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James Brooke
Portrait by Herbert Watkins, 1858
Rajah of Sarawak
Reign	18 August 1842 – 11 June 1868
Installation	18 August 1842
Predecessor	Sultan Tengah (as Sultan of Sarawak) Pengiran Indera Mahkota Mohammad Salleh (as Governor of Sarawak)
Successor	Charles Brooke
Born	(1803-04-29)29 April 1803 Bandel, Hooghly, British India
Died	11 June 1868(1868-06-11) (aged 65) Burrator, United Kingdom
Burial	St Leonard's Church, Sheepstor, Dartmoor
Issue	Reuben George Walker (Brooke)
House	Brooke dynasty
Father	Thomas Brooke
Mother	Anna Maria Brooke
Religion	Christianity (Church of England)
Occupation	Soldier, trader, independent gentleman, Governor
1st Governor of Labuan
In office 1848–1853
Monarch	Queen Victoria
Lieutenant	William Napier (1848–1850) John Scott (1850–1856)
Preceded by	Newly Created
Succeeded by	George Warren Edwardes
1st Consul General to the Sultan and Independent Chiefs of Borneo
In office 1847–1853
Succeeded by	Spenser St. John
Military service
Allegiance	British Empire
Branch/service	Bengal Army, British East India Company
Years of service	1819–1830
Rank	Lieutenant
Unit	6th Regiment Native Infantry
Battles/wars	First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1825)

Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak KCB (29 April 1803 – 11 June 1868), was a British soldier and adventurer who founded the Raj of Sarawak in Borneo. He ruled as the first White Rajah of Sarawak from 1841 until his death in 1868.

Brooke was born and raised in India during the rule of the British East India Company. After a few years of education in England, he served in the Bengal Army, was wounded, and resigned his commission. He then bought a ship and sailed to the Malay Archipelago where, in gratitude for helping to crush a rebellion, he was rewarded with the position of governor of Sarawak. He then vigorously suppressed piracy in the region and, in the ensuing turmoil, restored the Sultan of Brunei to his throne, for which the Sultan made Brooke the Rajah of Sarawak. He ruled until his death.

Brooke was not without detractors and was criticised in the British Parliament and officially investigated in Singapore for his anti-piracy measures. He was, however, honoured and feted in London for his activities in Southeast Asia. The naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace was one of many visitors whose published work spoke of his hospitality and achievements.

Early life

Brooke was born in Bandel, near Calcutta, Bengal, but baptised in Secrole, a suburb of Benares. His father, Thomas Brooke, was an English judge in the Court of Appeal at Bareilly, British India; his mother, Anna Maria was born in Hertfordshire and was the daughter of Scottish peer Colonel William Stuart, 9th Lord Blantyre, and his mistress Harriott Teasdale. Brooke stayed at home in India until he was sent to England at the age of 12 for a brief education at Norwich School from which he ran away. Some home tutoring followed in Bath before he returned to India in 1819 as an ensign in the Bengal Army of the British East India Company. He saw action in Assam during the First Anglo-Burmese War until he was seriously wounded in 1825 and sent to England for recovery. In 1830, he arrived back in Madras but was too late to rejoin his unit, and resigned his commission. He remained on the ship he had travelled out in – the Castle Huntley – and returned home via China.

Sarawak

Brooke attempted to trade in the Far East, but was not successful. In 1835 he inherited £30,000 (£3M or US$3.7M in 2022 currency), which he used as capital to purchase the Royalist, a 142-ton schooner.

Setting sail for Borneo in 1838, he arrived in Kuching in August to find the settlement facing an uprising against the Sultan of Brunei. In Sarawak he met the Sultan's uncle, Pengiran Muda Hashim, to whom he gave assistance in crushing the rebellion, winning the gratitude of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II of Brunei, who in 1841 offered Brooke the governorship of Sarawak in return for his help.

Rajah Brooke was highly successful in suppressing the widespread piracy of the region. However, some Malay nobles in Brunei, unhappy over Brooke's measures against piracy, arranged for the murder of Muda Hashim and his followers. Brooke, with assistance from a unit of Britain's China Squadron, took over Brunei and restored its sultan to the throne.

In 1842, the Sultan ceded complete sovereignty of Sarawak to Brooke. He was granted the title of Rajah of Sarawak on 24 September 1841, although the official declaration was not made until 18 August 1842. Brooke's cousin, Arthur Chichester Crookshank (1825–1891) joined his service on 1 March 1843 and was appointed as a magistrate.

Cession of Labuan to Great Britain

In 1844 Brooke began anti-pirate operations with ships of the Royal Navy and the East India Company off north-east Sumatra. On 12 February, he received a gunshot wound to his right arm and a spear cut to his eyebrow in their second engagement, at Murdu. Later in 1844 the Sultan offered to cede the island of Labuan to the British but terms were not discussed at that time. In November 1846 Captain Rodney Mundy was ordered to obtain the cession of Labuan. He negotiated the cession on 18 December 1846 and took possession of Labuan on 24 December 1846. James Brooke was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Labuan in 1848.

Reign

During his reign, Brooke began to cement his rule over Sarawak: reforming the administration, codifying laws and fighting piracy, which proved to be an ongoing issue throughout his rule. Brooke returned temporarily to England in 1847, where he was given the Freedom of the City of London, appointed British consul-general in Borneo and created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB).

Brooke pacified the native peoples, including the Dayaks, and suppressed headhunting and piracy. He had many Dayaks in his forces and said that only Dayaks could kill Dayaks.

In 1851 Brooke was accused of using excessive force against the native people, under the guise of anti-piracy operations, leading to the appointment of a Commission of Inquiry in Singapore in 1854. After an investigation, the commission dismissed the charges.

Brooke wrote to Alfred Russel Wallace on leaving England in April 1853, "to assure Wallace that he would be very glad to see him at Sarawak." This was an invitation that helped Wallace decide on the Malay Archipelago for his next expedition, an expedition that lasted for eight years and established him as one of the foremost Victorian intellectuals and naturalists of the time. When Wallace arrived in Singapore in September 1854, he found Rajah Brooke "reluctantly preparing to give evidence to the special commission set up to investigate his controversial anti-piracy activities."

During his rule, Brooke suppressed an uprising by Liu Shan Bang in 1857 and faced threats from Sarawak warriors like Sharif Masahor and Rentap and managed to suppress them.

Personal life

James Brooke was 'a great admirer' of the novels of Jane Austen, and would 'read them and re-read them', including aloud to his companions in Sarawak.

Brooke was influenced by the success of previous British adventurers and the exploits of the East India Company. His actions in Sarawak were directed at expanding the British Empire and the benefits of its rule, assisting the local people by fighting piracy and slavery, and securing his own personal wealth to further these activities. His own abilities, and those of his successors, provided Sarawak with excellent leadership and wealth generation during difficult times, and resulted in both fame and notoriety in some circles. His appointment as rajah by the Sultan, and his subsequent knighthood, are evidence that his efforts were widely applauded in both Sarawak and British society.

Among his alleged relationships was one with Badruddin, a Sarawak prince, of whom he wrote, "my love for him was deeper than anyone I knew." This phrase led to some considering him to be either homosexual or bisexual. Later, in 1848, Brooke is alleged to have formed a relationship with 16‑year‑old Charles T.C. Grant, grandson of the seventh Earl of Elgin, who supposedly 'reciprocated'. Whether this relationship was purely a friendship or otherwise is not known. Nigel Barley, one of Brooke's recent biographers, wrote that during Brooke's final years in Burrator in Devon "there is little doubt ... he was carnally involved with the rough trade of Totnes." However, Barley does not note from where he garnered this opinion. Others have suggested Brooke was instead "homo-social" and simply preferred the social company of other men, disagreeing with assertions he was a homosexual.

Although Brooke died unmarried, he did acknowledge a son to his family in 1858. Neither the identity of the son's mother nor his birth date is clear. This son was brought up as Reuben George Walker in the Brighton household of Frances Walker (1841 and 1851 census, apparently born c. 1836). By 1858 he was aware of his connection to Brooke and by 1871 he is on the census at the parish of Plumtree, Nottinghamshire as "George Brooke", age "40", birthplace "Sarawak, Borneo". He married Martha Elizabeth Mowbray on 10 July 1862, and had seven children, three of whom survived infancy; the oldest was named James. George died travelling to Australia, in the wrecking of the SS British Admiral on 23 May 1874. A memorial to this effect – giving a birthdate of 1834 – is in the churchyard at Plumtree.

Francis William Douglas (1874–1953), the Acting Resident for Brunei and Labuan from November 1913 to January 1915 in a letter to the Foreign Office on 19 July 1915 stated that he heard from Pengiran Anak Hashima that Brooke had been married to her aunt Pengiran Fatima, the daughter of Pengiran Anak Abdul Kadir and also the granddaughter of Muhammad Kanzul Alam, the 21st Sultan of Brunei. Douglas goes on to say that he had met Dr Ogilvie who told him that he had met a daughter of Rajah Brooke's in 1866: she was married but "evidently had foreign blood in her."

Succession, death and burial

Having no legitimate children, in 1861 he formally named his nephew, Captain John Brooke Johnson Brooke, as his successor. Two years later, the Rajah reacted to criticism by returning to the East: after a brief meeting in Singapore, John was deposed and banished from Sarawak. James increased the charges to treasonous conduct and later named John's younger brother, Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke, as his successor.

Brooke died in Burrator, Dartmoor, Devon, in south-west England, on 11 June 1868, having suffered three strokes during his last ten years, and was buried at the graveyard of St Leonard's Church in Sheepstor.

In popular culture

Fictionalised accounts of Brooke's exploits in Sarawak include Kalimantaan by C.S. Godshalk and The White Rajah by Nicholas Monsarrat. Another book, also called The White Rajah, by Tom Williams, was published by JMS Books in 2010. Brooke is also featured in Flashman's Lady, the 6th book in George MacDonald Fraser's meticulously researched The Flashman Papers novels.

James Brooke is the main antagonist in the second and third novels of Emilio Salgari's Sandokan series. In the 1976 TV production he's played by Adolfo Celi.

Brooke was also a model for the hero of Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim, and he is briefly mentioned in Rudyard Kipling's short story "The Man Who Would Be King".

Charles Kingsley dedicated the novel Westward Ho! (1855) to Brooke.

In 1936, Errol Flynn intended to star in a film of Brooke's life called The White Rajah for Warner Bros., based on a script by Flynn himself. However, although the project was announced for filming, it was never made.

In September 2016, a film based on Brooke's life was to be made in Sarawak with the support of Abang Abdul Rahman Johari of the Government of Sarawak, with writer Rob Allyn and Sergei Bodrov as its director. The Brooke Heritage Trust, a non-profit organisation, was to serve as the film's technical advisors, with one of them being Jason Brooke, the current heir of the Brooke family. The film, titled Edge of the World, directed by Michael Haussman, was released in 2021.

Honours and Arms

British Honours

• KCB: Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, 1848

Arms

Source:

Coat of arms of James Brooke

Adopted 9 November 1848 Crest On an Eastern Crown Or a Brock Proper ducally gorged also Or. Escutcheon Or a Cross engrailed per cross indented , Azure and Sable in the first quarter an Estoile of the second. Motto Dum Spiro Spero

Legacy

Species named after Brooke

Some Bornean plant species were named in Brooke's honour:

• Rhododendron brookeanum, a flowering plant named by Hugh Low and John Lindley, now included in Rhododendron javanicum
• Rajah Brooke's pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah), a pitcher plant named by Joseph Dalton Hooker

also insects:

• Rajah Brooke's birdwing (Trogonoptera brookiana), a butterfly named by Alfred R. Wallace
• Rajah Brooke's stag beetle, Lucanus brookeanus Snellen Van Vollenhoven, 1861 = Odontolabis brookeana, collected by Alfred R. Wallace

three species of reptiles:

• Brooke's house gecko, Hemidactylus brookii
• Brooke's sea snake, Hydrophis brookii
• Brooke's keeled skink, Tropidophorus brookei

and a snail:

• Bertia (Ryssota) brookei (Adams & Reeve, 1848)

Places named after Brooke

In 1857, the native village of Newash in Grey County, Ontario, Canada, was renamed Brooke and the adjacent township was named Sarawak by William Coutts Keppel (known as Viscount Bury, later the 7th Earl of Albemarle) who was Superintendent of Indian Affairs in Canada. James Brooke was a close friend of Viscount Bury's uncle, Henry Keppel having met in 1843 while fighting pirates off the coast of Borneo. Townships to the northwest of Sarawak were named Keppel and Albemarle. In 2001, Sarawak and Keppel became part of the township of Georgian Bluffs; Albemarle joined the town of South Bruce Peninsula in 1999. Keppel-Sarawak School is located in Owen Sound, Ontario.

Brooke's Point, a major municipality on the island of Palawan, Philippines, is named after him. Both Brooke's Lighthouse and Brooke's Port are historical landmarks in Brooke's Point and are believed to have been constructed by James Brooke. Today, owing to erosion and the constant movement of the tides, only a few stones can still be seen at the Port. The remnants of the original lighthouse tower are still visible, although the area now has a new lighthouse.

Notes

a. The term Rajah reflects traditional usage in Sarawak and English writing, although Raja may be better orthography in Malay.

References

1. Brown, G.H.; Clark, F. (1829). East-India Register and Directory for 1829. Secretary's Office, East-India House.
2. Brown, G.H.; Clark, F. (1829). East-India Register and Directory for 1829. Secretary's Office, East-India House.
3. Calcutta Monthly Journal Archived 8 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, May 1803, p. 158, "Bengal Births. … At Bandel, on the 29th ultimo, the Lady of T. Brooke, Esq. of a Son"
4. Birth and Baptism records http://indiafamily.bl.uk/ui/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=014-000031913 Archived 18 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
5. James, Lawrence (1997) . The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 244–245. ISBN 0-312-16985-X.
6. Marryat, Frank (1848). Borneo and the Indian Archipelago with Drawings of Costume and Scenery. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. ISBN 978-981-05-8830-4.
7. Belcher, Edward (2024). Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Samarang', During the Years 1843–46; Employed surveying the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago Vol. 1. Reeve, Benham, and Reeve.
8. Stephen R. Evans; Abdul Rahman Zainal; Rod Wong Khet Ngee (1996). The History of Labuan Island (Victoria Island) (PDF). Calendar Print Pte Ltd. ISBN 981-00-7764-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2013.
9. Baring-Gould & Bampfylde, p. 103
10. Brooke, James. "Chapter II: Nov. 17, 1844, to April 4, 1845". The private letters of Sir James Brooke, K.C.B., Rajah of Sarawak : narrating the events of his life, from 1838 to the present time. Vol. 2. Stamford Street and Charing Cross, London: W. Clowes and Sons. pp. 34–35. Retrieved 23 April 2022. At the same time I got from the sultan and him, the offer of Labuan for the Government. I intended originally to have reserved this document, and only to have used it in case it became necessary; but as wished to forward it, I could have no objection to his doing so. It can do no harm, and may do good – is most favourable this year to forward my views, and I believe he has written in high strains; with what effect we shall see hereafter. Labuan we examined, and it is an island well fitted for a Government establishment
11. Mundy, Rodney (1848). Narrative of Events in Borneo and Celebes, down to the Occupation of Labuan: from the Journals of James Brooke, Esq. Vol. 1. John Murray.
12. St. John, Sir Spencer (1879). "Mr. Brooke visits England: Visit to the Queen". The life of Sir James Brooke: rajah of Sarawak: from his personal papers and correspondence. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons. p. 129. Retrieved 23 April 2022. During his stay in England, Mr Brooke was appointed Governor of the new settlement of Labuan … with orders to be ready to start from Portsmouth on the 1st February 1848
13. "The Literary Gazette and Journal of the Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, &c: Saturday, October 23, 1847 – Varieties". The Literary Gazette A Weekly Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts. London: Henry Silverlock, Wardrobe Terrace, Doctors' Commons. 1847. p. 757. Retrieved 22 April 2022. The City of London, on the motion of Sir P. Laurie, has done itself honour by voting its Freedom in a gold box, to James Brooke, the rajah of Sarawak, and the regenerator of the Indian Archipelago
14. "The London Gazette". No. 20757. 23 July 1847. p. 2690. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
15. "The London Gazette". No. 20850. 28 April 1848. p. 1655. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
16. "Iban Heroes". Iban Customs & Traditions. 8 June 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
17. "The Rajahs of Sarawak". The Spectator. 29 January 1910.
18. Raby, Peter. Alfred Russel Wallace: A Life. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001, p. 87
19. Raby, p. 100.
20. "Sir James Brooke's personal narrative of the insurrection at Sarawak". The Sydney Morning Herald. 31 July 1857. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
21. Heidhues, MFS (2003). Golddiggers, farmers, and traders in the 'Chinese Districts' of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. SEAP Ithaca, New York. p. 102.
22. Spenser St John, The Life of Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak
23. Hyam, Ronald (1991). Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9780719025051.
24. Walker, J.H. (1998). "This peculiar acuteness of feeling: James Brooke and the enactment of desire". Borneo Research Bulletin. 29: 148–189.
25. Barley, p. 208.
26. The White Rajahs of Sarawak: A Borneo Dynasty by Bob Reece (Archipelago Press, 2004)
27. "British Admiral wreck". Kingisland.net.au. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
28. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
29. "September 2005 Meeting Report". Keyworth Local History Society. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
30. Brown, D.E. (1972). "Another affair of James Brooke?". Bruneian Museum Journal. 2 (4): 206.
31. "News of the Screen: Gable and Shearer for 'Pride or Prejudice' – Hawaiian Setting for Bing Crosby Film". The New York Times. 1 September 1936. p. 24.
32. "White Rajah: Malaysia's first Hollywood epic film". Star2.com. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
33. Brooke-Little, J.P. "Photostat of original letter written by J.P. Brooke-Little, Bluemantle Pursuivant of Arms to Margaret Noble". The Brooke Trust. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
34. Lindley, John; Low, Hugh (1848), "A notice of some species of Rhododendron inhabiting Borneo", The Journal of the Horticultural Society of London, 3: 81–84
35. "Beccialoni, George". Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
36. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Brooke", p. 39).
37. Marsh, Edith L. A History of the County of Grey. Owen Sound, Ont.: Fleming, 1931, pp. 210–211.
38. Jacob, Gertrude L. The Raja of Saráwak: An Account of Sir James Brooke. London: Macmillan, 1876, vol. 1, ch. XIII.

Sources

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

• Barley, Nigel (2002), White Rajah, Time Warner: London. ISBN 978-0-316-85920-2.
• Cavendish, Richard, "Birth of Sir James Brooke", History Today. April 2003, Vol. 53, Issue 4.
• Doering, Jonathan. "The Enigmatic Sir James Brooke." Contemporary Review, July 2003. (Book review of White Rajah by Nigel Barley. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-85920-6.)
• Jacob, Gertrude Le Grand. The Raja of Saráwak: An Account of Sir James Brooks. K.C.B., LL.D., Given Chiefly Through Letters and Journals. London: MacMillan, 1876.
• Rutter, Owen (ed) Rajah Brooke & Baroness Burdett Coutts. Consisting of the letters from Sir James Brooke to Miss Angela, afterwards Baroness, Burdett Coutts 1935.
• Wason, Charles William. The Annual Register: A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad for the Year 1868. London: Rivingtons, Waterloo Place, 1869. pp. 162–163.

Further reading

• Foggo, George (1853) Adventures of Sir James Brooke, K.C.B., Rajah of Sarawak, "sovereign de facto of Borneo proper," late governor of Labuan: from Rajah Brooke's own diary and correspondence, or from government official documents, London: Effingham Wilson.
• Hahn, Emily (1953) James Brooke of Sarawak, London, Arthur Barker.
• Ingleson, John (1979) Expanding the empire: James Brooke and the Sarawak lobby, 1839–1868, Nedlands, W.A.: Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Western Australia.
• Payne, Robert (1960) The White Rajahs of Sarawak, Robert Hale.
• Pybus, Cassandra (1996) 'White Rajah: A Dynastic Intrigue' University of Queensland Press.
• Runciman, Steve (1960) The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946, Cambridge University Press.
• Tarling, Nicholas (1982) The burthen, the risk, and the glory: a biography of Sir James Brooke, Kuala Lumpur; New York: Oxford University Press.

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