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Keel-billed toucan
In Costa Rica
Conservation status
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Piciformes
Family:	Ramphastidae
Genus:	Ramphastos
Species:	R. sulfuratus
Binomial name
Ramphastos sulfuratus Lesson, 1830
Subspecies
See text

The keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus), also known as sulfur-breasted toucan, keel toucan, or rainbow-billed toucan, is a colorful Latin American member of the toucan family. It is the national bird of Belize. The species is found in tropical jungles from southern Mexico to Ecuador. It is an omnivorous forest bird that feeds on fruits, seeds, insects, invertebrates, lizards, snakes, and small birds and their eggs.

Taxonomy and systematics

Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognized:

Image	Subspecies	Distribution
	Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus – Lesson, 1830	Found in south-eastern Mexico, Belize and northern Guatemala
	Ramphastos sulfuratus brevicarinatus – Gould, 1854	Originally described as a separate species. Found in south-eastern Guatemala to northern Colombia and north-western Venezuela

Description

Including its bill, the keel-billed toucan ranges in length from around 42 to 55 cm (17 to 22 in). Their large and colorful bill averages around 12–15 cm (4.7–5.9 in), about one-third of its length. It typically weighs about 380–500 g (13–18 oz). While the bill seems large and cumbersome, it is in fact a spongy, hollow bone covered in keratin, a very light and hard protein.

The plumage of the keel-billed toucan is mainly black with a yellow neck and chest. Molting occurs once per year. It has blue feet and red feathers at the tip of its tail. The bill is mainly green with a red tip and orange sides.

Keel-billed toucans have zygodactyl feet (or feet with toes 2 and 3 facing forwards, and toes 1 and 4 facing backwards) – two toes face forward and two face back. Because toucans spend a large portion of time in the trees, this helps the birds to stay on the branches of the trees and jump from one branch to another.

Distribution and habitat

The keel-billed toucan can be found from Southern Mexico to Venezuela and Colombia. It roosts in the canopies of tropical, subtropical, and lowland rainforests, up to altitudes of 1,900 m (6,200 ft). It roosts in holes in trees, often with several other toucans. This can be very cramped, so the birds tuck their tails and beaks under their bodies to keep their body temperature at a normal level while sleeping. Adding to the lack of space, the bottoms of the holes are often covered with pits from the fruit the toucans have eaten.

Behaviour and ecology

Like many toucans, keel-billed toucans are very social birds, rarely seen alone. They fly in small flocks of approximately six to twelve individuals through lowland rainforests. Their flight is slow and undulating, consisting of rapid wing beats (six to ten), then a glide with the bird's beak extending forward and dipping downward as though pulling the rest of the bird. Their feet are drawn up forward in flight. The flight distances are typically short. They live together in groups, often sharing cramped living quarters of holes in trees. There is a family structure within the group. Birds often "duel" with each other using their bills, and throw fruit into each other's mouths. They 'play ball', one throwing a fruit in the air and a second seizing it.

Breeding

The female keel-billed toucan will lay 1–4 white eggs in a natural or already-made tree cavity. The male and female share in the caring of the eggs, both taking turns incubating. The eggs hatch approximately 15–20 days after being laid. After hatching, the male and female again take turns feeding the chicks. When the chicks hatch, they have no feathers, and have their eyes closed for approximately 3 weeks. The chicks have adequately formed heel pads, which assist on the pit-covered bottom of the nest. The chicks stay in their nest for approximately eight to nine weeks while their bills develop fully and they are ready to fledge from the nest.

Food and feeding

The diet of keel-billed toucans consists mostly of a wide range of fruit, but may also include insects, eggs, nestlings and lizards. The bill, surprisingly dexterous, allows this toucan to utilize a large variety of fruit that might not otherwise be reached. When eating the fruit, it uses its bill to dissect the fruit, and then tosses its head back to swallow the fruit whole.

• in Costa Rica
• on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata), Belize
• in Peten, Guatemala

Aviculture

The keel-billed toucan is sometimes kept in captivity, but it requires a high-fruit diet and is sensitive to hemochromatosis (an iron storage disease).

Status

This species is threatened by habitat loss, which has been accelerating in recent years, and by hunting and trapping for the pet trade. The species is undergoing a moderately rapid population decline and is therefore evaluated as Near Threatened.

They are threatened by hunting for their meat and beaks, and toucan populations are on a decreasing trend.

References

1. ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Ramphastos sulfuratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22682102A168670038. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
3. Developer. "Government of Belize Portal". belize.gov.bz. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
4. Josselyn, V.T., The Life History of the Toucan, Ramphastos brevicarinatus. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publications. 1929, 19: 1–43.
5. "IOC World Bird List 6.4". IOC World Bird List Datasets. doi:10.14344/ioc.ml.6.4.
6. Skutch, Alexander F. (1971). "Life History of the Keel-billed Toucan" (PDF). The Auk. 88 (2): 381–396. doi:10.2307/4083886. JSTOR 4083886.
7. "Keel-billed Toucan, Costa Rica – information, where to see it, and photos". Anywherecostarica.com. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
8. ^ Van Tyne, Josselyn (1929). "The Life History of the Toucan, Ramphastos brevicarinatus" (PDF). University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publications. 19: 1–43.
9. Strewe, Ralf; Navarro, Cristobal (2004). "New and noteworthy records of birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region, north-eastern Colombia" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 12 (1): 38–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-12-31. Also Here (Better map and photos)
10. "Keel-Billed Toucan Ramphastos sulfuratus". The Sacramento Zoological Society. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016.
11. Foster, Mercedes S. (2007). "The potential of fruit trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico". Bird Conservation International. 17: 56. doi:10.1017/S0959270906000554.
12. E.g. Cymbopetalum mayanum (Annonaceae) and gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba)
13. Otten, Benjamin A.; Orosz, Susan E.; Auge, Shannon; Frazier, Donita L. (2001). "Mineral Content of Food Items Commonly Ingested by Keel-Billed Toucans (Ramphastos sulfuratus)". Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery. 15 (3): 194. doi:10.1647/1082-6742(2001)015[0194:MCOFIC]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 30136901. S2CID 86540764.

External links

• "Rainbow-billed Toucan media". Internet Bird Collection.
• Keel-billed toucan Stamps (7 countries) at bird-stamps.org
• Keel-billed toucan photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
• Bibliography of online ornithological articles which explore the natural history of the Rainbow or Keel-billed toucan, Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus.
• Keel-billed toucan species account at Neotropical Birds (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
• Interactive range map of Ramphastos sulfuratus at IUCN Red List maps
• Audio recordings of Keel-billed toucan on Xeno-canto.

• IUCN Red List near threatened species
• Ramphastos
• Birds of Central America
• Birds of Mexico
• Birds of the Yucatán Peninsula
• Birds of Belize
• Birds of Guatemala
• Birds of Nicaragua
• Birds of Costa Rica
• Birds of Panama
• Birds of Colombia
• National symbols of Belize
• Birds described in 1830
• Taxa named by René Lesson