Misplaced Pages

Part of a series on the
Socialist Republic of Romania
Organizations Communist Party Securitate Army Union of Communist Youth Great National Assembly State Council Patriotic Guards National Council of Women Pioneers Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy Romanian Orthodox Church Scînteia People's Democratic Front Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy Comturist
Leaders Constantin Ion Parhon Petru Groza Ana Pauker Ion Gheorghe Maurer Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej Gheorghe Apostol Chivu Stoica Nicolae Ceaușescu Manea Mănescu Ilie Verdeț Elena Ceaușescu
Ideology Dacianism July Theses Neo-Stalinism National communism Ceaușescu's cult of personality
Policies Collectivization Nationalization Literacy campaigns Five-Year Plans De-Stalinization Decree 770 Systematization (Rural) 1980s austerity
Culture Daciad Cîntarea României Cenaclul Flacăra Obsessive decade Socialist realism Emblem Flag
Repression Censorship Danube–Black Sea Canal Re-education Bărăgan deportations Tămădău Affair Pitești prison Sighet prison
Protests and resistance 1940s–1950s resistance Bucharest student movement of 1956 Dissent under Nicolae Ceaușescu Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 SLOMR Brașov Rebellion Letter of the Six Romanian Revolution Trial and execution of the Ceaușescus
Relationship with the USSR Soviet occupation (1944–1958) SovRom De-satellization
Relations with other states China Italy North Korea Soviet Union Yugoslavia
v t e

Dacianism is a Romanian term describing the tendency to ascribe, largely relying on questionable data and subjective interpretation, an idealised past to the country as a whole. While particularly prevalent during the regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu, its origin in Romanian scholarship dates back more than a century.

The term refers to perceived aggrandising of Dacian and earlier roots of today's Romanians. This phenomenon is also pejoratively labelled "Dacomania" or "Dacopathy" or sometimes "Thracomania", while its proponents prefer "Dacology". The term protochronism (anglicised from the Romanian: protocronism, from the Ancient Greek terms for "first in time"), originally coined to refer to the supposed pioneering character of the Romanian culture, is sometimes used as a synonym.

Overview

In this context, the term makes reference to the trend (noticed in several versions of Romanian nationalism) to ascribe a unique quality to the Dacians and their civilisation. Dacianists attempt to prove either that Dacians had a major part to play in ancient history or even that they had the ascendancy over all cultures (with a particular focus on Ancient Rome, which, in a complete reversal of the founding myth, would have been created by Dacian migrants). Also noted are the exploitation of the Tărtăria tablets as certain proof that writing originated on proto-Dacian territory, and the belief that the Dacian language survived all the way to the Middle Ages.

An additional, but not universal, feature is the attempted connection between the supposed monotheism of the Zalmoxis cult and Christianity, in the belief that Dacians easily adopted and subsequently influenced the religion. Also, Christianity is argued to have been preached to the Daco-Romans by Saint Andrew, who is considered doubtfully as the clear origin of modern-day Romanian Orthodoxy. Despite the lack of supporting evidence, it is the official church stance, being found in history textbooks used in Romanian Orthodox seminaries and theology institutes.

History

The ideas have been explained as part of an inferiority complex present in Romanian nationalism, one which also manifested itself in works not connected with Dacianism, mainly as a rejection of the ideas that Romanian territories only served as a colony of Rome, voided of initiative, and subject to an influx of Latins which would have completely wiped out a Dacian presence.

Dacianism most likely came about with the views professed in the 1870s by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, one of the main points of the dispute between him and the conservative Junimea. For example, Hasdeu's Etymologicum magnum Romaniae not only claimed that Dacians gave Rome many of her emperors (an idea supported in recent times by Iosif Constantin Drăgan), but also that the ruling dynasties of early medieval Wallachia and Moldavia were descendants of a caste of Dacians established with "King" (chieftain) Burebista. Other advocates of the idea before World War I included the amateur archaeologist Cezar Bolliac, as well as Teohari Antonescu and Nicolae Densușianu. The latter composed an intricate and unsupported theory on Dacia as the center of European prehistory, authoring a complete parallel to Romanian official history, which included among the Dacians such diverse figures as those of the Asen dynasty, and Horea. The main volume of his writings is Dacia Preistorică ("Prehistoric Dacia").

After World War I and throughout Greater Romania's existence, the ideology increased its appeal. The Iron Guard flirted with the concept, making considerable parallels between its projects and interpretations of what would have been Zalmoxis' message. Mircea Eliade was notably preoccupied with Zalmoxis' cult, arguing in favour of its structural links with Christianity; his theory on Dacian history, viewing Romanisation as a limited phenomenon, is celebrated by contemporary partisans of Dacianism.

In a neutral context, the Romanian archaeology school led by Vasile Pârvan investigated scores of previously ignored Dacian sites, which indirectly contributed to the idea's appeal at the time.

In 1974 Edgar Papu published in the mainstream cultural monthly Secolul XX an essay titled "The Romanian Protochronism", arguing for Romanian chronological priority for some European achievements. The idea was promptly adopted by the nationalist Ceaușescu regime, which subsequently encouraged and amplified a cultural and historical discourse claiming the prevalence of autochthony over any foreign influence. Ceaușescu's ideologues developed a singular concept after the 1974 11th Congress of the Communist Party of Romania, when they attached Dacianism to official Marxism, arguing that the Dacians had produced a permanent and "unorganised state". The Dacians had been favoured by several communist generations as autochthonous insurgents against an "imperialist" Rome (with the Stalinist leadership of the 1950s proclaiming them to be closely linked with the Slavic peoples); however, Ceaușescu's was an interpretation with a distinct motivation, making a connection with the opinions of previous Dacianists.

The regime started a partnership with Italian resident, former Iron Guard member and millionaire Iosif Constantin Drăgan, who continued championing the Dacian cause even after the fall of Ceaușescu. Critics regard these excesses as the expression of an economic nationalist course, amalgamating provincial frustrations and persistent nationalist rhetoric, as autarky and cultural isolation of the late Ceaușescu's regime came along with an increase in Dacianist messages.

Vladimir Tismăneanu wrote:

"Protochronism" was the party-sponsored ideology that claimed Romanian precedence in major scientific and cultural discoveries. It was actually the underpinning of Ceaușescu's nationalist tyranny.

While no longer backed by a totalitarian state structure after the 1989 revolution, the interpretation still enjoys popularity in several circles. The main representative of current Protochronism was still Drăgan (now deceased), but the New York City-based physician Napoleon Săvescu took over after Drăgan's death. Together, they issued the magazine Noi, Dacii ("We, the Dacians") and organised a yearly "International Congress of Dacology". Săvescu still does those.

Săvescu's most famous theory says that the Romanians are not descendants of the Roman colonists and assimilated Dacians, as mainstream historians say, but that they are the descendants of only the Dacians, who spoke a language close to Latin.

Other controversial theories of his include the Dacians (or their ancestors) having developed the first writing system in the world (see the Tărtăria tablets), the first set of laws or having conquered Western Europe, India, Iraq, Japan and the Americas.

"If the Harappa culture did not disappear after the Carpatho-Danubian invasion, how come the invaders themselves vanished, leaving no traces behind, or leaving, as Sir Wheeler put it, "nothing but a name?" How could the nomad Carpatho-Danubians, mainly a people of breeders, give birth not only to a new religion, but found splendid cities that outlived them to this day? How could the greatest and most complex literature in the world have come from these Carpatho-Danubian people? Actually, the whole Vedic literature is based on four texts (the oldest being Rig-Veda, Yajur-Veda and Sama-Veda, the later Athara-Veda and two poems resembling the Iliad and the Odyssey only two thousand years older; Ramnayana and Mahabharata have preserved a toponymy echoing that of the Aryan Carpatho-Danubians' homeland and share the same main theme – the enmity and rancor between two families fighting over the throne of Bahataral (according to some, today's Banat-Romania).

— The Conquest of India by the Carpatho-Danubian People

His theories are, however, disregarded by historical journals and most historians, e.g. Mircea Babeș, Lucian Boia and Alexandra Tomiță, who label these theories as pseudoscience and anachronistic and consider that there is not enough scientific evidence to support them. Dacia, journal of the Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, and the history journal Saeculum did not speak highly of him, either.

Dacian script

"Dacian alphabet" is a term used in Romanian protochronism and Dacianism for pseudohistorical claims of a supposed alphabet of the Dacians prior to the conquest of Dacia and its absorption into the Roman Empire. Its existence was first proposed in the late 19th century by Romanian nationalists, but has been completely rejected by mainstream modern scholarship.

In the opinion of Sorin Olteanu, a modern expert at the Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest, " is pure fabrication purely and simply Dacian writing does not exist", adding that many scholars believe that the use of writing may have been subject to a religious taboo among the Dacians. It is known that the ancient Dacians used the Greek and Latin alphabets, though possibly not as early as in neighbouring Thrace where the Ezerovo ring in Greek script has been dated to the 5th century BC. A vase fragment from the La Tène period (see illustration above), a probable illiterate imitation of Greek letters, indicates visual knowledge of the Greek alphabet during the La Tène period prior to the Roman invasion. Some Romanian writers writing at the end of the 19th century and later identified as protochronists, particularly the Romanian poet and journalist Cezar Bolliac, an enthusiast amateur archaeologist, claimed to have discovered a Dacian alphabet. They were immediately criticized for archaeological and linguistic reasons. Alexandru Odobescu, criticized some of Bolliac's conclusions. In 1871 Odobescu, along with Henric Trenk, inventoried the Fundul Peșterii cave, one of the Ialomiței caves (See the Romanian Misplaced Pages article) near Buzău. Odobescu was the first to be fascinated by its writings, which were later dated to the 3rd or 4th century. In 2002, the controversial Romanian historian, Viorica Enăchiuc, stated that the Codex Rohonczi is written in a Dacian alphabet. The equally controversial linguist Aurora Petan (2005) claims that some Sinaia lead plates could contain unique Dacian scripts.

The linguist George Pruteanu called protochronism as "the barren and paranoid nationalism", because protochronism claims that the Dacian language was the origin of Latin and all other languages, including Hindi and Babylonian.

See also

• Antiquization

Notes

1. Boia, p.160-161
2. ^ Boia, p.149-151
3. Boia, p.169
4. Lavinia Stan, Lucian Turcescu, Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania, Oxford University Press, 2007, p.48
5. Verdery, p.177
6. Boia, p.85, 127-147
7. Boia, 138-139, 140, 147; Verdery, p.326
8. Boia, p.268
9. Boia, p.82
10. Boia, p.139-140
11. ^ Boia, p.147-148
12. Boia, p.320
13. Boia, p.152; Eliade, "Zalmoxis, The Vanishing God", in Slavic Review, Vol. 33, No. 4 (December 1974), p.807-809
14. Boia, p.152; Șimonca
15. Boia, p.145-146
16. Boia, p.122-123; Martin
17. Boia, p.117-126
18. Boia, p.120
19. Boia, p.154-155, 156
20. Boia, p.155-157; 330-331
21. Verdary, p.343
22. Boia, p.338
23. Tismăneanu, Vladimir (15 October 2003). Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism. University of California Press. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-520-23747-6.
24. Babeș; Boia, p.356
25. "Ca și cînd precedentele reuniuni n-ar fi fost de ajuns, dacologii bat cîmpii in centrul Capitalei", in Evenimentul Zilei, 22 June 2002
26. Manea, Irina-Maria (22 March 2017). "Dacomania sau cum mai falsificãm istoria". historia.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 1 August 2019.
27. Petre, Zoe (28 August 2001). "Burebista, contemporanul nostru". Observator Cultural (in Romanian) (79). Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
28. Babeș, Mircea (9 September 2003). "Renașterea Daciei?". Observator Cultural (in Romanian) (185). Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
29. Corbea, Andrei (12 May 2003). "Herodot si "Todoreh"". Observator Cultural (in Romanian) (168). Retrieved 1 August 2019.
30. Niculescu, Gheorghe Alexandru (2005). "Archaeology, Nationalism and "The History of the Romanians" (2001)". Dacia: Revue d'archéologie et d'histoire ancienne. 48–49. Institutul de Arheologie (București): 101. ISSN 0070-251X.
31. Arens, Meinolf; Bein, Daniel (2003). "Katholische Ungarn in der Moldau". Saeculum. 54 (2). Böhlau Verlag: 252. doi:10.7788/saeculum.2003.54.2.213. ISSN 0080-5319. S2CID 201277080.
32. Gherasim, Gabriel Teodor (4 March 2007). ""Scrierea daca" este pura inventie". Noi, NU!. Archived from the original on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011. Este un bun prilej să demontăm un alt mit drag tracomanilor, anume cel al 'scrierii dacice' si al vechimii ei 'imemorabile'. 'Scrierea dacă' este pură inventie. Nu este nici măcar vorba de incertitudini, de chestiuni de interpretare (din ce punct de vedere privim) s.a.m.d., ci pur si simplu nu există nici o scriere dacă Asa cum cred multi dintre învătati, este foarte posibil ca la daci, întocmai ca si la celti până la un anumit moment, scrierea să fi fost supusă unui tabu religios.
33. Daicoviciu, Hadrian (1972). Dacii. Editura Enciclopedică Română.
34. Vulpe, Radu; Vulpe, Ecaterina (1933). "Les fouilles de Poiana". Dacia: Revue d'archéologie et d'histoire ancienne (in French). 3–4: 342. Retrieved January 9, 2011. On ne possède malheureusement pas de plus grand fragment pour établir s'il s'agit d'une inscription en langue latine ou grecque, éventullement gète, ou plutôt d'une ornementation grossière en forme d'alphabet, oeuvre probable d'un potier illetré. Ce tesson présente dans tous les cas un grand intérêt au point de vue de l'influence méridionale sur les artisans de notre station de Poiana, à la fin de l'époque Latène, à laquelle il appartient. Même s'il ne s'agit que d'un jeu d'imitation de quelque potier gète, sa connaissance approximative des lettres grecques ou romaines prouve que les relations entre les Gètes de la Moldavie et le monde gréco-romain d'outre Danube étaient devenues extrêmement étroites à la veille de la directe expansion romaine en Dacie.
35. Măndescu, Dragoș. "DESCOPERIREA SITULUI ARHEOLOGIC DE LA ZIMNICEA ȘI PRIMA ETAPĂ A CERCETĂRII SALE: 'EXPLORAȚIUNILE' LUI CEZAR BOLLIAC (1845, 1858?, 1869, 1871–1873)" (PDF). Muzeul Județean Teleorman (in Romanian). Retrieved January 9, 2011.
36. Boia, p.92
37. Hovelacque, Abel (1877). The science of language: linguistics, philology, etymology. Chapmanand Hall. p. 292. Retrieved January 9, 2011. The Rumanian writer Eajden... fancies he has lighted upon the old Dacian alphabet, in an alphabet surviving till the last century amongst the Szeklers of Transylvania. But he has altogether overlooked the preliminary question, to what group of languages Dacian may belong.
38. Le Moyen âge (in French). Champion. 1888. p. 258. La théorie d'un alphabet dace est une fable; les caractères cyrilliques sont d'origine slave, non roumaine. Ce n'est que depuis le XV^ siècle que le peuple roumain les a admis dans son idiome national. Cf. Moldovan G. А latin, cyrill, (ШК es székely irasjegyek kérdése a. románoknál. (A Bp. Szernle 1887. évi oklób. sz.) Bpest, 1887.
39. Oișteanu, Andrei (April 30, 2008). "Scriitorii romani si narcoticele (1) De la Scavinski la Odobescu". 22 Revista Grupului Pentru Dialog Social (in Romanian). Archived from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
40. Popescu, Florentin. "Les ermitages des Monts de Buzau". Le site des monuments rupestres (in French). Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
41. Ungureanu, Dan (May 6, 2003). "Nu trageti in ambulanta". Oservator Cultural (in Romanian). Archived from the original on March 27, 2004. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
42. Enăchiuc, Vioroca (2002). Rohonczi Codex: descifrare, transcriere si traducere (Déchiffrement, transcription et traduction) (in Romanian and French). Editura Alcor. ISBN 973-8160-07-3.
43. Olteanu, Sorin. "Raspuns Petan". Thraco-Daco-Moesian Languages Project (in Romanian). Retrieved January 9, 2011.
44. Pețan, Aurora. "A possible Dacian royal archive on lead plates". Antiquity. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
45. "Doar o vorbă SĂȚ-I mai spun". George Pruteanu (in Romanian). 26 March 1996. Retrieved 21 January 2020.

References

• Lucian Boia, Istorie și mit în conștiința românească, Bucharest, Humanitas, 1997
• B. P. Hasdeu, Ethymologicum Magnum Romaniae. Dicționarul limbei istorice și poporane a românilor (Pagini alese), Bucharest, Minerva, 1970
• (in Romanian) Mircea Martin, "Cultura română între comunism și naționalism" (II), in Revista 22, 44 (660)/XIII, October–November 2002
• (in Romanian) Ovidiu Șimonca, "Mircea Eliade și 'căderea în lume'", review of Florin Țurcanu, Mircea Eliade. Le prisonnier de l'histoire, in Observatorul Cultural
• Katherine Verdery, National Ideology under Socialism. Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceaușescu's Romania, University of California Press, 1991. ISBN 0-520-20358-5

External links

• www.dacii.ro: A site displaying prominent characteristics of Romanian Protochronism.
• www.dacia.org: A site connected with Săvescu.
• Monica Spiridon's essay on the intellectual origins of Romanian Protochronism.
• Historical myths, legitimating discourses, and identity politics in Ceaușescu's Romania (Part 1), (Part 2)
• Tracologie și Tracomanie (Thracology and Thracomania) at Sorin Olteanu's LTDM Project (SOLTDM.COM) Archived 2007-11-13 at the Wayback Machine
• Teme tracomanice (Thracomaniacal Themes) at Sorin Olteanu's LTDM Project (SOLTDM.COM) Archived 2007-11-13 at the Wayback Machine

v t e Romanian nationalism
Ideology	Dacianism Dacology Irredentism Legionarism Neo-Legionarism National communism Poporanism Protochronism
Events	Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan Moldavian Revolution of 1848 Wallachian Revolution of 1848 Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia Bridge of Flowers Unifications Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia Union of Bessarabia with Romania Union of Bukovina with Romania Union of Transylvania with Romania Great Union Greater Romania
Figures	Vlad the Impaler Stephen the Great Michael the Brave Alexandru Ioan Cuza Carol I of Romania Ferdinand I of Romania
Political parties	Current Greater Romania Party New Generation Party Noua Dreaptă People's Movement Party National Identity Bloc in Europe Alliance for the Union of Romanians Romanian Nationhood Party Social Democratic Party Romanian Socialist Party (2003) National Liberal Party Alliance for the Homeland Romanian Village Party S.O.S. Romania Former Romanian National Party Democratic Nationalist Party Bessarabian Peasants' Party Democratic Union Party National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Romanian Fascio National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875) Romanian Communist Party National Fascist Movement National-Christian Defense League Iron Guard National Liberal Party-Brătianu National Socialist Party Crusade of Romanianism Romanian Front Romanian National Unity Party Socialist Party of Labour Everything For the Country Party People's Party – Dan Diaconescu United Romania Party
Organizations	ASTRA Cenaclul Flacăra Cîntarea României Junimea
Popular culture	Songs "Cântă cucu-n Bucovina" "Dac-am plecat, Ardealule, din tine" "Deșteaptă-te, române!" "Doamne, ocrotește-i pe români" "Drum bun" "Hora Unirii" "Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire" "Pui de lei" "Treceți, batalioane române, Carpații" "Trei culori" Phrases "Bessarabia, Romanian land"
Nationalists	Ion Antonescu Nicolae Ceaușescu Corneliu Zelea Codreanu Mihai Eminescu Doina Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen Horia Sima Corneliu Vadim Tudor
Policies	Aromanian question Re-latinization of Romanian Romanianization
Related topics	Anti-Romanian sentiment Bessarabian question Moldovenism Unification of Moldova and Romania

• Historiography of Romania
• National mysticism
• National histories
• Romanian Communist Party
• Romanian nationalism
• Socialist Republic of Romania