Misplaced Pages

Roh Moo-hyun

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
President of South Korea from 2003 to 2008 In this Korean name, the family name is Roh.

Roh Moo-hyunGOM
노무현
Official portrait, 2003
President of South Korea
In office
25 February 2003 – 24 February 2008
Prime Minister
Preceded byKim Dae-jung
Succeeded byLee Myung-bak
Minister of Oceans and Fisheries
In office
7 August 2000 – 25 March 2001
PresidentKim Dae-jung
Prime MinisterLee Han-dong
Preceded byLee Hang-kyu
Succeeded byChung Woo-taik
Member of the National Assembly
In office
22 July 1998 – 29 May 2000
Preceded byLee Myung-bak
Succeeded byChung In-bong
ConstituencyJongno
In office
30 May 1988 – 29 May 1992
Preceded by
  • Park Chan-jong
  • Kim Jung-kil
Succeeded byHur Sam-soo
ConstituencyDong
Personal details
Born(1946-09-01)1 September 1946
Pongha, South Korea
Died23 May 2009(2009-05-23) (aged 62)
Bongha Village, South Korea
Cause of deathSuicide (jumping from height)
Political partyIndependent (2007–2009)
Other political
affiliations		 List
Spouse Kwon Yang-sook ​(m. 1972)​
Children2
Signature
Military service
Branch/serviceRepublic of Korea Army
Years of service1968–1971
RankCorporal
Korean name
Hangul노무현
Hanja盧武鉉
Revised RomanizationNo Muhyeon
McCune–ReischauerNo Muhyŏn

Roh Moo-hyun GOM (Korean: 노무현, pronounced [no muçʌn]; 1 September 1946 – 23 May 2009) was a South Korean politician and lawyer who served as the president of South Korea between 2003 and 2008.

Roh's pre-presidential political career was focused on human rights advocacy for student activists in South Korea. His electoral career later expanded to a focus on overcoming regionalism in South Korean politics, culminating in his election to the presidency. He achieved a large following among younger internet users, which aided his success in the presidential election. Roh's election was notable for the arrival in power of a new generation of Korean politicians, the so-called 386 Generation (people in their thirties, when the term was coined, who had attended university in the 1980s and who were born in the 1960s). This generation had been veterans of student protests against authoritarian rule and advocated a conciliatory approach towards North Korea, even at the expense of good relations with the United States. Roh himself was the first South Korean president to be born after the end of Japanese rule in Korea.

South Korea received the highest marks on the Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index under his administration. The value of the South Korean won against the US dollar was the strongest during his administration since 1997. Due to the strong currency, for the first time in history, South Korea became the world's 10th largest economy and exceeded the $20,000 milestone in nominal GDP per capita during his administration. However, despite high expectations at the beginning of his presidency, Roh encountered strong opposition from both the opposition conservative Grand National Party and media, and he was frequently accused of incompetence. As a result, many of Roh's policies, such as a plan to move the capital of South Korea and a plan to form a coalition with the opposition, made little progress. Because of his poor performance in economy and diplomacy, Roh was not a popular president, having the worst approval rating on average ever recorded in South Korean political history. His economic policy was often criticized for persisting with certain obsolete economic views and failing certain livelihood issues.

After leaving office, Roh returned to his hometown of Bongha Maeul. He ran a duck farm and lived an ordinary life, sharing it through his blog. He also ran a website called "Democracy 2.0" to promote healthy online discussions. Fourteen months later, Roh was suspected of bribery by prosecutors, and the subsequent investigations attracted public attention. Roh committed suicide on 23 May 2009 when he jumped from a mountain cliff behind his home, after saying that "there are too many people suffering because of me" on a suicide note on his computer. About 4 million people visited Roh's hometown Bongha Village in the week following his death. His suicide was confirmed by police. Public opinion on Roh has improved considerably since his death, which has taken into account his human rights background and national economic progress during his presidency. In a 2019 Gallup Korea poll, Roh was cited as the most popular president in South Korean history amongst the general public.

Personal background

Roh was born into a poor farming family on 1 September 1946, in Pongha near Gimhae and Pusan, in what is now southeastern South Korea. His ancestor was in Dongyang, Zhejiang. His parents had three boys and two girls, and Roh was the youngest of his family. In 1953, he entered Dae Chang Elementary School. He received high grades, but was quite often absent from school to assist his parents. While in sixth grade, with the encouragement of his school teacher, he became the president of the school. As he entered Jin-yeong middle school, a writing contest was held to commemorate Syngman Rhee's birthday. Roh tried to start a student movement against it, but was caught and suspended from the school.

Roh Moo-Hyun decided to become a lawyer due to the influence of his elder brother who had studied law but had died in a car accident. Roh studied on his own to pass the bar exam in 1975 (South Korea does not currently require bar examinees to have graduated from college, university, or law school). In 1977, he became a regional judge in Daejeon, but quit in 1978, and became a lawyer.

In 1981, he defended students who had been tortured for suspicion of possession of contraband literature. Following this he decided to become a human rights lawyer. In early 2003, he was quoted as saying, "After that defense, my life was totally changed. At first, even I couldn't believe that they had been tortured that harshly. However, when I saw their horrified eyes and their missing toenails, my comfortable life as a lawyer came to an end. I became a man that wanted to make a difference in the world." With fellow human rights lawyers, he pointed out that this case was forged, then claimed that the National Security Act (South Korea) itself should be judged.

In 1985 he started to participate in civic movements by assuming permanent power of attorney on behalf of the Busan council of citizen democracy. He opposed the autocratic regime in place at the time in South Korea, and participated in the pro-democracy June Democracy Movement in 1987 against Chun Doo-hwan. The same year he was jailed while investigating the cause of death of the Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering factory worker Lee Seok-Kyu, who had been killed by a stray police tear gas bullet while on strike. Roh was accused of 'unapproved interference in the case' and 'hindering the funeral'. Although he was released in twenty days because of public opinion against the arrest, his lawyer's license was revoked after the incident in political retribution. His lawyer's license was reinstated and he, along with Chun Jung Bae and Im Jong In, founded Haemaru Law firm.

Roh was baptized as a Catholic (baptismal name: Justin) in 1986 but then lapsed while continuing to identify as a Catholic, though later years he was non-religious while practicing a form of Mahayana Buddhism.

Early political career

Roh entered politics in 1988 when he was invited by Kim Young-sam to join the Reunification Democratic Party (통일민주당). That same year, he was elected as a member of the National Assembly, representing Dong District, Busan. He came to wider public attention with his cross-examination of the government over political corruption allegations in a parliamentary hearing.

In 1990, Kim Young-sam merged his party with the Democratic Justice Party to form the Democratic Liberal Party, a forerunner of the Grand National Party. Roh did not participate in the party and he criticized it as "betrayal against the democracy movement".

In 1991, before the election of the national assembly, the Weekly Chosun posted an article that alleging that Roh was a politician with hidden wealth. Roh sued the company for defamation and won, but lost the election for his seat.

Having lost his seat in the 1992 Assembly elections, he later ran for the mayorship of Busan in 1995, where he lost again. Shortly after the election, Kim Dae-jung founded the National Congress for New Politics, but Roh did not join. In 1996, he ran for the Assembly seat for Jongno-gu in Seoul, losing to another future president, Lee Myung-bak.

Roh founded the new party with Lee Bu-Yeong, Lee Chul, Kim Won-Gi, and Kim Jeong-Gil, but before the presidential election, after the New Korea Party merged with the United Democratic Party, he decided to reconcile with Kim Dae-jung to 'bring the military government and their political heir into justice'.

Subsequently, Roh reconciled with Kim when he endorsed his candidacy in the 1997 Presidential election. At the meeting, Kim Dae-jung welcomed Roh and his party saying "Today is a very pleasant day. That pleasure is not only because we now work together, but also because I could relieve a burden in my mind that I have been carrying (since we separated)." Roh returned to office in 1998, when Lee Myung-bak resigned his seat because of a violation of election law, winning a seat in the ensuing by-election.

In 2000, Roh ran for the National Assembly representing Buk-gu and Gangseo-gu in Busan as part of a campaign to overcome regionalism in Korean politics, but was defeated. His defeat in the election, however, proved fortuitous when his supporters formed Nosamo, the first political fan club in Korea. His supporters were inspired by his commitment to overcoming regionalism.

In 2000, Roh was appointed Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries under Kim Dae-jung, and this position would constitute his major government experience prior to the presidency.

Roh got public attention when he participated in candidate election of his party. The candidate election itself also got high public attention because it allowed the vote not only from the party members, but also the local citizens. At first, his approval rate was 10%, allowing much gap with leading candidate Lee In-Jae, but Roh constantly earned much supporters by his notable speeches, especially in Ulsan, and the result of poll that Roh's approval rate was 41.7%, 1.1% higher than the Lee Hoi-chang, candidate of the opponent party, convinced the voters of his party.

Roh won the presidency on 19 December 2002, by defeating Lee Hoi-chang with a narrow 2% margin of victory. At 2003, right before his inauguration, he described his plan as "I will root the method of discussion inside the government.", and added, "discussion should be familiarized until we are called 'Republic of discussion'."

Presidency (2003–2008)

This article is part of a series on
Liberalism in South Korea
Schools
Principles
History
People
Parties (Democrat)
Parties (Non-Democrat)
Think tanks
Media
Other organizations
Related topics

First year

Roh dubbed his administration the "Participatory Government", and entered office intent on introducing an ambitious new agenda. Policy goals for the Roh administration included the continuance of the Sunshine Policy of engagement towards North Korea, the establishment of Korea as a business hub in Northeast Asia, the expansion of social welfare, the pursuit of "balanced national development" to help underdeveloped areas, the eradication of corruption, reform of education and tax systems, reform of labor-management relations, reform of mass media, and a recasting of the relationship with the United States and Japan.

As his policy for eradicating corruption inside the government had included many administrative reforms, he had to face high opposition. During the reformation of the prosecution, to resolve the opposition, he suggested a TV forum. The prosecutors insisted that Roh appointed the major positions of the prosecutor's office without consulting the personnel committee, and Roh answered that "The current members of the personnel committee themselves represent the old prosecution which has to be changed, if we do not change now, it would sustain the old prosecution at least few months." Three months into his presidency, he commented about the opposition problem, stating "I'm worrying the opposition that maybe I cannot continue the presidency while I get that much of it." That comment was quoted partly by conservative media, ('I cannot continue the presidency') and Roh was beset by skepticism about his ability and experience. Roh set the tone of his administration with a number of adventurous policies, and measures to uncover and reveal the names of the descendants of Japanese collaborators. The investigations, criticized by opposition parties as a covert means of attacking them, and coming too late to provide substantive redress, mostly resulted in damage to his own party members.

Also in his first year in office, Roh announced S Korea's Free Trade Agreement Policy Roadmap. Roh successfully pushed for free trade agreements in spite of domestic opposition from his traditional leftist constituency (who denounced it as "neoliberal") and various groups (particularly farmers) opposed to market opening.

Uri Party and impeachment

Roh and his supporters left the Millennium Democratic Party in 2003 to form a new party, the Uri Party (열린우리당; lit. "Our Open Party"). Directly ahead of the National Assembly elections, Roh voiced support for the Uri Party, which constituted a technical violation of Constitutional provisions mandating presidential impartiality. After Roh refused to apologize, led by the opposition parties holding the majority, the Assembly voted to impeach him for illegal electioneering on 12 March 2004. The vote was 193–2 (Uri Party members abstained from the vote). Roh's supporters physically blocked the motion for three days in open combat, and had to be hauled out by security guards. Roh's executive power was suspended pending a final decision by the Constitutional Court, and Prime Minister Goh Kun ran the country as the Acting President.

The National Assembly's attempt to impeach Roh was largely opposed by the public. From 12 March 2004, to 27 March, protest against the impeachment motion was led by 'citizen's movement for eradicating corruption'. According to the police, 50,000 people gathered to protest on 13 March alone.

Although Roh's popularity had hovered around 30%, the impeachment was taken as a power struggle against the political reform and the choice of the citizen, and Roh's popularity went up soon after the assembly's vote to impeach Roh. The results of the April 2004 parliamentary election showed public support for him, with the Uri Party winning a majority of seats.

On 14 May 2004, the Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision, restoring Roh as president. After the incident, Roh joined the Uri party as a member, officially making the Uri party as the ruling party. It was the first time that a liberal party achieved a majority in the National Assembly.

After the reinstatement

Roh and his wife Kwon Yang-sook in India with Manmohan Singh and A.P.J Abdul Kalam in 2004

As a part of his balanced national development campaign to reverse the concentration of wealth in Seoul, Roh also pursued a plan to relocate the capital 100 miles away to South Chungcheong Province, ostensibly to relieve congestion. Roh had made this promise during his campaign, and pursued its fulfillment, despite convincing few voters outside the Chungcheong region of the benefits of the move. After much controversy, the Constitutional Court obviated Roh's plans by ruling that the relocation of the capital was unconstitutional because it 'opposes the custom that has to be considered as the constitution', thus inflicting a huge blow to Roh's political standing. Roh's plan was then amended to the creation of an "administrative capital", though this plan has also not yet seen completion. The issue of the proposed "administrative capital" remains controversial as of 2010 in plans for Sejong City, the exact nature of which continues to be a politically divisive issue even within the ruling Grand National Party.

With the controversies concerning the capital, perceptions of neglect and mismanagement of the economy had grown. Although exports performed at record levels and the economy grew, growth still lagged behind both the previous administration and the rest of the world, while the domestic economy stagnated. At the same time regulations proliferated, investment capital exited the country, unemployment (especially among the young) increased, wealthy students flocked overseas as the education system stagnated, and housing prices in Seoul soared far beyond the reach of the average citizen. Roh responded by dismissing criticism as "shameless mudslinging", and touted the achievements of his government in increasing national competitiveness, strengthening the economy. This somewhat cavalier attitude led to his Uri Party suffering consecutive defeats in the Assembly, before eventually collapsing. Roh's unpopularity had become a liability for his party, and a new party was needed to disassociate from him. The Uri Party would thus be revamped and renamed as the Democratic Party, and is currently the main opposition party in the National Assembly.

Roh's ambitious initial promises to establish Korea as an international business hub in Asia faded soon after his election. Instead, Korea under Roh suffered negative publicity in the foreign business community due to prosecutorial investigations on the purchase and sale of Korea Exchange Bank by the Lone Star Fund, spurring foreign investors to join their domestic counterparts in leaving the country. When housing prices soared, to prevent speculative bubble like Japanese asset price bubble crisis, Roh introduced additional 1~3% of property tax on real estate exceeding 600 million won (about 600,000US$). This efficiently slowed down the bubble, but this policy met high opposition from the richest who had to pay higher tax. At the same time, Roh also increased welfare spending by 18% a year, and drastically increased spending by increasing the size of the civil service by more than 95,700 new hires, or approximately 60 people a day. Criticism of lax discipline among the civil service and police force was high during his government.

The remainder of Roh's term was characterized by a number of campaigns pursued to varying degrees of success and completion. One of the more successful campaigns (at least during his term) was Roh's pursuit of an FTA with the United States, concluded in April 2007 after many months of negotiations by Kim Hyun-jong, the deputy minister for trade.

Grand coalition plan

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

As a result of the controversy concerning the capital, and public dissatisfaction of economic development, Uri party lost much of its popularity. When the Uri party was defeated in by-elections held on 30 April 2005, losing every one of the 23 electoral districts, Uri Party lost its majority in the National Assembly. Facing the outcome of his unpopularity, Roh took a rather strange measure to manage the government when he proposed a grand coalition with the opposition Grand National Party. Roh's rationale was that since it was impossible to continue his presidency with an approval rate of around 20 percent, a grand coalition comprising the Uri party and the Grand National Party was desirable, and that the difference between both parties in terms of political agendas was actually minute. Roh promised he would yield much of his power and might even resign from office if a grand coalition was successfully launched.

Roh's proposal for the grand coalition stirred yet another national controversy. Many called his plan "reckless and completely ignorant" of the sentiments of people still ailing from repeated political controversies and economic hardships. Many of the Uri party's supporters who identify as liberals were enraged at Roh holding that his party was not really different from the conservative opposition. The Grand National Party, enjoying relatively strong approval rate but still bent on revenge for the party's defeat in major elections, repeatedly declined to initiate a negotiation for the coalition. While the Uri Party grudgingly supported the President's proposal, a lawmaker defected from the party in protest of Roh's plan, and the loss of popularity was felt when the party suffered yet another complete defeat in the by-election on 26 October 2005, this time including one of the party's stronghold electoral districts. Roh's plan was scrapped, having failed to garner support from either political faction.

Foreign relations

United States

President Roh and Bush in October 2003
Roh Moo-hyun and Kwon Yang-sook at the 2006 APEC gala dinner with President Vladimir Putin of Russia (centre) and George W. Bush and his wife Laura Bush (right)

Roh was perceived as an anti-American before the presidential race, which was not a handicap during the presidential campaign. Public antipathy to the United States was prevalent in 2002, particularly evoked by the Yangju highway incident, where two South Korean middle school girls were crushed to death by a U.S. Army armored bridge-laying vehicle. The American soldiers involved were tried by a U.S. Army court martial, but the Roh administration continued to demand a South Korean trial, although the incident occurred 'on duty' (as part of a convoy) and thus was an American responsibility under the Status of Forces Agreement between the United States and South Korea.

However, except for the policy toward the North Korea, Roh was supportive toward the United States. Roh endeavored to improve relations with North Korea, becoming the first president to cross the border by foot and meeting Kim Jong Il. He dispatched the Zaytun Division to support the US in the Iraq War by carrying out peacekeeping and other reconstruction-related tasks. Roh explained the deployment as only a peacekeeping mission and claimed that such commitment was required to bring favor from the United States in resolving the North Korean nuclear crisis. He also pursued the KORUS FTA. In 2004, the Roh administration reached an agreement with the US to move out all US forces in the capital to Camp Humphreys, a rural area far away from the capital or major cities, as he deemed the USFK's presence in the capital unnecessary and harming its reputation and development.

In February 2006, Roh announced that South Korea would initiate negotiations with the United States for a free trade agreement.

In April 2007, Roh presided over an emergency meeting of his aides to discuss the diplomatic fallout from the massacre at Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the United States by a South Korean student, Cho Seung-hui, concerning its negative impact on South Korea-U.S. relations. They were discussing comprehensive measures to cope with the unprecedented incident, including issuance of presidential messages of apology and plans to prevent possible harassment of South Koreans living in the United States. Roh issued two messages of condolence already on 17 April 2007.

Former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates described Roh as "anti-American and probably a little crazy" in his book titled Duty, and professed astonishment at Roh telling him at the meeting in November 2007 that "the two biggest security threats in Asia were the United States and Japan".

Japan

See also: Japan–Korea disputes

South Korea's relationship with Japan was in a healthy condition when Roh entered office. However, his first visit to the neighboring country in 2003 was scheduled on a date that coincided with Korean Memorial Day.

During the visit, Roh proclaimed he would not seek any more apologies from Japan over its colonial occupation, in the hope of maintaining a friendly relationship between the two countries. Although Roh's proclamation was made in good faith, some expressed concern that Japan may have interpreted this as the termination of its responsibility for the colonial past, and use it as an excuse to deny any claims for compensation that may arise in the future.

Despite Roh's hope, relations with Japan deteriorated henceforth, in several areas of conflict such as compensation issues for comfort women, denial of the colonial past in Japanese history textbooks, and disputes over the Liancourt Rocks. Another sensitive issue, former Prime Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumi's repeated visits to Yasukuni Shrine were harshly criticized in South Korea, and Roh declared no further meetings with Koizumi would take place unless he stopped visiting the shrine.

According to Rep. Chung Mong-joon, former leader of the ruling Saenuri Party, "The Roh Moo-hyun administration proposed that the U.S. define Japan as a hypothetical enemy," at the Korea-U.S. Security Consultative Meeting in Seoul in October 2005. "President Roh proposed it because the general public had bad feelings against Japan and Korea had a territorial dispute over the Dokdo islets with Japan, Washington was very embarrassed since it had hoped Korea and Japan would go hand-in-hand as free and democratic countries. A hypothetical enemy in English implies a main enemy."

In an address to the nation on 25 April 2006 regarding disputes over the Liancourt Rocks, Roh reaffirmed that he didn't seek another apology from Japan, but demanded that Japan take action in compliance with its past apologies. The then-Prime Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumi characterized the speech as intended for domestic audiences.

Retirement and post-presidency (2008–2009)

After leaving office, Roh retired to Bongha Maeul, a small village in his hometown. This marked a break with previous custom, where former presidents retired to heavily guarded houses in Seoul. Bongha – a village of 121 people – became a major tourist attraction due to Roh's presence.

Bribery allegations

On 4 December 2008, Roh Moo-hyun's elder brother, Roh Gun-Pyeong, was indicted on charges of illegally taking 3 million won ($3,000) from former Daewoo Engineering & Construction and imprisoned.

On 7 April 2009, Chung Sang-Moon, the former secretary of Roh Moo-hyun, was arrested on charges. In early 2009, allegations of corruption had begun to surface regarding the former President's family and aides, eventually leading to the indictment of Roh's elder brother Roh Gun-Pyeong on suspicion of influence peddling. The investigation soon expanded to encompass Roh Moo-Hyun's aides, as well as other members of his family. As the investigation closed in on Roh's former secretary, Chung Sang-Moon, Roh announced on his website that "The accusation should be directed at our household, not Chung. Our household made the request, received money and used it." At the same time, Roh claimed that he himself had not known of the money transfer before his retirement. By May 2009, prosecutors had summoned Roh's wife, son, and eventually the former president himself on suspicion of receiving 1 million dollars in bribes from Park Yeon-Cha, a businessman close to the ex-President. Roh was subject to initial written questioning by prosecutors, before direct questioning, prior to which he apologized again to the public and stated that "he was overwhelmed by shame."

Kang Kum-won was another Roh's long time supporter whose business was under thorough investigation by The Supreme Prosecutors' Office (SPO). Even if Kang was Roh's closest long time supporter, he did not expand his business during Roh's presidency to avoid unnecessary suspicion of special benefits. However, his parole was denied during the investigation despite his terminal illness of brain cancer until Roh's death.

Roh's investigation for corruption came after he had campaigned on pledges to "clean up the presidency", and root out corruption, while condemning his opponents as hopelessly corrupt.

In one speech to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Korea's "June Struggle" for democracy, Roh vehemently attacked critics who described him as incompetent, stating, "They even deal out the absurd rhetoric that they would rather have a corrupt administration than an inept one while openly revealing their true colors as forces of corruption and the security-driven dictatorships of the past. What's more, they label the democratic forces as being inept, plotting to rise to power on the back of the nostalgia for the development-oriented dictatorships of the past."

Roh's characteristically self-righteous stance resulted in harsh condemnation of the ex-President for hypocrisy. In response to the pervasive criticism upon Roh's bribery charges, he stated on his website, "I have lost my moral cause just with the facts I have so far admitted. The only thing left is the legal procedure". Roh further added, "What I have to do now is bow to the nation and apologize. From now on, the name Roh cannot be a symbol of the values you pursue. I'm no longer qualified to speak about democracy and justice.... You should abandon me." Despite these appeals, Roh continued to deny all knowledge of the receipt of money by his family from Park Yeon-Cha, in contradiction to Park's testimony. Roh refused cross-examination with Park.

In contrast to scandals involving previous presidents, who reportedly used illicit funds close to $500 million to finance political campaigns and their family activities, Roh's family had to use borrowed funds close to $1.5 million from a friend for personal use, such as the payment of living expenses for study in the United States.

Death

Roh Moo-Hyun was found seriously injured on the morning of 23 May 2009 after apparently jumping from a 45-meter (150 ft) cliff known as Bueong'i Bawi (lit. Owl's Rock) behind his rural home in his home village of Bongha. He sustained serious head injuries and was sent by car to Seyoung hospital nearby at 7:20 am. He was moved to Busan University Hospital around 8:15 am. Around 9:30 am (00:30 GMT), he was pronounced dead. Police investigators ruled out conspiracy theories surrounding the death of Roh. According to police, Roh switched on his computer and typed a hastily worded suicide note.

The police report stated that the suicide note apologized for making "too many people suffer" and requested that his body be cremated.

I am in debt to so many people. I have caused too great a burden to be placed upon them. I can't begin to fathom the countless agonies down the road. The rest of my life would only be a burden for others. I am unable to do anything because of poor health. I can't read, I can't write. Do not be too sad. Isn't life and death all a part of nature? Do not be sorry. Do not feel resentment toward anyone. It is fate. Cremate me. And leave only a small tombstone near home. I've thought on this for a long time.

The 8th president, Kim Dae-jung, stated that "President Roh Moo-hyun loved Koreans more than any other president. During the unfair investigation, he suffered from humiliation, chagrin, deception, and defamation, which left him no option but to commit suicide before his countryman to show his innocence." The 10th president, Lee Myung-bak, stated that "the news was truly unbelievable and deeply saddening." Justice Minister Kim Kyung-han said the corruption case against him would be formally closed. However, he did not say whether the former president's family would continue to be investigated.

A State Funeral was held from May 23, 2009, to May 29, 2009, and was attended by President Lee Myung-bak, First Lady Kim Yoon-ok, former First Lady Lee Hee-ho, former presidents Kim Dae-jung, Kim Young-sam and members of National Assembly. However, former Presidents Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo were absent. The funeral started from his hometown, Bong-Ha village, with his body transported to Seoul via a hearse, with a convoy with his family moving together. Then, he was cremated in Suwon, Gyeonggi Province and his ashes were buried in his hometown in accordance with his will, which was recorded on the suicide note.

Roh's suicide followed the suicides of a number of high-profile figures under corruption investigations in Korea in recent years, including the former Prime Minister Han Seung-soo's secretary Kim Young-chul, former Busan mayor Ahn Sang-Young (who died by suicide while in prison), Park Tae-young, former governor of Jeolla province, and Chung Mong-hun, a former Hyundai executive. Roh himself had been sued by the widow of former Daewoo E&C head Nam Sang-Guk for allegedly making defamatory comments that drove her husband to throw himself off of a bridge. Roh's suicide was followed later in the year by the suicide of another politician, the Mayor of Yangsan, who was being subject to a corruption investigation.

Sidewalk memorial for Roh set up across the street from Seoul City Hall on 8 July 2009.

Roh's public funeral involved Buddhist and Catholic rites. Hundreds of thousands of supporters turned out to pay their respects in memorial shrines erected around the country, as did President Lee Myung-bak and numerous other prominent politicians. Sporadic violent demonstrations in Seoul immediately after the funeral resulted in the detention of 72 people.

Roh's suicide resulted in a sudden positive shift in domestic perception towards the late President, leading Kim Dong-gil, one of the conservative figures to comment, "How could he become an instant saint upon his suicide?" Perceptions of an excessive investigation on Roh's alleged improprieties boosted support for the opposition Democratic Party (itself formed when Roh's then unpopularity made it a liability to be associated with him), giving them enough leverage to demand that President Lee Myung-bak apologize for the "politically motivated" investigation they claimed caused Roh's death, and discipline those responsible. Support for the opposition party increased to 28.3%, outpolling the ruling GNP at 23.5%. The Democratic Party also decided to block the scheduled opening of the National Assembly until the Lee Myung-bak government accepted responsibility for Roh's suicide. The chief prosecutor in Roh's bribery case also resigned. A year after Roh died, his autobiography was published by his personal and political fellows. Based on Roh's previous books, unpublished draft, notes, letters and interviews, it follows Roh's life from birth to death.

Roh died almost three months before former President Kim Dae-jung died on 18 August 2009 of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Former Prime Minister Han Myeong-suk and others claimed that the investigation of Roh's corruption case leading to his death was President Lee's political revenge and murder.

Legacy

In January 2010, dissatisfaction with the poor electoral showing of the minority Democratic Party, and a posthumous reappraisal of Roh Moo-hyun's presidency spurred the creation of a new party, the "Participation Party". This party was created to "revive the spirit of former President Roh Moo-hyun."

One of Roh's biggest accomplishments was revising regulations for political fundraising, which even one of his harshest critics praises. Before the revision, previous presidential candidates received more than $300 million hush money from leaving president to run the presidential campaign. During Roh's initial campaign for the presidency, civilians donated their piggy banks raising close to $1.2 million, but not enough to match about $12 million his opponent raised.

The Institute for Future Korea (한국미래발전연구원) is established for researching and promoting Roh Moo-hyun's social ideas.

A leaked American diplomatic cable to South Korea revealed that Roh Moo-hyun expressed concerns how the US government mistreated North Korea.

Lee In-gyu (이인규), the former head of the SPO, released his book on the involvements of the political corruptions surrounding the investigation against Roh that led to his suicide. In his book, Lee acknowledged that the South Korean National Intelligence Service had intentionally released overly sensational stories about President Roh's bribery charges.

In 2010, a year after his death, the politicians who were Roh's aides won the local elections and became the provincial government heads. In January 2012, Han Myung-Sook who had been one of the prime ministers in Roh's tenure was elected party leader of the biggest opposition party, the Democratic United Party. She officially made clear "succession of Roh's policy". Although his policy was regarded as failure when he was in the position, it has been reevaluated as liberal and nationalistic, compared to Lee Myung-Bak's authoritarian and pro-US policy. Even a conservative professor, Lee Sang-don, who had severely criticized Roh's policy, said that "Roh became a myth (of our age)."

On the 10th anniversary of his passing, former US President George W. Bush paid respects at the annual memorial ceremony for Roh Moo-hyun.

He was ranked first in the 2019 Gallup South Korea survey asking for the greatest president.

Awards and honours

National honours

Foreign honours

In popular culture

The 2013 film The Attorney starring Song Kang-ho is a dramatic adaptation of Roh's early human rights law career. It became the eighth highest-grossing film in South Korean history at the time of its release, and was the second-highest grossing South Korean film of 2013 behind Miracle in Cell No. 7.

Authored books

  • Roh Moo-hyun (1 September 1994). 여보, 나 좀 도와줘 [Honey, Please help me] (in Korean) (1st ed.). Seoul: Sae-teo. ISBN 978-89-87175-19-5.
  • ———————— (30 November 2001). 노무현이 만난 링컨 [Lincoln that Roh Moo-hyun met] (in Korean). Seoul: Hakgojae Books. ISBN 978-89-85846-89-9.
  • ———————— (15 October 2002). 노무현의 리더십 이야기 [Roh Moo-hyun's Leadership Story] (in Korean) (1st ed.). Seoul: Happy Reading. ISBN 978-89-89571-07-0.
  • ———————— (22 September 2009). 성공과 좌절 [Success and Frustration] (in Korean) (1st ed.). Seoul: Hakgojae Books. ISBN 978-89-5625-096-0.
  • ———————— (27 November 2009). 진보의 미래 [The future of progress] (in Korean) (1st ed.). Paju: Dongnyok. ISBN 978-89-7297-608-0.
  • ———————— (26 April 2010). Rhyu Si-min; Roh Moo-hyun Foundation (eds.). 운명이다 [The fate of the Roh Moo-hyun] (in Korean) (1st ed.). Paju: Dolbegae. ISBN 978-89-7199-386-6.
  • ———————— (3 May 2019). Roh Moo-hyun Foundation (ed.). 그리하여 노무현이라는 사람은 [So the person called Roh Moo-hyun]. Roh Moo-hyun's Complete Works (in Korean). Vol. 6. Paju: Dolbegae. ISBN 978-89-7199-947-9.

See also

Notes

  1. Goh Kun served as acting president during Roh's suspension of powers and duties from 12 March 2004 to 14 May 2004.

References

  1. Watts, Jonathan (24 February 2003). "World's first internet President logs on". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
  2. "The Web Site That Elected a President". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 24 February 2003. Archived from the original on 7 March 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  3. "Out with the old". Newsweek. 4 August 2003. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  4. "Korea's Young Lions". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 24 February 2003. Archived from the original on 7 March 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  5. "South Korea: Too Much Activism?". Newsweek. 27 November 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  6. "The Fed – Foreign Exchange Rates – Country Data – H.10".
  7. Jung, Ha-yun (25 February 2003). "Democracy takes office in South Korea". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  8. 디지털뉴스팀 (23 May 2011). 김동길 "노무현이 잘한 일이 뭔가"...독설 쏟아내 – 경향신문. Kyunghyang Shinmun. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  9. Mizuno, Kosuke (2009). Populism in Asia. Singapore: Nus Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-9971694838.
  10. ^ "South Korea's President Sags in Opinion Polls". The New York Times. 27 November 2006.
  11. "Daily Opinion No. 237 (November 2016)". Gallup Korea. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  12. Mizuno, Kosuke (2009). Populism in Asia. Singapore: Nus Press. pp. 177–179. ISBN 978-9971694838.
  13. 노무현.
  14. 노 전 대통령, 재직중 알았다면 '포괄적 뇌물죄' 가능성. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). 7 April 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  15. ^ Kim, Kwang-Tae (23 May 2009). "SKorean ex-president Roh dies in apparent suicide". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  16. "Ex-President Roh Jumps to His Death". The Korea Times. 23 May 2009. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  17. ^ 한국인이 좋아하는 40가지 [사람편] – 스포츠선수/가수/탤런트/영화배우/예능방송인·코미디언/소설가/역대대통령/기업인/존경하는인물 (2004–2019). gallup.co.kr (in Korean). 25 May 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  18. [민주당 대선후보] 노무현 누구인가 – 1등 인터넷뉴스 조선닷컴. The Chosun Ilbo. 28 April 2002. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  19. ^ 노무현 – Daum 백과사전 (in Korean). Enc.daum.net. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  20. "Politics obituaries: Roh Moo-Hyun". Daily Telegraph. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  21. 해마루 법무법인. haemarulaw.com.
  22. ^ Mee-yoo, Kwon (27 May 2009). "Roh's Funeral to Be Imbued With Buddhism". The Korea Times. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  23. 노무현후보 김추기경의 방문 (in Korean). Naver News Dong-a Ilbo. 20 June 2002. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
  24. (in Korean)Hani News The Hankyoreh (3 September 2008). Retrieved 13 September 2008
  25. "Obituary: Roh Moo-hyun". BBC News. 23 May 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  26. 盧대통령, 여소야대 몰리니까 지역구도 해체? (in Korean). Naver News. 29 July 2005. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  27. 뿌리깊은 '언론 반감' 체험서 비롯 (in Korean). Naver News. 31 March 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  28. 승부사 노 대통령 역대 승률 50% (in Korean). The Hankyoreh. 12 October 2003. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
  29. "The people who voted for Roh "출사표 던진 노무현의 사람들"". Busan Ilbo. 27 September 2005. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
  30. Christian Caryl (13 May 2007). "The Road of No Return". Newsweek. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  31. <盧당선자 대선장정 1년7개월> | Daum 미디어다음. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Media.daum.net. 19 December 2002. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  32. 선호도 노무현 41.7 이회창 40.6% | Daum 미디어다음. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Media.daum.net. 13 March 2002. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  33. 盧 "국정운영 토론 중시" (in Korean). Naver News. 14 January 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  34. "Address by President Roh Moo-hyun at the International Conference on Growth Engines of Korea". 16cwd.pa.go.kr. 24 July 2003. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  35. "Asia–Pacific: Clouds over Seoul's 'sunshine policy'". Financial Times. 17 October 2006. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
  36. "Top 12 Policy Goals". 16cwd.pa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  37. "MBC뉴스 – news.mbc.co.kr". Imnews.imbc.com. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  38. "South Korea's Roh rejects cabinet resignation". China Daily. 11 October 2003. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  39. Brooke, James (8 September 2004). "Trying to Stone Collaborators, Seoul Party Hits Glass House". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  40. "Disgraced Seoul party boss quits". BBC News. 19 August 2004. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  41. McGeown, Kate (19 August 2004). "Raking over S Korea's colonial past". BBC News. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  42. Nissen, A. (2022). "Not That Assertive: The EU's Take on Enforcement of Labour Obligations in Its Free Trade Agreement with South Korea". European Journal of International Law. XX (2): 607–630. doi:10.1093/ejil/chac037. hdl:1887/3491990.
  43. "Voters will evaluate Roh's performance". The Korea Times. 5 November 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  44. "Korean labor group to hold anti-free trade agreement rallies in U.S. in early June". The Hankyoreh. 22 May 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  45. "Farmer kills one, injures two over FTA". The Hankyoreh. 5 April 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  46. The Impeachment Motion Has Passed Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  47. "탄핵무효, 민주수호" 수만명 함성(종합) (in Korean). Naver News. 13 March 2004. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  48. 한국일보 : 봉하마을 "노무현 만세" 잔칫집. News.hankooki.com. 14 May 2004. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  49. "The pros and cons of capital flight". The Economist. 13 August 2004. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  50. Onishi, Norimitsu (27 November 2006). "South Korea's President Sags in Opinion Polls". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  51. "Koreans' Wallets Are Slamming Shut". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 12 July 2004. Archived from the original on 29 August 2004. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  52. "The rich hit the road". Newsweek. 19 September 2004. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  53. "Roh condemns opposition presidential hopefuls, says economy in stable condition" (in Korean). The Hankyoreh. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  54. "President Appreciates Nosamo for its Strong Support". 16cwd.pa.go.kr. 16 June 2007. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  55. Onishi, Norimitsu (17 December 2007). "Election in South Korea Is Missing Its Suspense". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  56. Kirk, Don (14 February 2003). "South Korea Has Big Plans For the Area Around Seoul". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  57. "Hub Plan Becomes Hollow Slogan". The Korea Times. 18 July 2007. Archived from the original on 19 September 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  58. "Seoul Ranked Outside Top 50 Financial Hubs". The Korea Times. 29 February 2008. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  59. "Korea Faces Uphill Battle to Become Financial Hub". The Korea Times. 13 June 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  60. "Business Pros Rip Seoul's 'Asian Hub' Plan". The Chosun Ilbo. 12 June 2003. Archived from the original on 24 September 2004. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  61. "Just What are the Incentives to Investing in Korea?". The Chosun Ilbo. 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  62. Fackler, Martin (18 December 2007). "Home Prices in South Korea Stalling at a High Point". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  63. "320,000 Apartments Planned for Initial Sales Next Year". News.mk.co.kr. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  64. 평택미군기지이전.
  65. 한미 FTA 협상 공식 선언 Naver.com, YTN 3 February 2006
  66. "Roh reacts with shock, concern for Koreans in US after massacre". 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012.
  67. "South Korea Concerned Over U.S. Killings". The 'Peace & Freedom' Web Site. 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  68. "Statements of Condolences by President Roh Moo-hyun of Korea (Virginia Tech Massacre)". US Asian Wire, Incorporated. 17 April 2007.
  69. "Ex-U.S. defense chief calls Roh 'crazy'". The Korea Herald. 15 January 2014.
  70. "Gates: America Prevented A 'Very Dangerous Crisis' In Korea In 2010". Business Insider. 14 January 2014.
  71. "Roh gov't proposed defining Japan as 'hypothetical enemy". The Dong-A Ilbo. 3 July 2012.
  72. 정부, SCM에서 '일본 가상적국' 표기 요구 논란 확산 [Government's demand at SCM "Define Japan as a hypothetical enemy" prompts controversy] (in Korean). heraldbiz.com. 18 October 2006.
  73. 한일 관계에 대한 특별담화문. President of South Korea press. 25 April 2006. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006.
  74. 権, 景福 (18 March 2005). 韓日首脳の衝突 発端は小泉首相の「国内向け」発言 (in Japanese). The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007.
  75. ^ Choe Sang-hun (10 April 2008). "Out of Office and into a Fishbowl in South Korea". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  76. "Roh's Brother to Be Questioned Over Bribery". The Chosun Ilbo. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  77. "Prosecutors Seek 5-Year Sentence for Roh's Brother". The Chosun Ilbo. 28 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  78. "Roh's Former Aide Detained Over Corruption Probe". The Korea Times. 7 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  79. Prosecution widens corruption probe involving Roh's family
  80. "Roh Moo-Hyun". The Economist. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  81. "Roh Admits Wife Took Money from Wealthy Supporter". The Chosun Ilbo. 8 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  82. "Roh Moo-hyun apologizes for his wife's implication in the Park Yeon-cha bribery scandal" (in Korean). The Hankyoreh. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  83. "Roh's son faces questions in bribery probe". United Press International. 11 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  84. "Former President Roh investigated of bribery only 14 months after his term's conclusion" (in Korean). The Hankyoreh. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  85. "Roh remains silent on bribe question". United Press International. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  86. Park, Sungha (8 April 2009). "South Korean Scandal Takes New Twist". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  87. 고 강금원 창신섬유 회장의 '마지막 인터뷰'. 12 August 2012.
  88. Herskovitz, Jon (30 April 2009). "The Bitter End for South Korea's Leaders". Blogs.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  89. South Korea's "Mr. Clean" accused of graft Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  90. "President calls for higher quality of press and politics". Korea Newswire. 10 June 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  91. "Summons of Ex-President". The Korea Times. 29 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  92. "Prosecutors send Roh questionnaire". The Korea Herald. 23 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  93. Glionna, John M. (28 April 2009). "South Korea ex-leader to face prosecutors". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  94. "Ex-Pres. Roh MH Denies Bribery Charges". English.donga.com. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  95. "Roh chides prosecutors for lack of courtesy, refutes bribe charges-IN…". 9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  96. "Is Korea Land of Missing Leaders?". The Korea Times. 29 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  97. "Ex-President's Wife, Son Questioned". The Korea Times. 12 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  98. ^ "S Korea stunned by Roh's suicide". BBC News. 23 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  99. SUN RED (18 December 2015). 김대중 그리고 노무현. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  100. 제 16대 故 노무현 前 대통령 국민장 전체영상 (State Funeral of Roh Moo-Hyun archive footage full replay May 23–29, 2009. YouTube. MBC, Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation. 13 February 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  101. "Tens of thousands attend the funeral of former president Roh". AsiaNews.it. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  102. 봉하마을 6일간의 기록 (6 days of Bongha village's records). Yonhap News Agency (Yonhap News Korea). Yonhap News Agency. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  103. "Former PM Secretary Kim Dead in Apparent suicide". The Korea Times. 10 October 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  104. Busan Mayor's suicide Called 'Political Terror' Archived 10 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  105. South Jeolla Province Governor Commits suicide Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  106. "Roh Sued for Defaming Late Daewoo E&C CEO". The Korea Times. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  107. Executive's Body Found 11 Days After Han River suicide Archived 12 November 2004 at the Wayback Machine
  108. "Widow Calls for Roh's Apology Over Death". The Korea Times. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  109. "Mayor Commits suicide Ahead of Investigation". The Korea Times. 27 November 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  110. suicide rings a warning of election debts' high costs Archived 21 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  111. "Sorrow, anger as SKoreans mourn ex-president Roh". AP. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  112. "Koreans turn out in force for Roh". BBC News. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  113. "Police nab 72 after protests erupt following Roh rites-INSIDE Korea J…". 9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  114. "Conservative Professor Slams Lee Gov't". The Korea Times. 6 June 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  115. english@peopledaily.com.cn (1 June 2009). "S Korea's opposition party demands president's apology for ex-president's death". People's Daily. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  116. "Session overdue" (in Korean). Koreaherald.co.kr. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  117. "Prospects of Assembly Session Remain Cloudy". The Korea Times. 9 June 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  118. "President Accepts Top Prosecutor's Resignation". The Korea Times. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  119. 네이버 책 :: 네이버는 책을 사랑합니다. Book.naver.com. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  120. kj070809 (29 April 2010). 노무현......죽음으로 몰고간 정치보복 표적수사. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  121. 이명박의 정치보복이 노무현을 죽였다그의 자살은 '나로 끝내라'는 마지막 항거. OhmyNews. 25 May 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  122. OhmynewsTV (20 August 2015). 한명숙 "노무현으로 시작된 정치보복, 한명숙에서 끝나길". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  123. 실형 확정 한명숙, "노무현으로 시작된 정치보복 한명숙에서 끝나길 빈다". 20 August 2015.
  124. [사설] 처음부터 정치보복 냄새 진동했던 노무현 사건. 24 May 2009.
  125. 김근태 "노무현 수사 본질은 정치보복". 28 April 2009.
  126. "Roh Followers Create New Party". The Korea Times. 17 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  127. "Creating New Party". The Korea Times. 19 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  128. "New liberal party takes steps for political debut" (in Korean). Koreaherald.co.kr. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  129. 페이지를 찾을 수 없습니다.. Korean Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  130. 홍준표 "노무현 전 대통령 업적은 정치자금법 개정". 11 August 2011.
  131. 아이엠피터 (23 May 2016). 시민들이 모아준 12억,노무현은 눈물을 흘렸다아이엠피터 – 아이엠피터. theimpeter.com. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  132. 노무현의 가치, 진보의 미래「한국미래발전연구원」이 열어갑니다. Democracy2.kr. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  133. Hong (홍), Je-seong (제성) (17 September 2011). 노무현 "美, 북한 공정하게 안 대해" <위키>. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  134. Park (박), Su-jin (수진) (17 December 2011). 노무현 수사 이인규 "저승 가 노통에게 빚 갚으라 따질 것". The Hankyoreh (in Korean). Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  135. 울어버린 한명숙 "노무현은 죽음으로, 난…". Kyunghyang Shinmun. 15 January 2012.
  136. 일요신문. www.ilyo.co.kr. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  137. '보수논객' 이상돈 "노무현, 한 시대의 상징, 신화 됐다" – 오마이뉴스. OhmyNews. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  138. "George W. Bush honors former President Roh Moo-hyun in South Korea - UPI.com".
  139. Conran, Pierce. "THE ATTORNEY Climbs to 8th on All Time Chart". Korean Film Biz Zone. koreanfilm.or.kr. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  140. "The Best Selling Films of 2013". Koreanfilm.org. Retrieved 6 October 2014.

External links

National Assembly of the Republic of Korea
Preceded byPark Chan-jong
Kim Jung-kil 		Member of the National Assembly
from Dong District, Busan
1988–1992 		Succeeded byHur Sam-soo
Preceded byLee Myung-bak Member of the National Assembly
from Jongno District, Seoul
1998–2000 		Succeeded byChung In-bong
Park Jin
Political offices
Preceded byLee Hang-kyu Minister of Oceans and Fisheries
2000–2001 		Succeeded byChung Woo-taik
Preceded byKim Dae-jung President of South Korea
2003–2008
(Suspended) 12 March – 14 May 2004 		Succeeded byLee Myung-bak
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byRicardo Lagos Chairperson of APEC
2005 		Succeeded byNguyễn Minh Triết
Presidents of South Korea (List)
Provisional Governments (Pre-Union) (1919)Syngman Rhee (Seoul) • Syngman Rhee (Shanghai) • Yi Dong-nyeong (Shanghai) • Ahn Chang Ho (Shanghai) • Yi Dong-hwi (Shanghai) • Moon Chang-bum (Vladivostok)Presidential Standard of South Korea
Presidential Seal of South Korea
Provisional Government (1919–1948)Syngman Rhee‡ • Yi Dong-nyeong • Park Eun-sik • Lee Yu-pil • Yi Sang-ryong • Yang Gi-tak • Yi Dong-nyeong • Ahn Chang Ho • Yi Dong-nyeong • Hong Jin • Kim Ku • Yi Dong-nyeong • Song Byung-jo • Yi Dong-nyeong • Kim Ku • Syngman Rhee
First Republic (1948–1960)Syngman Rhee • Ho Chong
Second Republic (1960–1961)Kwak Sang-hoon • Ho Chong • Baek Nak-jun • Yun Po-sun
Military Junta (1961–1963)Park Chung Hee
Third Republic (1963–1972)Park Chung Hee
Fourth Republic (1972–1981)Park Chung Hee • Choi Kyu-hah • Park Choong-hoon • Chun Doo-hwan
Fifth Republic (1981–1988)Chun Doo-hwan
Sixth Republic (1988–present)Roh Tae-woo • Kim Young-sam • Kim Dae-jung • Roh Moo-hyun† • Goh Kun • Lee Myung-bak • Park Geun-hye‡ • Hwang Kyo-ahn • Moon Jae-in • Yoon Suk Yeol • Han Duck-soo
Italics indicate an acting president • † Impeached, but restored to office • ‡ Impeached and removed from office
Categories: