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Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

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Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹   Marriage   Civil union   Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)   Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)   Unrecognized   Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples ¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.
Countries performing civil unions in Europe   Gender-neutral civil unions.   Civil unions for same-sex couples only.   Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.   Civil unions never performed.
Part of the LGBTQ rights series
Legal status of
same-sex unions
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. ^ Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^ The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  1. ^ Not yet in effect.
LGBTQ portal

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 33 of the 50 countries and the 8 dependent territories in Europe recognise some type of same-sex union, among them most members of the European Union (24/27). Nearly 43% of the European population lives in jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal.

As of February 2024, twenty-one European countries legally recognise and perform same-sex marriages: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. A 22nd country, Liechtenstein, will commence same-sex marriages in 2025. An additional ten European countries legally recognise some form of civil union, namely Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, and San Marino.

Poland and Slovakia recognise private contractual cohabitation of two persons (regardless of sexual orientation or relationship type - including non-sexual non-intimate relationships) for limited purposes. Although they do not recognise same-sex unions themselves, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia are bound by a ruling by the European Court of Justice to recognise same-sex marriages performed within the EU and including an EU citizen for the purposes of granting legal residence, though this ruling is not always respected in practice, as in the case of Romania which has not implemented the ruling. In December 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life.

Of the countries that perform same-sex marriages, some still allow civil unions, e.g. the Benelux nations, France and the United Kingdom, whereas Germany, Ireland and the Nordic countries have ended their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new ones are not possible.

Several European countries do not recognise any same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia and Montenegro allow civil unions for same-sex couples.

Current situation

International level

European Court of Human Rights

Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.

In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognise same-sex marriages. However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".

In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013), the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.

Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015) went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life.

Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016) largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the convention. At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004 (regarding the validity of a same-sex marriage officiated by Noël Mamère), when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.

Fedotova and Others v. Russia (17 January 2023) ruled that states are obliged to recognize same-sex unions or civil unions. Other similar cases from other countries, including Poland, are awaiting the Tribunal. The ECHR informed the Polish government that it had accepted complaints about the lack of access for same-sex couples to marriage or civil partnerships in Poland (2020).

In a judgment issued on 12 December 2023 in the case of Przybyszewska and Others v. Poland (applications nos. 11454/17 and 9 others), the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights). The Court found that the Polish State had failed to ensure a legal framework providing for the recognition and protection of their same-sex unions, preventing the applicants from formalising fundamental aspects of their lives, which amounted to a breach of their right to respect for their private and family life.

European Union

See also: Coman v. Romania

Some debate occurred within the European Union about how to require member states to recognise same-sex marriages conducted in other member states, as well as any European citizens' civil unions or registered partnerships, so as to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.

In 2010, Romanian LGBT activist Adrian Coman and his American partner, Robert Claibourn Hamilton, married in Belgium, and subsequently attempted to relocate to Romania. Romanian authorities refused to recognise their marriage and the case progressed to the European Court of Justice. On 11 January 2018, the ECJ's advocate general, Melchior Wathelet, issued an official legal opinion stating that an EU member country cannot refuse residency rights to the same-sex spouse of an EU citizen on the grounds that it does not recognise same-sex marriage.

On 5 June 2018, the ECJ ruled in Coman's favour, stating the term "spouse" was gender-neutral, and member states are therefore obliged to recognise EU residency rights for partners of EU citizens. However, the court confirmed that it will still be up to member states whether to authorise same-sex marriage.

According to research from the European Parliament, some EU states still do not in practice grant residency to same-sex spouses, as required by Coman v. Romania. As of September 2021, Hamilton himself has not been granted residency by the Romanian government, despite the ruling. In September 2021, the European Parliament passed a resolution condemning some states failure to implement the ruling, and calling on the European Commission to ensure rights of same-sex spouses are upheld.

National level

Status Country Since Country population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(22 countries)
* In eleven countries that have passed marriage,
other types of partnerships are available too. 		Andorra Andorra* 2023 82,614
Austria Austria* 2019 9,229,952
Belgium Belgium* 2003 11,820,317
Denmark Denmark 2012 6,016,635
Estonia Estonia* 2024 1,393,261
Finland Finland 2017 5,649,357
France France* 2013 66,681,679
Germany Germany 2017 85,246,001
Greece Greece* 2024 9,993,714
Iceland Iceland* 2010 398,617
Republic of Ireland Ireland 2015 5,329,311
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 2025 40,023
Luxembourg Luxembourg* 2015 683,175
Malta Malta* 2017 540,183
Netherlands Netherlands* 2001 18,378,390
Norway Norway 2009 5,612,512
Portugal Portugal 2010 10,451,269
Slovenia Slovenia 2022 2,123,157
Spain Spain* 2005 48,036,646
Sweden Sweden 2009 10,648,465
Switzerland Switzerland 2022 8,989,442
United Kingdom United Kingdom* 2020 69,445,417
Subtotal — — 369,149,934
(42.6% of the European population)
Civil unions
(9 countries)
* In three of the countries that have passed civil unions,
another type of partnership is available too. 		Croatia Croatia 2014 3,879,575
Cyprus Cyprus 2015 951,730
Czech Republic Czech Republic* 2006 11,017,751
Hungary Hungary* 2009 9,284,157
Italy Italy* 2016 59,320,410
Latvia Latvia 2022 1,884,397
Monaco Monaco 2020 38,994
Montenegro Montenegro 2021 663,004
San Marino San Marino 2019 33,204
Subtotal — — 85,954,565
(10.0% of the European population)
Unregistered cohabitation
(2 countries) 		Poland Poland 2012 39,335,459
Slovakia Slovakia 2018 5,586,032
Subtotal — — 47,632,011
(5.5% of the European population)
Total - Countries with some form of recognition of same-sex unions — — 502,747,040
(58.1% of the European population)
No recognition
(8 countries)
† As part of the European Union, is legally bound
to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex
spouses of EU citizens in compliance with
case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. 		Albania Albania — 2,787,894
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan — 10,352,657
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina — 3,155,707
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan — 20,781,538
North Macedonia North Macedonia — 1,819,228
Romania Romania † — 19,046,268
Turkey Turkey — 87,589,512
Vatican City Vatican City — 825
Subtotal — — 144,420,748
(16.7% of the European population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(14 countries)
† As part of the European Union, is legally bound
to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex
spouses of EU citizens in compliance with
case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice.
* Other types of partnerships are available. 		Armenia Armenia 2015 3,039,725
Belarus Belarus 1994 9,030,021
Bulgaria Bulgaria † 1991 6,750,960
Croatia Croatia †* 2013 3,879,575
Georgia (country) Georgia 2018 3,826,634
Hungary Hungary †* 2012 9,284,157
Latvia Latvia †* 2006 1,884,397
Lithuania Lithuania † 1992 2,910,791
Moldova Moldova 1994 3,108,151
Montenegro Montenegro * 2007 663,004
Russia Russia 2020 145,231,652
Serbia Serbia 2006 6,746,273
Slovakia Slovakia * 2014 5,586,032
Ukraine Ukraine 1996 33,254,350
Subtotal — — 242,620,086
(28.0% of the European population)
Total - Countries with no recognition of same-sex unions — — 359,727,469
(41.5% of the European population)

Partially-recognised and unrecognised states

Status Country Since State population
(Last estimate count)
No recognition
(5 states) 		Abkhazia Abkhazia — 243,564
Kosovo Kosovo — 1,907,592
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus — 313,626
South Ossetia South Ossetia — 51,547
Transnistria Transnistria — 475,665
Total 2,991,994

(0.3% of the European population)

Sub-national level

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since Jurisdiction population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(8 jurisdictions)
* Other types of partnerships are available too.
 		Denmark Denmark Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 2017 49,198
Greenland Greenland 2016 56,081
United Kingdom United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2014 15,700
Alderney Alderney 2018 2,020
Gibraltar Gibraltar* 2016 32,194
Guernsey Guernsey 2017 62,948
Isle of Man Isle of Man* 2016 84,497
Jersey Jersey* 2018 100,080
Sark Sark 2020 600
Total 403,318
(0.0% of the European population)
Total for all European jurisdictions 865,880,853
(100% of the European population)

Future legislation

Marriage

Opposition proposals

 Italy: Since October 2022, several bills to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption have been tabled by all major opposition parties (PD, M5S, Azione - Italia Viva and Alleanza Verdi e Sinistra).

Non-marital partnership

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

 Kosovo: On 25 April 2024, Prime Minister Albin Kurti announced his government's intention to legalize same-sex unions.

 Lithuania: In May 2022, a group of MPs drafted a civil union bill which would provide limited protections for registered same-sex couples. The proposal is a compromise after a more expansive civil partnership bill was defeated in 2021. On 26 May 2022 the bill passed its first reading in the Seimas with 70 votes in favour, 49 votes against and 6 abstentions. It passed a second reading on 23 May 2023, by a vote of 60–52. In the last few days of the legislative session in July 2024, the parties came to an agreement on the bill and placed it on the agenda for a final reading on the last day of the session. The Social Democrats announced they would boycott the final reading, meaning the bill would be unable to pass without their votes. On 25 July, the government voluntarily pulled the bill from the schedule rather than allowing it to fail, which will allow the bill to be brought back by a new parliament following the October parliamentary election, rather than starting the process over again.

 Poland: On 27 December 2023, Poland's new Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, announced that a bill to legalise same-sex unions would be introduced and debated in the Sejm in 2024. On 9 July 2024, a bill allowing both opposite-sex and same-sex couples to form legally registered partnerships (thereby introducing same-sex civil partnerships) was added to the Polish government's agenda.

 Ukraine: On 12 July 2022, a petition on same-sex marriage reached 28,000 signatures (above the 25,000 signatures needed to trigger a debate in parliament). President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated on 2 August 2022 that while a change of the constitution, which defines marriage as union of a man and a woman, is not allowed as long as martial law is in place, he endorses the introduction of civil unions and asked his government to evaluate legal options. As of 26 May 2023, the Ukrainian Parliamentary Judicial Committee is considering Bill № 9103, which would introduce civil partnerships in Ukraine. In August 2024, the Committee on National Health, Medical Assistance and Medical Insurance recommended the bill for adoption in its first reading.

Legal rulings

 Romania: In May 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ordered the government to legalize same-sex civil partnerships, in order to protect the rights of same-sex couples to a family life, as protected under the Charter. The government had three months to appeal.

Public opinion

According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2023, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in Sweden (94%), the Netherlands (94%), Denmark (93%), Spain (88%), Ireland (86%), Luxembourg (84%), Germany (84%), Portugal (81%), Belgium (79%), and France (79%).

According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2015, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%). Between 2006 and 2015, support rose most significantly in Malta, from 18% to 65%, and in Ireland, from 41% to 80%.

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation. In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it. In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage. In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions. According to an Ipsos poll published in 2021, 83% of Italians were in favour of legal recognition for same-sex couples, 10% stated they were against and 7% did not have a specific position on the issue. 59% of surveyed Italians stated they were in favour of same-sex couples jointly adopting children, while 36% were opposed.

In Greece, support more than tripled between 2006 and 2017. In 2006, 15% of Greeks said that they agreed with same-sex marriage being allowed throughout Europe, rising to 50.04% by 2017. A survey in 2020 indicated that 56% of the Greek population accept same-sex marriage.

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage), while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support. On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea. In Poland, support for same sex marriages has increased from 17% in 2006 to 45% in 2019, according to Eurobarometer; other polls show a majority supporting registered partnerships.

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU. In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.

Opinion polls

  Indicates the country/territory has legalised same-sex marriage nationwide   Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country   Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships   Indicates that the country has pending civil union or registered partnership legislation   Indicates that the country has pending same-sex marriage legislation
Country Pollster Year For Against Neither Margin
of error 		Source
Albania Albania IPSOS 2023 26%
 73%
(74%) 		1%
Andorra Andorra Institut d'Estudis Andorrans 2013 70%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		11%
Armenia Armenia Pew Research Center 2015 3%
(3%) 		96%
(97%) 		1% ±3%
Austria Austria Eurobarometer 2023 65% 30% 5%
Belarus Belarus Pew Research Center 2015 16%
(16%) 		81%
(84%) 		3% ±4%
Belgium Belgium Ipsos 2024 69% 19%
12% not sure ±5%
Eurobarometer 2023 79% 19% 2% not sure
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina IPSOS 2023 26%
(27%) 		71%
(73%) 		3%
Bulgaria Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2023 17% 75% 8%
Croatia Croatia Eurobarometer 2023 42% 51% 7%
Cyprus Cyprus Eurobarometer 2023 50% 44% 6%
Czech Republic Czech Republic Eurobarometer 2023 60% 34% 6%
Denmark Denmark Eurobarometer 2023 93% 5% 2%
Estonia Estonia Eurobarometer 2023 41% 51% 8%
Finland Finland Eurobarometer 2023 76% 18% 6%
France France Ipsos 2024 62% 26% 12% not sure ±3.5%
Pew Research Center 2023 82%
 14% 4% ±3.6%
Eurobarometer 2023 79% 14 7%
Georgia (country) Georgia Women's Initiatives Supporting Group 2021 10%
(12%) 		75%
(88%) 		15%
Germany Germany Ipsos 2024 73% 18% 12% not sure ±3.5%
Pew Research Center 2023 80%
 19% 1% ±3.6%
Eurobarometer 2023 84% 13% 3%
Greece Greece Pew Research Center 2023 48%
(49%) 		49%
(51%) 		3% ±3.6%
Eurobarometer 2023 57%
(59%) 		40%
(41%) 		3%
Hungary Hungary Ipsos 2024 44% 35% 21% not sure ±5%
Pew Research Center 2023 31%
(33%) 		64%
(67%) 		5% ±3.6%
Eurobarometer 2023 42% 52% 6%
Iceland Iceland Gallup 2006 89% 11% –
Republic of Ireland Ireland Ipsos 2024 68% 21% 10% ±5%
Eurobarometer 2023 86% 9% 5%
Italy Italy Ipsos 2024 58% 29% 12% not sure ±3.5%
Pew Research Center 2023 73%
(75%) 		25% 2% ±3.6%
Eurobarometer 2023 69% 27% 4%
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Pew Research Center 2016 7%
(7%) 		89%
(93%) 		4%
Kosovo Kosovo IPSOS 2023 20%
(21%) 		77%
(79%) 		3%
Latvia Latvia Eurobarometer 2023 36% 59% 5%
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Institut 2021 72% 28% 0%
Lithuania Lithuania Eurobarometer 2023 39% 55% 6%
Luxembourg Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2023 84% 13% 3%
Malta Malta Eurobarometer 2023 74% 24% 2%
Moldova Moldova Europa Liberă Moldova 2022 14% 86%
Montenegro Montenegro IPSOS 2023 36%
(37%) 		61%
(63%) 		3%
Netherlands Netherlands Ipsos 2024 77% 15% 8% not sure ±5%
Pew Research Center 2023 89%
(90%) 		10% 1% ±3.6%
Eurobarometer 2023 94% 5% 2%
North Macedonia North Macedonia IPSOS 2023 20%
(21%) 		78%
(80%) 		2%
Norway Norway Pew Research Center 2017 72%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		9%
Poland Poland Ipsos 2024 39%
 48% 13% ±5%
Pew Research Center 2023 41%
(43%) 		54%
(57%) 		5% ±3.6%
United Surveys by IBRiS 2024 50%
(55%) 		41%
(45%) 		9%
Eurobarometer 2023 50% 45% 5%
Portugal Portugal Ipsos 2023 80%
(84%) 		15%
(16%) 		5%
Eurobarometer 2023 81% 14% 5%
Romania Romania Ipsos 2023 25%
(30%) 		59%
(70%) 		17% ±3.5%
Eurobarometer 2023 25% 69% 6%
Russia Russia Ipsos 2021 17%
(21%) 		64%
(79%) 		20% not sure ±4.8%
FOM 2019 7%
(8%) 		85%
(92%) 		8% ±3.6%
Serbia Serbia IPSOS 2023 24%
(25%) 		73%
(75%) 		3%
Slovakia Slovakia Focus 2024 36%
(38%) 		60%
(62%) 		4%
Eurobarometer 2023 37% 56% 7%
Slovenia Slovenia Eurobarometer 2023 62%
(64%) 		37%
(36%) 		2%
Spain Spain Ipsos 2024 73% 19% 9% not sure ±3.5%
Pew Research Center 2023 87%
(90%) 		10% 3% ±3.6%
Eurobarometer 2023 88% 9% 3%
Sweden Sweden Ipsos 2024 78% 15% 7% not sure ±5%
Pew Research Center 2023 92%
(94%) 		6% 2% ±3.6%
Eurobarometer 2023 94% 5% 1%
Switzerland Switzerland Ipsos 2023 54%
(61%) 		34%
(39%) 		13% not sure ±3.5%
Turkey Turkey Ipsos 2024 18% 52% 30% not sure ±5%
Ukraine Ukraine Rating 2023 37%
(47%) 		42%
(53%) 		22% ±1.5%
United Kingdom United Kingdom YouGov 2023 77%
(84%) 		15%
(16%) 		8%
Ipsos 2024 66% 24% 10% not sure ±3.5%
Pew Research Center 2023 74%
(77%) 		22%
(23%) 		4% ±3.6%
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral Source
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Spyr.fo 2019 71.1% 12.6% 16.7%
Gibraltar Gibraltar Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation 2015 63% 37% 0%
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland YouGov 2019 55% - -


Notes

  1. ^ Because some polls do not report 'neither', those that do are listed with simple yes/no percentages in parentheses, so their figures can be compared.
  2. ^ Comprises: Neutral; Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.
  3. ^

See also

Notes

  1. Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
  2. Stable union of a coule (Catalan: unió estable de parella) since 2005; civil union (Catalan: unió civil) from 2014 until 2023.
  3. Registered partnership (German: eingetragene Partnerschaft) since 2010.
  4. Statutory cohabitation (Dutch: wettelijke samenwoning; French: cohabitation légale; German: gesetzliches Zusammenwohnen) since 2000; also de-facto cohabitation (Dutch: feitelijke samenwoning; French: cohabitation de fait; German: faktisches Zusammenwohnen) gives some rights to non-married couples.
  5. Registered partnership (Danish: registreret partnerskab) from 1989 until 2012.
  6. Registered partnership (Estonian: kooseluleping) since 2016.
  7. Registered partnership (Finnish: rekisteröity parisuhde; Swedish: registrerat partnerskap) from 2001 until 2017.
  8. Civil solidarity pact (French: pacte civil de solidarité) since 1999.
  9. Registered life partnership (German: eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft) from 2001 until 2017.
  10. Not legal in the Monastic community of Mount Athos, which maintains its own sovereignty within Greece and the European Union.
  11. Cohabitation agreement (Greek: σύμφωνο συμβίωσης) since 2015.
  12. Registered partnership (Icelandic: staðfest samvist) from 1996 until 2010; cohabitation (Icelandic: óvígð sambúð) since 2006.
  13. Civil partnership (Irish: páirtnéireacht shibhialta) from 2010 until 2015.
  14. Registered partnership (German: eingetragene Partnerschaft) from 2011 until 2024.
  15. Partnership (Luxembourgish and German: Partnerschaft; French: partenariat) since 2004.
  16. Civil union (Maltese: unjoni ċivili) since 2014 and cohabitation (Maltese: koabitazzjoni) since 2017.
  17. Registered partnership (Dutch: geregistreerd partnerschap) since 1998; also cohabitation (Dutch: samenwonen) gives some rights to non-married couples.
  18. Registered partnership (Norwegian: registrert partnerskap; Northern Sami: registrerejuvvon párragaskavuohta) from 1993 until 2008.
  19. De-facto union (Portuguese: união de facto) since 2001.
  20. Partnership (Slovene: partnerska skupnost) between 2006 and 2017; Expanded partnership (Slovene: partnerska zveza) from 2017 until 2023.
  21. De-facto couple (Spanish: pareja de hecho; Basque: izatezko bikote; Galician: parella de feito), stable couple (Spanish: pareja estable; Catalan: parella estable; Basque: bikote egonkorra) or de-facto union (Spanish: unión de hecho; Catalan: unió de fet) available in each autonomous community, legalized between 1998 and 2018. Since 1994, limited rights for cohabiting couples.
  22. Registered partnership (Swedish: registrerat partnerskap) from 1994 until 2009.
  23. Registered partnership (German: eingetragene Partnerschaft; French: partenariat enregistré; Italian: unione domestica registrata; Romansh: partenadi registrà) from 2004 until 2022.
  24. Civil partnership (Welsh: partneriaeth sifil) since 2004; same-sex marriage in England, Scotland, and Wales since 2014 and in Northern Ireland since 2020.
  25. Unregistered cohabitation between 2003 and 2014; Life partnership (Croatian: životno partnerstvo) since 2014.
  26. Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  27. Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  28. Unregistered cohabitation since 2001 and registered partnership (Czech: registrované partnerství) since 2006. Limited rights for a "close person" (osoba blízká) since 1964.
  29. Unregistered cohabitation (Hungarian: élettársi kapcsolat) and registered partnership (Hungarian: bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolat) since 2009.
  30. Civil union (Italian: unione civile) and cohabitation contract (Italian: contratto di convivenza) since 2016.
  31. Legalised by judicial decision in 2022. Partnership (Latvian: partnerība) since 2024.
  32. Limited residency rights for foreign spouses since 2012.
  33. Limited rights for a "close person" (blízke osoby) since 1964.
  34. While Armenia's Constitutional Court has never confirmed that the Constitution of Armenia actually bans same-sex marriage, following the 2015 constitutional referendum article 35 now states that "A woman and a man having attained the marriageable age shall have the right to marry and form a family with free expression of their will." (in Armenian: Ամուսնական տարիքի հասած կինը և տղամարդը միմյանց հետ իրենց կամքի ազատ արտահայտությամբ ամուսնանալու և ընտանիք կազմելու իրավունք ունեն). The article 143 of the Family Code recognizes foreign marriages as long as they conform with the legality of the territory where they were celebrated. Article 152, however, limits the application of foreign family law norms that contradict the internal public order, thus making the registration of same-sex marriages performed overseas possibly incompatible with Armenian law.

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Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
Sovereign states
States with limited
recognition
Other entities
Category: