| Rhabdopleura Temporal range: Middle Cambrian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N | |
|---|---|
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| Rhabdopleura normani Sedgwick | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Hemichordata |
| Class: | Pterobranchia |
| Subclass: | Graptolithina |
| Family: | Rhabdopleuridae |
| Genus: | Rhabdopleura Allmann, 1869 |
| Type species | |
| Rhabdopleura normani Allmann, 1869 | |
| Species | |
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See text. | |
Rhabdopleura is a genus of colonial sessile hemichordates belonging to the Pterobranchia class. As one of the oldest living genera with a fossil record dating back to the Middle Cambrian, it is also considered to be the only living genus of graptolites.
Rhabdopleura is the best studied pterobranch in developmental biology. Research in the 2010s by Jörg Maletz and other paleontologists and biologists have demonstrated that Rhabdopleura is an extant graptolite.
Species
List of species from Maletz (2014):
- Living species
The genus Rhabdopleura contains at least five living species.
- Rhabdopleura annulata Norman 1921 — Indo-Pacific region
- Rhabdopleura compacta Hincks 1880 — Atlantic
- Rhabdopleura normani Allmann, 1869 — Atlantic and parts of the Pacific
- Rhabdopleura recondita Beli, Cameron and Piraino, 2018 — Mediterranean
- Rhabdopleura striata Schepotieff 1909 — Pacific (Sri Lanka)
- Nomina dubia (doubtful)
- Rhabdopleura grimaldi Julien 1890 nomen dubium
- Rhabdopleura manubialis Jullien & Calvet 1903 nomen dubium
- Extinct species
- †Rhabdopleura delmari Mortelmans 1955
- †Rhabdopleura graysoni Chapman, Durman & Rickards 1995
- †Rhabdopleura hollandi Rickards, Chapman & Temple 1984
- †Rhabdopleura kozlowskii Kulicki 1969
- †Rhabdopleura obuti Durman & Sennikov 1993
- †Rhabdopleura sinica Chapman, Durman & Rickards 1995
- †Rhabdopleura vistulae Kozlowski 1956
Fossil record
The fossil record for Rhabdopleura dates back to the Middle Cambrian. There are also Rhabdopleura fossils from the Eocene.
References
- Maletz, Jörg (2017). Graptolite Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118515617.
- Sato, A; Bishop JDD; Holland PWH (2008). "Developmental biology of pterobranch hemichordates: history and perspectives". Genesis. 46 (11): 587–91. doi:10.1002/dvg.20395. PMID 18798243.
- Sato, A; Rickards, RB; Holland PWH (2008). "The origins of graptolites and other pterobranchs: a journey from 'Polyzoa'". Lethaia. 41 (4): 303–316. Bibcode:2008Letha..41..303S. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00123.x.
- Mitchell, Charles E.; Michael J. Melchin; Chris B. Cameron; Jörg Maletz (2012). "Phylogenetic analysis reveals that Rhabdopleura is an extant graptolite". Lethaia. 46: 34–56. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00319.x. ISSN 0024-1164.
- Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3): 477–540. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1465. ISSN 1214-1119.
- A.J. Chapman; P.N. Durman; R.B. Rickards. 1995. Rhabdopleuran hemichordates: new fossil forms and review. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association Volume 106, Issue 4, 1995, Pages 293-303. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80240-4
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Rhabdopleura | |