Reginald Laubin (December 4, 1903 – April 5, 2000) was an American writer, dancer, and expert on Native American culture and customs. With his wife, Gladys Laubin, he performed theatrical interpretations of Plains Indian dances. A white man, Laubin believed in Indian culture as an antidote to life in the modern world. Through his performances, he sought to preserve what he saw as Indian ways.
Biography
Early life and marriage
Laubin grew up in Lima, Ohio. His parents, Karl and Carrie Laubin, were musicians, and they encouraged Reginald to pursue a career in music. Young Laubin had other ideas. He read Ernest Thompson Seton's Two Little Savages: Being the Adventures of Two Boys Who Lived as Indians Do, and What They Learned, and it influenced him to learn everything he could about Indians. At the age of eleven, Laubin watched a performance by Indian dancers. Afterward, he introduced himself to the dancers, and they taught him some steps. He decided that he too would become an Indian dancer.
When Laubin was sixteen years old, his parents died of influenza. Laubin moved to Hartford, Connecticut, to live with his uncle. In 1922, he enrolled in Norwich Art School. There, he met Gladys Tortachel, who was attending the nearby Norwich Free Academy. The two began a partnership based on their mutual fascination with American Indian dance and culture. They married on October 20, 1928.
Dance career
By the time they married, the Laubins had already begun to experiment with a career as an Indian dance team. Shortly before their wedding, they quit their jobs and became professional Indian lore performers. The Great Depression made it difficult to earn a living as an artist, but Laubin found a niche by marketing the show as education. The duo appeared on stages for local civic clubs, school groups, museums, Scout troops, and churches. In a typical show, Laubin performed several carefully choreographed interpretations of Plains Indian dances while Gladys accompanied him on the tom-tom and occasionally sang. Most shows also included recorded orchestral music, an array of props and backdrops, and pyrotechnic blasts of smoke and fire. Laubin interspersed his dancing with talks on Plains Indian culture.
A turning point in Laubin's career came in the summer of 1929 when the couple traveled to Wyoming to visit Ralph Hubbard at his Ten-Sleep Ranch. Hubbard took the Laubins to local Indian events, taught them songs and dances, and helped them purchase props and costumes for their show. A highlight of the trip was a visit to Cheyenne Frontier Days. There, the Laubins watched an Indian parade and war dance, but the performance by Native Americans disappointed the couple. At the same event, an Indian woman criticized Laubin's dancing.
Another turning point came when the Laubins visited Standing Rock Indian Reservation in 1934. There they met One Bull, a nephew of Sitting Bull and a veteran of the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Disappointed to see One Bull wearing white clothing, Laubin lent him his dance outfit for a photo. When the Sioux man saw Laubin's shield with its drawing of a buffalo bull, he said that Laubin had written his name, One Bull. Laubin claimed that One Bull took the drawing as a sign that the couple had been sent by a higher force to represent Sioux people. The next day, One Bull and his family adopted the Laubins. One Bull gave Laubin his own name, Tatanka Wanjila (One Bull), and to Gladys he gave his mother's name, Wiyaka Wastewin (Good Feather Woman). Laubin used this adoption story, which he embellished over time, as a promotional tool and retold it at every performance.
After the Laubins performed at Times Hall in New York City in December 1947, they began to be regarded as serious artists. They built a cabin in Moose, Wyoming, in 1952 and hosted Indian lore enthusiasts who traveled from around the world. In 1953, the Laubins went on a five-month tour of Europe and North Africa with a company of nine Crow people. Beginning in 1955, the couple became the featured performers at Jackson Lake Lodge, and they continued to perform there for thirty-three years. They won a Capezio Dance Award in 1972.
Retirement and death
The Laubins gave their last performance at Jackson Lake Lodge in 1988. In 1996, Laubin donated his collection to the Spurlock Museum at the University of Illinois. The collection includes objects that the Laubins used in performances, some created by Native American artists and others created by the Laubins in traditional style. The Spurlock Museum, opened in 2002, named its Laubin Gallery of American Indian Cultures in the couple's honor.
Laubin died on Wednesday, April 5, 2000, at a hospital in Urbana, Illinois.
Reception and legacy
Critical reception
Critics reviewed Laubin's dancing favorably. John Martin wrote for the New York Times, "Theoretically there is little to be said in defense of dancers who go about doing 'authentic' dances of other races. Why the same indefensibility does not attach itself to the Laubins it would be difficult to say, but it definitely does not." Many Native American people appreciated Laubin's performances. For example, Laubin claimed that at the 1947 Crow Fair, Crow leader Bird Horse led him around the dance arena and chided the younger Crows, "Look at him. He's nothing but a white man but he looks more real, more like early days, than you young fellows do."
Legacy
Laubin became an icon of the Indian lore movement. As such, he believed and promoted the assumptions that Indians were vanishing, that their way of life could be an antidote for the ills of white culture, and that whites could speak for Indians. Laubin glorified Indian culture while assuming that "real" Indians were the Indians of the past. He thought that Indians had to resist the modern world to remain authentic, and he believed he could teach Indians how to be "Indian." It is in part thanks to Laubin that when people hear the word Indian, they picture a dancing Plains Indian from the 19th century. Laubin took seriously native people's cultural values, he and valued them as a core component of American identity. Paradoxically, historian Clyde Ellis has pointed out that Laubin and other Indian hobbyists made it difficult for Indians to be taken seriously as members of modern society.
Bibliography
- The Indian Tipi,, (with Reginald Laubin & Gladys Laubin, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1957
- Indian Dances of North America, (with Reginald Laubin & Gladys Laubin, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1977
- American Indian Archery, (with Reginald Laubin & Gladys Laubin, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1980
References
- Jones, Starr West (2000). Reginald and Gladys Laubin, American Indian Dancers. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06869-0.
- ^ Ellis, Clyde (Autumn 2008). "'More Real than the Indians Themselves': The Early Years of the Indian Lore Movement in the United States". Montana The Magazine of Western History. 58 (3): 3–94. JSTOR 25485733.
- ^ "Reginald and Gladys Laubin Collection: Reflecting American Indian Cultures". Spurlock Museum of World Cultures. University of Illinois. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
- ^ Dunning, Jennifer. "Reginald Laubin, 96, Performer Of Authentic Plains Indian Dance". The New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
- Deloria, Philip (1998). Playing Indian. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300080674.