Misplaced Pages

Limón
District and city
View of downtown LimónThe Uvita IslandTown hallCity cathedralThe Balvanero Vargas parkCity wordmark during an exhibition of the Costa Rica uniform for the 2018 FIFA World Cup
Coat of armsWordmark
Mottoes:  Paz y Trabajo (Peace and Work) Ciudad de la vida (City of Life)
Puerto Limón and surrounding area
LimónLocation of Puerto Limón within Costa Rica
Coordinates: 10°00′08″N 83°05′03″W / 10.0022155°N 83.0840367°W / 10.0022155; -83.0840367
Country	Costa Rica
Province	Limón
Canton	Limón
Founded	1854
Declared as district	1870
Founded by	Philipp J. J. Valentini
Named for	Lemon (Citrus × limon)
Government
• Mayor	Ana Matarrita McCalla
• Syndic	Marco Luna
Area
• Total	59.51 km (22.98 sq mi)
Elevation	3 m (9.8 ft)
Population
• Total	71,514
• Density	1,200/km (3,100/sq mi)
Demonym	limonense
Time zone	UTC−06:00
Postal code	70101
Climate	Af
Website	municlimon.go.cr

Limón (Spanish pronunciation: [liˈmon]), also known as Puerto Limón, is the capital city of both the province and canton of the same name. One of Costa Rica's seven "middle cities" (i.e., main cities outside of San José's Greater Metropolitan Area), Limón has a population of 71,514, which made it, as of 2022, the most-populous city in the country outside of the Greater Metropolitan Area and the second most-populous district in the nation.

Founded in 1854 by Philipp J. J. Valentini and officially established as a district in 1870 during the Liberal State, Limón is the only planned city in the country built in the 19th century. Located in the Caribbean coast, its purpose was to become the country's main port, a role the city still retains to this day, given its strategic location in the Caribbean Sea, close to the Panama Canal, to connect Costa Rica with North America, South America, the Caribbean, and Europe. The Moín Container Terminal, operated by Dutch-based APM Terminals, and the nearby Port of Moín, operated by the state-institution JAPDEVA, serve as the main economic ports for the country. The Port of Limón, located just South downtown, receives both cargo and cruise ships, though plans to convert it into a passenger terminal are underway.

The city is of historical significance for the country, as it was one of Christopher Columbus' moorings during his fourth and last voyage. On 25 September 1502, Colón recalls landing on a town named by the locals as Cariay, with the nearby Quiribrí island just offshore.

Today, Limón is recognized as one of Costa Rica's most culturally and racially diverse cities. It is one of the main communities of Afro-Costa Ricans in the country, mainly as a result of people of Jamaican descent arriving for the construction of the Atlantic railroad in the country, and a subsequent travel ban from the central government, which limited people of Afro-Caribbean origin to move outside of the Limón Province. Aside from Spanish, the Afro-Costa Rican community also speaks the English-based Limonese Creole.

Limón faces numerous problems, with the main one being the skyrocketing crime, as drug cartels confluence in the city due to its port being an important part of their drug-trafficking schemes, resulting in an alarming murder rate.

Toponymy

Puerto Limón is Spanish for port lemon. The city is homonymous to both the canton and province. Along with Guanacaste, Limón is one of the locations in the country that owes its name to a plant.

A previous name for the location was Cariay or Cariai, a name used by the aboriginal tribes from pre-Hispanic era up to the arrival of Christopher Columbus.

The origins of the name Limón are unknown, but by 1852, then-Costa Rican president Juan Rafael Mora Porras referred to the port as Puerto del Limón (Port of the Lemon).

History

Colony

Christopher Columbus first dropped anchor in Costa Rica in 1502 at Isla Uvita, just off the coast of Puerto Limón. The Atlantic coast, however, was left largely unexplored by Spanish settlers until the 19th century.

As early as 1569, Governor Perafán de Rivera gave extensive plots of land, Indians included, in Matina to aristocrats (hidalgos) that helped to finance and support early conquest. Because these aristocrats found out that only a few Indians were available to exploit, they acquired African slaves to plant these lands with cocoa trees (the only feasible crop in these lands). These lands provided the only source of income to the absentee owners from the capital city of Cartago. Matina gained importance because of the cacao and the presence of African slaves, which made them attractive to pirate incursions.

Notorious pirates, Edward Mansvelt and his vice admiral Henry Morgan, arrived at Portete, a small bay between Limón and Moín, in 1666. They proceeded inland to Cartago, the capital of Costa Rica at the time, but were driven away by the inhabitants at Turrialba on 15 April. The pirate army left on 16 April and arrived back in Portete on 23 April. They left Costa Rica and did not return.

Foundation

The town was officially founded in 1854 by Philipp J. J. Valentini under government auspices. In 1867, construction began on an ambitious railroad connecting the highlands to the sea. Limón was chosen as the site of a major port, which would facilitate exports of coffee from the Central Valley.

Recent history

During World War II, as part of the Operation Neuland, German U-boat U-161 attacked San Pablo, a ship that was being unloaded in Limón, on 3 July 1942. The attack killed twenty-three dockers and one crew member, whose bodies took around three weeks to be recovered.

As a district, Limón was last modified on 10 August 1992, by Executive Decree 21515-G.

Puerto Limón was heavily struck by the 1991 Limon earthquake, whose epicenter was located in the neighboring Valle La Estrella district. It elevated the coastline by around 1.85 meters in some areas of Limón, cracked the streets open, and destroyed many buildings, most notably the Las Olas Hotel, located in the northern shore of the city.

Geography

Limón is situated on a cape along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, on the East side of the country. South of the National Route 32, two rivers converge into their drainage into the Caribbean Sea: the Limoncito and the Cieneguita rivers, both of which are surrounded by numerous neighborhoods.

Two islands surround the city. The Uvita Island is less than a kilometer East of downtown Limón, while the smaller Isla de Pájaros (Birds Island) lies just north of the nearby Bonita Beach.

The district has an area of 59.51 square kilometres (22.98 square miles) and an elevation of three metres (9.8 feet)

Locations

Limón is divided into neighborhoods (barrios) and villages (poblados or villas).

The barrios are as follows:

The poblados are as follows:

Climate

Limón features a trade wind tropical rainforest climate (Af) under Köppen's climate classification. Average temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year averaging around 26 degrees Celsius (79 degrees Fahrenheit). Common to all cities with this climate, Limón has no consistently dry season. Its driest month (September) averages roughly 140 millimetres or 5.5 inches of rainfall while its wettest (December) averages just below 450 millimetres or 18 inches of rain. Limón averages nearly 3,600 millimetres or 140 inches of rainfall annually.

Demographics

Afro-Costa Ricans

The first officially acknowledged arrival of African people who arrived in Costa Rica came with the Spanish conquistadors. Slave trading was common in all the countries conquered by Spain, and in Costa Rica, the first Africans seem to have come from specific sources in Africa– Equatorial and Western regions. The people from these areas were thought of as ideal slaves because they had a reputation for being more robust, affable, and hard-working than other Africans. The enslaved were from what is now the Gambia (Wolof), Guinea (Malinké), Ghanaian (Ashanti), Benin (specifically Ije / Ararás), and Sudan (Puras). Many of the enslaved were also Minas (i.e. communities from parts of the region extending from Ivory Coast to the Slave Coast), Popo (imported tribes such as Ana and Baribas), Yorubas and Congas (perhaps from Kongasso, Ivory Coast). Enslaved Africans also came from other places, such as neighboring Panama. Throughout the centuries, but especially after the emancipation of the slaves in 1824, the black population mixed with other ethnic groups, notably the Indians, and became part of the mainstream culture and ethnicity.

The early black population of Matina and Suerre in Limón is not the same population that arrived in the second half of the 19th century. This latter population did not arrive as slaves but as hired workers from Jamaica, and smaller groups from Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. This is the reason why the majority of the current black population of Costa Rica has English surnames and speaks English with a Jamaican accent.

In 1910, Marcus Mosiah Garvey travelled to Puerto Limón, where he worked as a time-keeper for the United Fruit Company for some months, observing that the population of African descent suffered poor conditions.

The descendants of Africans in Costa Rica have endured discrimination including a delay in voting rights and a restriction on their movements.

Notable people

Education

Primary and secondary schools

In 1877, after the city foundation, then-Costa Rican president Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez ordered the construction of a primary school, the Men's Higher School Institute. It was then renewed in further decades and renamed after Guardia. A women's school, named after Rafael Iglesias Castro, was inaugurated in 1922.

The first secondary school was inaugurated in 1945, the Colegio de Limón, eventually renamed Colegio de Limón Diurno (Limón Day School) to differentiate it from other high schools that appeared in later decades, particularly the Colegio Nocturno de Limón (Limón Night School), which uses the same campus as the Day School but has a different administration. Those schools include the Colegio Técnico Profesional de Limón (Limón Professional-Technical School), the Liceo Nuevo de Limón (Limón New Lyceum), eventually renamed Liceo Mario Bourne after its founder and first principal, the Colegio Deportivo de Limón (Limón Sports School), and the Colegio de Pacuare, named after the neighborhood it is located in.

Limón's public education schools often struggle due to poor infrastructure and low public support. The Limón Sports School is a primary example of this, as the school abandoned its previous installations in the Pacuare neighborhood (which were eventually overtaken by the Pacuare High School) and moved to Limón's New Stadium or JAPDEVA's installations in downtown Limón.

In 2002, the Scientific High School of Limón was inaugurated, and has since been run by the Distance State University at the local campus.

Higher education

Limón is home to numerous universities. Out of the five public universities in the country, three have a campus in Limón: the University of Costa Rica (UCR) and the Distance State University (UNED) have their campuses along Route 32, while the Costa Rica Institute of Technology (ITCR or TEC) is located downtown, in front of the Limón Day School.

Another institution is the University College of Limón (CUNLIMÓN), a public-funded, semi-autonomous university founded in 2002.

Moreover, some private universities also have a building in Limón, namely the Autonomous University of Central America (UACA), the Castro Carazo University, and the Free University of Costa Rica (ULICORI).

Politics

Since 2024, Ana Matarrita McCalla serves as the mayor of the Limón canton, working from the city hall in downtown Limón. McCalla initially assumed her role following the resignation of Néstor Mattis in January 2024. She was already a candidate for the municipal elections that took place a month later, winning and extending her governing period until 2028, becoming the first female mayor-elect in the city.

Economy

Limón is Costa Rica's main port, as nearly 90% of the country's imports and exports move through the two harbors located in Moín.

Transport

Two main highways serve Limón. The National Route 32 is one of the country's primary roads, and connects Limón to the Greater Metropolitan Area. One of the route ends is located just next to the Balvanero Vargas park. Because of Limón's situation as the country's main port, Route 32 is the most important route for exportations in Costa Rica, accounting for around 83% of national exports. Close to its Eastern end, Route 32 is crossed by Route 36, another of Costa Rica's primary roads. This route connects Limón to the neighboring districts of Matama and Valle La Estrella, to the Talamanca canton, and in turn, to Panama through the Sixaola River bridge.

Three secondary routes are located in Limón, all of which are connected to Route 32. Route 240 encloses the northern portion of the city, while Route 241 encloses the southern portion, extending further South until meeting Route 36 in Bananito. Route 257 connects Route 32 with the Moín Container Terminal.

Limón is also served by the Limón International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Pablo Zidar, Limón), IATA code LIO, an airstrip which is 1,800 m (5,900 ft) long by 30 m (98 ft) wide, two m (6.6 ft) above sea level, on the coast south of the city.

Culture

Architecture

In the past, houses in Limón followed Caribbean vernacular architecture standards, mostly tall, wooden structures, though the United Fruit Company also built Victorian-influenced houses. The post office building was originally built with such Victorian-Caribbean influences, though later redesigns added Art Nouveau ornaments to the building's façade. Furthermore, the façade of the House of Culture and City Theater has art deco influences, whereas the Costa Rica pension was built with historicist influences.

Following the 1991 Limon earthquake, and with the advent of the 21st century, the city has steadily shifted towards contemporary architecture, with examples such as the cathedral or the city hall.

Art

A number of artists born in other parts of the country have settled in Limón and based their arts on the city and its culture. One such prominent figure is that of Ricardo "Negrín" Rodríguez, who was mostly remembered for painting in the corridor of his house in downtown Limón. Another artist is Édgar León, born in San José but raised in Limón, his early paintings depicted landscapes from the city. Other artists include Honorio Cabraca, Vicky de Solano, and Édgar "Nanny" Ramírez.

An important center for visual arts is the art gallery from the Pasaje Cristal (Crystal Passage), next to the boulevard that leads to the Balvanero Vargas park. The gallery, aside from paintings, features memorabilia from the Black Star Line building, destroyed by a fire in April 2016.

Limón's House of Culture and City Theater is also one of the most important centers for arts in the city and the province. It was restored as part of the project Limón Ciudad-Puerto (Limón City-Port), and currently hosts dance workshops, art exhibitions, and conferences. Moreover, the city has two music schools: one is located near the Tony Facio hospital, and is run by the Ministry of Culture and Youth through its National System of Musical Education, while the other is the basic music stage, run by the University of Costa Rica at the local campus.

Carnival

Puerto Limón is famous in Costa Rica for its yearly fall carnival which occurs the week of 12 October, on the eve of Columbus Day. The event was started by local community leader and activist, Alfred Josiah Henry Smith, also known as "Mister King", who helped organize the first carnival in October 1949. The event stretches about a week (across two weekends), and includes a parade, food, music, dancing, and on the last night, a concert in the Balvanero Vargas park, headlined by a major Latino or Caribbean music act. Previous artists have included Eddy Herrera (2002), Damian Marley (2003), El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico (2005), and T.O.K. (2006).

The carnival has encountered some setbacks in recent years. Organizers cancelled the 2007 carnival due to a major dengue fever outbreak, and again in 2008 due to major municipal trash-removal issues and related health worries. While trash removal had long been an issue due to lack of trucks and a 62-mile (100-kilometre) haul to the nearest landfill (in Pococí), the ordered closure of this and other landfills in 2007 meant Puerto Limón had to send trash 135 miles (217 km) to Alajuela and pay a higher disposal fee. The situation led to a bottle-neck in trash removal, which, combined with the major dengue breakout, caused organizers to cancel 2008's carnaval as a precautionary measure. Given the severity of the situation, the city bought land in nearby Santa Rosa and, in April 2009, opened its landfill (called El Tomatal). Given the improved situation, Carnaval picked up in 2009 after its two-year hiatus.

Cuisine

The gastronomy of Limón diverges significantly from that of the rest of Costa Rica, and has very close ties to the Jamaican cuisine given the deep relations between the country and the Afro-Costa Ricans in the city. Likewise, other Caribbean countries also influence the Limonese cuisine.

Staple limonese dishes of Jamaican origin are rice and beans and the patty.

Language

As is the case with the entirety of the country, the main language spoken in Limón is Spanish. However, there is a large amount of the local population, predominantly those of Afro-Caribbean origins, who speak an English-based creole commonly known as Mekatelyu, considered a dialect of Jamaican Patois, given the ties between Jamaica and most Afro-Costa Rican people.

Recent years have seen a renewed interest in protecting and revitalizing the language. Linguist Juan Diego Quesada Pacheco pointed that the Limonese Creole has been historically neglected, as it is spoken by more people than local indigenous languages, yet it has less support by government authorities. Quesada Pacheco led a project to elaborate the grammar of many indigenous and creole languages of Central American, including Limonese Creole, an investigation for which he was awarded by the Ministry of Culture in 2017. This investigation served as the basis for translators Kheomara Cunningham and René Zúñiga to publish Di Likl Prins, a Limonese Creole-translation of The Little Prince eventually published in 2021.

Literature

One of the most prominent writers from Limón is Joaquín Gutiérrez, known for novellas such as Cocorí, which is taught in Costa Rican primary schools, although it has raised controversies due to its allegedly racist tone. Afro-Costa Rican politicians such as Epsy Campbell Barr and Maureen Clarke have been critical of the book and requested its exclusion from the public-education mantadory readings. Other novellas by Gutiérrez include La hoja de aire and Murámonos, Federico.

Quince Duncan is another important writer from the city. Despite being born in San José, he was raised in Estrada, Matina, near Limón. An Afro-Costa Rican, Duncan has devoted his career to the identity of Costa Ricans of African descent, and denouncing racism in the country.

Limón and its Afro-Costa Rican populace have served of inspiration for numerous writers from other parts of the country, such as Anacristina Rossi with novels such as Limón Blues and Limón Reggae, and Tatiana Lobo with Calypso. Mamita Yunai, written by Carlos Luis Fallas, is a semi-autobiographical novel which denounces the poor working conditions in the banana plantations in Limón and nearby areas under the United Fruit Company.

Music

The musicianship in the city and surrounding areas is of Caribbean origin. Calypso and mento were popular among humble neighborhoods in the early 20th century.

Musicians from Limón and surrounding areas, such as Walter Ferguson or the Marfil band, are nationally renowned.

Sports

Described as "a hotbed for sports," Limón is nationally renowned for its strong contribution to sports, in spite of the numerous challenges faced by the population. The city has spawned numerous athletes such as Nery Brenes, Sharolyn Scott, and Sherman Guity, the latter of whom became the first Costa Rican to win a medal at the Paralympics, as he won a Silver and a Gold medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

Football is also a very popular sport in the city. The city was represented by the Limon Gymnastics Society (In Spanish: Sociedad Gimnástica Limonense) at the first season of the Costa Rican Primera División, also taking part in the first match ever played. The team was eventually succeeded by further iterations, such as A.D. Limonense (also known as ASODELI), Limón FC, and the present-day Limón Black Star, all of whom have largely played at the Estadio Juan Gobán, in downtown Limón.

Limón is also the birthplace of Juan Cayasso, a historical figure for the Costa Rica national football team. On 11 June 1990, the team made its debut at a FIFA World Cup by defeating Scotland at the 1990 FIFA World Cup. Cayasso scored the lone goal, becoming the first Costa Rican to score a goal at a FIFA World Cup, which in turn gave the team its first-ever victory at the tournament. Besides Cayasso, three other Limón natives have also scored for Costa Rica at the FIFA World Cup: Winston Parks in 2002, and Keysher Fuller and Yeltsin Tejeda in 2022.

Sister city

• Galați, Romania (since 1997)

References

1. Sánchez, Leonardo. "Tendencias de crecimiento en ciudades intermedias. El caso de San Isidro de El General, Ciudad Quesada y Guápiles". CONARE. Estado de la Nación. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
2. Rojas, Pablo (21 November 2017). ""Ciudades intermedias" van rumbo al mismo caos que vive la GAM | Crhoy.com". CRHoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
3. "Resultados de la Estimación de Población y Vivienda 2022". INEC.cr. INEC. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
4. "Plan de desarrollo humano cantonal local" (PDF). municlimon.go.cr. Municipalidad de Limón. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
5. ^ "Historia". Municipalidad de Limón (in European Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
6. Hernández Salazar, Ileana; Porras Alfaro, David; García Baltodano, Kenia. "La arquitectura caribeña costarricense en la trama urbana histórica de la ciudad de Limón entre el período 1871-1940" (PDF). Sociedad Española de Historia de la Construcción. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
7. "2.1.2 Costa Rica Port Complex of Limon/Moin | Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments". dlca.logcluster.org. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
8. Ramírez, Wender (2 August 2023). "Diario Extra - Limón tendrá marina turística". www.diarioextra.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
9. Vargas Mora, William (30 August 2002). "Colón llega a Limón". Semanario Universidad (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
10. Solano, Andrea (26 October 2015). "Charlas repasan la abundante riqueza de Limón". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
11. Solís Rivera, Luis Guillermo (6 September 2015). "Limón, conectando a Costa Rica con el mundo". El País. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
12. Barton, Delroy (24 June 2020). "La transición cultural de Limón". Puerto Limón (Costa Rica) : Formas y prácticas de auto/representación: Apuestas imaginarias y políticas (in Spanish). Presses universitaires de Perpignan. pp. 21–30. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
13. ^ Sharman, Russell (January 2001). "The Caribbean Carretera: Race, Space and Social Liminality in Costa Rica". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 20 (1): 46–62. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
14. "El crimen organizado le roba la calma a Costa Rica". France 24. AFP. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
15. Chang Vargas, Giselle (2010). "Toponimia de la provincia de Limón" (PDF). Patrimonio (in Spanish). Centro de Investigación y Conservación del Patrimonio Cultural. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
16. "Conozca el origen del nombre de la provincia de Limón". AMPrensa.com (in Spanish). 3 April 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
17. Limón Archived 30 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine Spanishdict.com Retrieved: 11 June 2011.
18. Crónicas Coloniales Archived 22 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ricardo Fernández Guardia, 1921. portlimon.com.
19. Encyclopedia Americana (1918–1920), Vol. XXVII, pp. 645–46 online version at Internet Archive (last viewed 24 May 2011)
20. ^ "Crisis por basura obliga a suspender carnavales". Nacion.com. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
21. What Happen: A Folk-History of Costa Rica's Talamanca Coast
22. Bolaños, Róger (2 July 2022). "Hoy hace 50 años: Conmemoraban 30 años del ataque de dos torpedos alemanes a buque en Limón". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 August 2024.
23. Alvarado, Axel (2 July 2021). "Voz experta: Hace 79 años un barco mercante fue torpedeado por un submarino nazi en Limón". Web UCR (in Spanish). Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede del Caribe. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
24. ^ "Declara oficial para efectos administrativos, la aprobación de la División Territorial Administrativa de la República N°41548-MGP". Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica (in Spanish). 19 March 2019. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
25. División Territorial Administrativa de la República de Costa Rica (PDF) (in Spanish). Editorial Digital de la Imprenta Nacional. 8 March 2017. ISBN 978-9977-58-477-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
26. Campos-Durán, Daniela; Quintero-Quintero, Ronnie; Abarca-Rojas, Tatiana (December 2021). "Terremoto del Valle de La Estrella: análisis sísmico, cascada de desastres y pérdidas económicas en valor presente (2020)". Revista Geológica de América Central (in Spanish) (65): 169–192. doi:10.15517/rgac.v0i65.47079. ISSN 0256-7024.
27. Marín, Marco (22 April 2021). "22 de abril de 1991: El terremoto que azotó a Limón y sacudió a todo el país". El Observador CR (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 August 2024.
28. Ulloa, Andrés (23 April 2024). "Diario Extra - 33 años despúes Limón recuerda terremoto". www.diarioextra.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 August 2024.
29. Sánchez, Gustavo; Solís, Alessandro (29 January 2017). "Especial 70 años de tragedias: El aleccionador terremoto de Limón". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 August 2024.
30. "Estudio de Impacto Ambiental del Proyecto "Sistema de Control de Inundaciones en el área de Limoncito."" (PDF). SENARA. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
31. "Área en kilómetros cuadrados, según provincia, cantón y distrito administrativo". Inec.cr (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
32. "Descripción del clima: Cantón de Limón" (in Spanish). Instituto Meteorologico Nacional. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
33. "Station Puerto Limon" (in French). Meteo Climat. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
34. "Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos" (in Spanish).
35. Centro Centroamericano de Población de la Universidad de Costa Rica. "Sistema de Consulta a Bases de Datos Estadísticas" (in Spanish).
36. "Bienvenido a INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADISTICA Y CENSOS | INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADISTICA Y CENSOS". Inec.cr. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
37. Marcus Garvey in Port Limon Archived 1 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine portlimon.com.
39. "Caminatas históricas por Limón | Visit Costa Rica | The official site about tourism in Costa Rica". www.visitcostarica.com. Visit Costa Rica. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
40. Cartín, Maritza (5 August 2019). "Escuela General Tomás Guardia, Limón,1901-1950". Mi Costa Rica de Antaño (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
41. "ICLC Limón Historical Information - Learn Spanish in Costa Rica at the Costa Rican Culture and Language Institute, Spanish school in Costa Rica, Study abroad in Costa Rica, Spanish Language School". www.iclc.ws. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
42. Valverde, Carlos (20 August 2021). "Limón en tres platos: la historia detrás del sabor limonense". Punto y Aparte (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
43. Picado, Nitzi (10 September 2019). "Provincia de Limón brinda homenaje a Mario Bourne Bourne". MEP.go.cr (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación Pública. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
44. Bosque, Diego (19 October 2023). "Construcción de marina dejaría a Colegio Deportivo de Limón sin instalaciones". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
45. "Atlántico". sncccr.ed.cr (in European Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
46. "Nuestra Historia". Cunlimón.ac.cr. University College of Limón.
47. "Universidades de Limón (Privadas y Públicas)". www.altillo.com. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
48. Ureña, Jason (10 January 2024). "Néstor Mattis dejó la alcaldía de Limón tras 13 años en el poder | Crhoy.com". CRHoy.com | Periodico Digital | Costa Rica Noticias 24/7 (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2024.
49. Angulo, Yamileth (5 February 2024). "Ana Matarrita McCalla es la primera alcaldesa de Limón". El Mundo CR (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2024.
50. Bosque, Diego (16 November 2017). "Gobierno da a constructora china ilusa orden de inicio de vía a Limón". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 June 2024.
51. Limón Airport Archived 31 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine at Great Circle Mapper
52. "Observatorio del Turismo del Caribe - UCR - Arquitectura". obturcaribe.ucr.ac.cr. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
53. "Edificio de Correos y Telégrafos de Limón". Sistema de Información Cultural de Costa Rica (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2024.
54. ^ "Casa de la Cultura de Limón". Sistema de Información Cultural de Costa Rica (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 December 2024.
55. "Pensión Costa Rica, Limón". Sistema de Información Cultural de Costa Rica (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
56. Artavia, Silvia (19 August 2017). "Nuevo edificio municipal de Limón refleja el alma caribeña". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2024.
57. "Arquitectura de nueva catedral de Limón ofrece luz y frescura". La Nación (in Spanish). 9 January 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
58. "El Negrín que pinta en el corredor". La Nación (in Spanish). 17 July 2001. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
59. "Tras los recuerdos". La Nación (in Spanish). 4 August 1998. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
60. "Observatorio del Turismo del Caribe - UCR - Arte". obturcaribe.ucr.ac.cr. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
61. Aguilar, Yenci (9 November 2019). "Limonense sacó "oro" de las ruinas del Black Star Line". La Teja (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 June 2024.
62. "SiNEM Limón | Sistema Nacional de Educación Musical (SINEM)". sinem.go.cr (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 December 2024.
63. "Etapa Básica de Música en Limón | Vicerrectoría de Acción Social". accionsocial.ucr.ac.cr. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
64. "Limón despidió a su Mister King con respeto y carnaval". Nacion.com. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
65. "Dengue obliga a cancelar los carnavales de Limón". Nacion.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
66. "Barrios de Limón siguen repletos de basura". Nacion.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
67. "Inició recolección de 360 toneladas de basura en calles limonenses". Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
68. ^ "Nuevo relleno sanitario recibirá y tratará la basura del Caribe". Nacion.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
69. Valverde Fonseca, Carlos (10 July 2021). "Limón en tres platos: la historia detrás del sabor limonense". El Colectivo 506 (in European Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
70. Miller, Carmen Hutchinson (29 May 2020). ""Limón no es solo 'patty' y 'rice and beans'": Elementos que componen la cultura afrocostarricense". Revista Nuevo Humanismo. 8 (1). doi:10.15359/rnh.8-1.1. hdl:11056/27516. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
71. Vásquez Carranza, Luz Marina; Schlemer Alcântara, Liliane Cristine (31 July 2023). "Lenguas de herencia ancestral como mecanismos de resistencia: El caso del criollo limonense en Costa Rica". Revista Rupturas: 1–20. doi:10.22458/rr.v13i2.4893. hdl:10669/90564. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
72. "Lingüista Juan Diego Quesada gana Premio Nacional de Investigación Cultural". El Mundo CR (in Spanish). 3 February 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
73. Gómez, Tomás (25 October 2021). ""Di Lirl Prins": presentan la versión de "El Principito" en lengua kryol limonense". El Observador CR (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
74. Madrigal, Luis Manuel (27 April 2015). "PAC defiende a diputadas "ofendidas" por atacar supuesto racismo en Cocorí". El Mundo CR (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
75. "Duncan, Quince". editorialcostarica.com (in Spanish). Editorial Costa Rica. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
76. González Zúñiga, Julián (January–December 2016). "Quince Duncan y sus aportes a la literatura costarricense". Repertorio Americano: Segunda nueva época. 1 (24): 395–401. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
77. Bachmann, Pauline (2009). "Representaciones del Caribe y la circulación literaria". Ístmica Revista de la facultad de filosofía y letras (2): 31–44. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
78. "Mamita Yunai". Teatro Espressivo (in Spanish). 25 January 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
79. Morales-Garro, Ramón (15 July 2022). "Procesos históricos de conformación del Calypso costarricense". Temas de Nuestra América Revista de Estudios Latinoaméricanos. 38 (72). doi:10.15359/tdna.38-72.1.
80. "Grupo Marfil". Sistema de Información Cultural de Costa Rica (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2024.
81. "Walter Ferguson: El calypsonian de Cahuita cuyo talento marcó la historia musical de Costa Rica | Ministerio de Cultura y Juventud". www.mcj.go.cr (in Spanish). 25 February 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
82. "Limón: un semillero deportivo abandonado". Diario Extra (in Spanish). 12 May 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
83. Sánchez, Luis Diego (30 August 2021). "Sherman Güity gana la primera medalla paralímpica en la historia de Costa Rica". Delfino (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 March 2024.
84. "Sherman Guity baña de oro a Costa Rica en Juegos Paralímpicos". ESPN Costa Rica. 4 September 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
85. Coto, Gerardo. "1921". UNAFUT.com. UNAFUT. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
86. "Costa Rica's top 10 goals of all time". The Tico Times. 7 August 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
87. "Parks, un tico entre Ronaldo, Henry y Shevchenko". La Nación (in Spanish). 27 November 2003. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
88. "Mundial Qatar 2022: Keysher Fuller, el defensor que prepara comida caribeña y agua de sapo, anotó un histórico gol de Costa Rica". LA NACION (in Spanish). 27 November 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
89. Soto, Andrés (23 February 2024). "Revista inglesa destacó nombre de Yeltsin Tejeda como uno de los mejores del fútbol". Repretel (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 December 2024.

External links

• Costa Rica
• Geography
• Cities

• Media related to Limón at Wikimedia Commons
• Puerto Limón travel guide from Wikivoyage

v t e Districts of Limón Province
Limón	Limón Valle La Estrella Río Blanco Matama
Pococí	Guápiles Jiménez Rita Roxana Cariari Colorado La Colonia
Siquirres	Siquirres Pacuarito Florida Germania El Cairo Alegría Reventazón
Talamanca	Bratsi Sixaola Cahuita Telire
Matina	Matina Batán Carrandi
Guácimo	Guácimo Mercedes Pocora Río Jiménez Duacarí

• Districts of Limón Province
• Populated places in Limón Province
• Port cities in the Caribbean
• Populated places established in 1854
• 1854 establishments in Costa Rica