha Mount Qingcheng and Dujiangyan Potala Palace, including the Jokhang and Norbulingka Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries Three Parallel Rivers
North	Mount Wutai Chengde Mountain Resort, including Putuo Zongcheng Temple, Xumi Fushou Temple and Puning Temple Forbidden City Zhoukoudian Ancient City of Pingyao Summer Palace Temple of Heaven Xanadu Yungang Grottoes Beijing Central Axis
Northeast	Koguryo sites Mukden Palace
Northwestern	Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Mogao Caves Xinjiang Tianshan Qinghai Hoh Xil
Multiple regions	Great Wall China Danxia Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties South China Karst Grand Canal Silk Roads Tusi Sites Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of Yellow Sea–Bohai Sea of China (Phase II) Badain Jaran Desert

• Buddhist buildings in Tibet
• Buildings and structures in Lhasa
• Dzongs in Tibet
• Palaces in Tibet
• Royal residences in Tibet
• Buddhist pilgrimage sites in China
• Houses completed in 1694
• 1640s establishments in Tibet
• World Heritage Sites in Tibet
• 1694 establishments in Asia
• Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet
• History of Lhasa