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Demographics of New Brunswick

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(Redirected from Religion in New Brunswick) Demographics of region
Population Density of New Brunswick in 2016

New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and the only bilingual province in the country. The provincial Department of Finance estimates that the province's population in 2006 was 729,997 of which the majority is English-speaking but with a substantial French-speaking minority of mostly Acadian origin.

First Nations in New Brunswick include the Mi'kmaq and Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet). The first European settlers, the Acadians are descendants of French settlers and also some of the Indigenous peoples of Acadia, a French colony in modern-day Nova Scotia. The Acadians were expelled by the British in 1755 for refusing to take an oath of allegiance to King George II which drove several thousand Acadian residents into exile in North America, the UK and France during the French and Indian War. (Those American Acadians who wound up in Louisiana, and other parts of the American South, are referred to as Cajuns, although some Cajuns are not of Acadian origin.) In time, some Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada, mainly to New Brunswick, due to the British prohibiting them from resettling their lands and villages in what became Nova Scotia.

Many of the English-Canadian population of New Brunswick are descended from Loyalists who fled the American Revolution. This is commemorated in the province's motto, Spem reduxit ("hope was restored"). There is also a significant population with Irish ancestry, especially in Saint John and the Miramichi Valley. People of Scottish descent are scattered throughout the province, with high concentrations in the Miramichi and in Campbellton. A small population of Danish origin may be found in New Denmark in the northwest of the province.

Population history

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Year Population Five Year
 % change 		Ten Year
 % change 		Rank Among
Provinces
1824 74,176 n/a n/a n/a
1834 119,457 n/a 61.0 n/a
1841 156,162 n/a n/a n/a
1851 193,800 n/a 24.1 n/a
1861 252,047 n/a 30.0 n/a
1871 285,594 n/a 13.3 4
1881 321,233 n/a 12.5 4
1891 321,263 n/a 0.0 4
1901 331,120 n/a 3.1 4
1911 351,889 n/a 6.3 8
1921 387,876 n/a 10.2 8
1931 408,219 n/a 5.2 8
1941 457,401 n/a 12.0 8
1951 515,697 n/a 12.7 8
1956 554,616 7.5 n/a 8
1961 597,936 7.8 15.9 8
1966 616,788 3.2 11.2 8
1971 634,560 2.9 6.9 8
1976 677,250 6.7 9.8 8
1981 696,403 2.8 9.7 8
1986 709,445 1.9 4.8 8
1991 723,900 2.0 3.9 8
1996 738,133 2.0 4.0 8
2001 729,498 -1.2 0.8 8
2006 729,997 0.1 -1.1 8
2011 751,171 2.9 3.0 8
2016 747,101 -0.5 2.3 8
2021 775,610 3.8 3.2 8

Source: Statistics Canada

Population geography

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2023)

City Metropolitan Areas

City 2021 2016 2011 2006 Land area (km) Density (/km)
Greater Moncton 157,717 144,810 138,644 126,424 2,562.47 61.5
Greater Saint John 130,613 126,202 127,761 122,389 3,505.66 37.3
Greater Fredericton 108,610 102,690 94,268 85,688 6,014.66 18.1
Greater Bathurst 31,387 31,110 33,484 34,106 2,100.05 14.9
Greater Miramichi 27,593 27,518 28,115 28,773 7,564.06 3.6
Greater Edmundston 21,144 21,955 21,903 22,471 1,582.36 14.0
Greater Campbellton 13,330 14,679 17,842 17,878 1,525.45 8.7

Cities and towns

Town Population (2011) Population ranking Land area (km) Area ranking Density (/km) Density ranking
Bathurst 12,275 9 91.86 6 133.6 24
Beresford 4,351 20 19.20 17 226.6 18
Bouctouche 2,423 26 18.34 19 132.1 25
Campbellton 7,385 12 18.66 18 395.7 9
Caraquet 4,169 23 68.26 8 61.1 35
Dalhousie 3,512 24 14.51 23 242.1 17
Dieppe 23,310 4 54.11 11 430.8 6
Edmundston 16,032 8 107.00 5 149.8 23
Florenceville-Bristol 1,639 29 15.61 22 105.0 29
Fredericton 56,224 3 131.67 4 427.0 7
Grand Bay–Westfield 5,117 17 59.86 9 85.5 33
Grand Falls 5,706 14 18.05 20 315.9 13
Hampton 4,292 22 21.00 16 204.3 21
Hartland 947 35 9.63 30 98.4 31
Lamèque 1,432 31 12.45 28 115.1 27
Miramichi 17,811 7 179.93 2 99.0 30
McAdam 1,404 32 14.47 24 97.02 32
Moncton 69,074 2 141.17 3 489.3 2
Nackawic 1,049 34 8.40 32 124.9 26
Oromocto 8,932 11 22.37 15 399.2 8
Quispamsis 17,886 6 57.06 10 313.5 14
Richibucto 1,286 33 11.83 27 108.7 28
Riverview 19,128 5 33.88 13 564.6 1
Rothesay 11,947 10 34.77 12 343.6 12
Sackville 5,558 15 74.32 7 74.8 34
Saint Andrews 1,889 28 8.35 33 226.2 19
Saint John 70,063 1 315.82 1 221.8 20
Saint-Léonard 1,343 32 5.20 34 258.3 16
Saint-Quentin 2,095 27 4.30 35 486.7 3
Shediac 6,053 13 12.50 26 484.4 4
Shippagan 2,603 25 9.94 29 261.9 15
St. George 1,543 30 16.13 21 95.6 32
St. Stephen 4,817 19 13.45 24 358.0 11
Sussex 4,312 21 9.03 31 477.4 5
Tracadie–Sheila 4,933 18 24.65 14 200.1 22
Woodstock 5,254 16 13.41 25 391.7 10

Ethnic origin

The information in the following table contains data from the 2021 Candidan census conducted by Statistics Canada.

Of the 233,000 New Brunswickers whose mother tongue is French, the great majority are Acadians. Most have indicated their ethnic origin as French and not as Acadian, so that the number of Acadians shown is much smaller.

Ethnic origin 2021 population Percent
Canadian 174,910 23.0%
Irish 155,915 20.5%
English 137,145 18.1%
Scottish 134,350 17.7%
French, n.o.s.(not otherwise specified) 118,205 15.3%
Acadian 108,375 14.3%
German 33,200 4.4%
New Brunswicker 22,365 2.9%
French Canadian 18,650 2.5%
British, n.o.s. 16,630 2.2%
Dutch 13,310 1.8%
First Nations 13,550 1.8%
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s. 12,655 1.7%
European, n.o.s. 11,565 1.5%
Welsh 11,500 1.5%
Métis 9,445 1.2%
Italian 8,255 1.1%
American 7,185 0.9%
North American Indigenous 5,675 0.7%
Québécois 5,415 0.7%
Indian 5,655 0.7%
Filipino 4,960 0.6%
Chinese 4,600 0.6%
Ukrainian 4,600 0.6%
Danish 4,170 0.5%

Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples

Visible minority and Indigenous population (2021 Canadian census)
Population group Population %
European 681,695 89.8%
Visible minority group
 South Asian 8,630 1.1%
Chinese 4,085 0.5%
Black 12,155 1.6%
Filipino 5,190 0.7%
Arab 5,060 0.7%
Latin American 2,450 0.3%
Southeast Asian 1,890 0.2%
West Asian 915 0.1%
Korean 1,655 0.2%
Japanese 250 0.0%
Visible minority, n.i.e. 550 0.1%
Multiple visible minorities 1,375 0.2%
Total visible minority population 44,205 5.8%
Indigenous group
 First Nations (North American Indian) 20,960 2.8%
Métis 10,170 1.3%
Inuk (Inuit) 685 0.1%
Multiple Indigenous responses 485 0.1%
Indigenous responses n.i.e. 995 0.1%
Total Indigenous population 33,295 4.4%
Total population 759,195 100.0%

Languages

The province's distribution of English and French is highly regional

Compared to other provinces, New Brunswick has a relatively even split of English and French-speakers.

As a comparison, the minority language communities of Ontario and Quebec (Franco-Ontarians and English-speaking Quebecers respectively) make up less than 10% of those provinces' populations. With both official language communities so strongly represented, New Brunswick is home to English and French-language hospitals, media, schools and universities. The province also has a high proportion of people that speak both languages, with 246,000 people, or 33.2% of the population speaking English and French (though Francophones make up two-thirds of those who are bilingual).

Language policy is a perennial issue in New Brunswick politics and society. Recurring debates have arisen in regards to duality (the system of parallel English and French-speaking public services), interpretation of the provincial bilingualism policy and specifics of implementation. The extent of the provincial policy on bilingualism means that a new row is never far off in the New Brunswick news cycle. Francophones advocate for full funding of French-language public services and fair representation in public sector employment, while Anglophones fear that the system of duality is financially inefficient, its extent is not worthwhile and that the provincial government's targets for bilingualism in public employment are hurting their chances to work for the government, as Anglophones are less likely than Francophones to be proficient enough in both official languages to use them in employment.

The province's bilingual status is enshrined in federal and provincial law. The Canadian Constitution makes specific mention of New Brunswick's bilingual status and defines the spirit of implementation as one based on community and individual rights (in contrast with the constitutional protections for the other provinces that is limited to individuals). The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has a number of New Brunswick specific articles and makes specific mention of New Brunswick in each section relating to language. Of particular interest is Article 16.1, which declares that New Brunswick's Anglophone and Francophone communities have equal rights and privileges, including community-specific cultural and educational institutions, Article 18.1, declaring bilingual publication of the Canadian Parliament's works and laws and Article 18.2, specifying that the New Brunswick Legislature will publish its works in English and French. Article 16.1's distinction of linguistic community is important in that it recognizes not only the rights of individuals to use their language, but also demands that the two official language communities have their specific institutions upheld.

In 2012, New Brunswick Francophones scored lower on the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies than their Anglophone counterparts.

Knowledge of languages

Knowledge of official languages of Canada in New Brunswick (2016)
Language Percent
English only   57.15%
French only   8.58%
English and French   33.95%
Neither English nor French   0.32%

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census, and lists languages that were selected by at least 0.5 percent of respondents.

Knowledge of languages in New Brunswick
Language 2021
Pop. %
English 698,025 91.94%
French 317,825 41.86%
Spanish 7,580 1%
Arabic 6,090 0.8%
Tagalog 4,225 0.56%

Mother tongue

New Brunswick's official languages are shown in bold. Figures shown are for the number of single-language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses. During the 19th century Gaelic was also spoken in Campbellton and Dalhousie. The language died out as a natively-spoken language in the early 20th century.

The 2011 Canadian census showed a population of 751,171. Of the 731,855 single responses to the census question concerning mother tongue, the most commonly reported languages were:

Ranking Language Population Percentage
1. English 479,930 65.58%
2. French 233,530 31.90%
3. Mi'kmaq 2,115 0.29%
4. Korean 1,810 0.25%
5. German 1,805 0.25%
6. Arabic 1,325 0.18%
7. Spanish 1,135 0.16%
8. Dutch 925 0.13%
9. Tagalog 585 0.08%
10. Persian 450 0.06%
11. Italian 440 0.06%
12. Romanian 420 0.06%
13. Mandarin 405 0.06%
14. Russian 355 0.05%
15. Vietnamese 285 0.04%
16. Polish 255 0.03%
17. Hindi 250 0.03%
18. Cantonese 225 0.03%
19. Portuguese 220 0.03%
20. Urdu 205 0.03%
21. Bengali 180 0.02%
22. Hungarian 155 0.02%
23. Danish 145 0.02%
24. Greek 140 0.02%
25. Swahili 140 0.02%
26. Serbian 120 0.02%

Note: "n.i.e.": not included elsewhere

There were also 45 single-language responses for Gujarati; 135 for Niger-Congo languages n.i.e.; 70 for Creole; 95 for Non-verbal languages (Sign languages); 115 for Japanese; 30 for Indo-Iranian languages n.i.e.; 5 for Somali; 20 for Sinhala (Sinhalese); and 40 for Malayalam. New Brunswick's official languages are shown in bold. (Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.)

Religion

Religious groups in New Brunswick (1981−2021)
Religious group 2021 2011 2001 1991 1981
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Christianity 512,645 67.52% 616,910 83.84% 657,865 91.41% 674,780 94.18% 667,610 96.84%
Irreligion 225,125 29.65% 111,435 15.14% 57,665 8.01% 38,740 5.41% 19,685 2.86%
Islam 9,190 1.21% 2,640 0.36% 1,270 0.18% 255 0.04% 315 0.05%
Hinduism 3,340 0.44% 820 0.11% 470 0.07% 610 0.09% 475 0.07%
Sikhism 1,780 0.23% 20 0% 90 0.01% 45 0.01% 50 0.01%
Buddhism 1,120 0.15% 975 0.13% 550 0.08% 365 0.05% 240 0.03%
Indigenous spirituality 1,005 0.13% 525 0.07% — — — — — —
Judaism 1,000 0.13% 620 0.08% 670 0.09% 880 0.12% 845 0.12%
Other 3,990 0.53% 1,895 0.26% 1,120 0.16% 830 0.12% 160 0.02%
Total responses 759,195 97.88% 735,835 97.96% 719,710 98.66% 716,495 98.98% 689,370 98.99%
Total population 775,610 100% 751,171 100% 729,498 100% 723,900 100% 696,403 100%

Migration

Immigration

New Brunswick immigration
Year Immigrant percentage Immigrant population Total population
1851 20.9% 40,432 193,800
1861 20.9% 52,602 252,047
1881 9.7% 31,068 321,233
1891 6.8% 22,006 321,263
1901 5.4% 17,942 331,120
1911 5.2% 18,313 351,889
1921 5.5% 21,458 387,876
1931 6% 24,401 408,219
1941 4.5% 20,592 457,401
1951 3.9% 19,875 515,697
1961 3.9% 23,283 597,936
1971 3.7% 23,735 634,560

The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 44,125 persons or 5.8 percent of the total population of New Brunswick.

Immigrants in New Brunswick by country of birth
Country of birth 2021 2016 2011 2006 2001
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
United States 6,480 14.7% 7,615 22.5% 8,225 28.9% 8,655 32.8% 7,960 35.4%
United Kingdom 4,915 11.1% 4,605 13.6% 5,260 18.5% 5,210 19.7% 5,300 23.6%
Philippines 3,780 8.6% 1,340 4% 705 2.5% 350 1.3% 210 0.9%
India 2,265 5.1% 820 2.4% 800 2.8% 595 2.3% 390 1.7%
China 2,125 4.8% 2,215 6.6% 1,050 3.7% 925 3.5% 490 2.2%
Syria 1,890 4.3% 1,225 3.6% 20 0.1% 20 0.1% 35 0.2%
Germany 1,395 3.2% 1,620 4.8% 1,650 5.8% 1,770 6.7% 1,570 7%
South Korea 1,180 2.7% 1,495 4.4% 1,620 5.7% 370 1.4% 25 0.1%
France 1,070 2.4% 760 2.2% 410 1.4% 320 1.2% 225 1%
Nigeria 980 2.2% 115 0.3% 40 0.1% 30 0.1% 50 0.2%
Total immigrants 44,125 5.8% 33,810 4.6% 28,465 3.9% 26,400 3.7% 22,470 3.1%
Total responses 759,195 97.9% 730,710 97.8% 735,835 98% 719,650 98.6% 719,710 98.7%
Total population 775,610 100% 747,101 100% 751,171 100% 729,997 100% 729,498 100%

Recent immigration

The 2021 Canadian census counted a total of 16,040 people who immigrated to New Brunswick between 2016 and 2021.

Recent immigrants to New Brunswick by country of birth (2016 to 2021)
Country of birth Population % recent immigrants
Philippines 2,325 14.5%
Syria 1,700 10.6%
India 1,365 8.5%
China 975 6.1%
Nigeria 905 5.6%
United States 605 3.8%
Ukraine 475 3%
Egypt 445 2.8%
France 390 2.4%
Democratic Republic of the Congo 370 2.3%
Total 16,040 100%

Interprovincial migration

Net cumulative interprovincial migration per Province from 1997 to 2017, as a share of population of each Provinces
Main article: Interprovincial migration in Canada

New Brunswick has typically experienced less emigration than its size and economic situation would suggest, probably because of the low rate of emigration of its francophone population.

Interprovincial migration in New Brunswick
In-migrants Out-migrants Net migration
2008–09 11,268 11,505 −237
2009–10 10,883 10,312 571
2010–11 10,167 10,325 −158
2011–12 10,044 11,850 −1,806
2012–13 8,517 11,807 −3,290
2013–14 9,055 12,572 −3,517
2014–15 9,184 11,974 −2,790
2015–16 10,248 11,361 −1,113
2016–17 10,136 9,702 434
2017–18 10,709 10,228 481
2018–19 11,945 11,339 606

Source: Statistics Canada

See also

BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Canadian Provinces and TerritoriesDemographics of Canada's provinces and territories

Notes

  1. Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.

References

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  17. ^ Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2011 Census)
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Portal:
Subdivisions of New Brunswick
Cities
Towns
Villages
Regional municipality
Rural communities
Rural districts
  • Acadian Peninsula
  • Capital Region
  • Chaleur
  • Fundy
  • Greater Miramichi
  • Kent
  • Kings
  • Northwest
  • Restigouche
  • Southeast
  • Southwest
  • Western Valley
Regional service commissions
School districts
Indian reserves
  • Big Hole Tract 8 (North Half)
  • Big Hole Tract 8 (South Half)
  • Buctouche 16
  • Buctouche Micmac Band Extension
  • Devon 30
  • Eel Ground 2
  • Eel River 3
  • Esgenoôpetitj
  • Fort Folly 1
  • Indian Island 28
  • Indian Point 1
  • Indian Ranch
  • Kingsclear 6
  • Metepenagiag Urban Reserve 3
  • Metepenagiag Urban Reserve 8
  • Metepenagiag Uta'nk
  • Moose Meadows 4
  • Oinpegitjoig
  • Oromocto 26
  • Pabineau 11
  • Pokemouche 13
  • Red Bank 4
  • Red Bank 7
  • Renous 12
  • Richibucto 15
  • Soegao No. 35
  • St Basile 10
  • St. Mary's 24
  • Tabusintac 9
  • The Brothers 18
  • Tobique 20
  • Woodstock 23
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