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Roman Dzongkha

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Romanization scheme for Dzongkha

Roman Dzongkha is the official romanization of Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan. It was developed by the Dzongkha Development Commission in 1991 and represents modern Dzongkha pronunciation as spoken in Thimphu and Punakha.

Consonants

Roman Dzongkha uses the following consonant symbols:

Consonants
Roman Dzongkha IPA Description
k Unaspirated k, like in English skill.
kh Aspirated k, like in English kiss.
g Like the g in English goal.
g° ~ Unaspirated k, but followed by a murmured vowel.
c Alveolar-palatal, unaspirated. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the ch in English churchyard.
ch Alveolar-palatal, aspirated. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the ch in English punchy.
j Alveolar-palatal, voiced. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the j in English jeep.
j° ~ Like c, but followed by a murmured vowel.
t Unaspirated t, like in English stop.
th Aspirated t, like in English take.
d Like the d in English date.
d° ~ Unaspirated t, but followed by a murmured vowel.
p Unaspirated p, like in English space.
ph Aspirated p, like in English part.
b Like the b in English boat.
b° ~ Unaspirated p, but followed by a murmured vowel.
pc A combination of p + c.
pch A combination of p + ch.
bj A combination of b + j.
bj° ~ Like pc, but followed by a murmured vowel.
tr
thr
dr
dr° ~
ts Unaspirated. Like the zz in English pizza.
tsh Aspirated. Like the ts in English bats.
dz Like the ds in English loads.
sh Alveolo-palatal, unaspirated. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the sh in English push.
zh
zh° ~
s Like the s in English snake.
z Like the z in English zipper.
z° ~ Like s, but followed by a murmured vowel.
y Like the y in English year.
w Like the w in English water.
r
hr
l Like the l in English lake.
lh
n Like the n in English name.
ng Like the ng in English song.
ny
m Like the m in English make.
h Like the h in English hat.
  • Consonants in green are always followed by a high tone vowel.
  • Consonants in purple are always followed by a low tone vowel.
  • Consonants in pink follow a low tone vowel by default, but can also be followed by a high tone vowel (see #Tones).

Vowels

Roman Dzongkha uses the following vowel symbols:

Vowels
Roman Dzongkha IPA Description
a Like the a in English father.
â Like the a in English father, but longer.
ä Like the e in English let, but longer.
e
ê
i Like the ee in English bee, but shorter.
î Like the ee in English bee.
o
ô
ö
u Like the oo in English boot, but shorter.
û Like the oo in English boot.
ü Like the u in French tu, but longer.

Note: vowels are always long before ng, so â, ê, î and û do not occur in that position.

Tones

Standard Dzongkha is a tonal language with two tones. As mentioned in #Consonants, certain consonants are always followed by either a high or low tone, making the tone predictable for words starting with those consonants. In Roman Dzongkha, tone is only indicated when it is unpredictable, that is, when a word starts with a vowel, voiced nasal or a glide.

Examples

Tibetan Script Wylie Roman Dzongkha Meaning Notes
ས་ཁྲ་ sa khra sapthra map In Roman Dzongkha, p sometimes appears at the end of a syllable, even though it is not present in Tibetan script.
འཆར་གཞི་ 'char gzhi charzhi governmental Syllable-final r only occurs in literary words and names borrowed from Classical Tibetan. It's always dropped in native Dzongkha words.
ལྟོ་ཚང་ lto tshang totsha friend Syllable-final ng is sometimes dropped in Roman Dzongkha. This is not predictable.
བལྟ་ཤིག་ blta shig tash look (imperative) Syllable-final sh corresponds to the particle ཤིག​ shig in Tibetan script.

The lyrics to the national anthem of Bhutan (Druk Tsenden):

Dzongkha original Roman Dzongkha IPA Official English translation

འབྲུག་ཙན་དན་བཀོད་པའི་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ནང་༎
དཔལ་ལུགས་གཉིས་བསྟན་སྲིད་𝄆སྐྱོང་བའི་མགོན་𝄇༎
འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་པོ་མངའ་བདག་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་༎
སྐུ་འགྱུར་མེད་བརྟན་ཅིང་𝄆ཆབ་སྲིད་འཕེལ་𝄇༎
ཆོས་སངས་རྒྱས་བསྟན་པ་དར་ཞིང་རྒྱས་༎
འབངས་བདེ་སྐྱིད་ཉི་མ་𝄆ཤར་བར་ཤོག་𝄇༎

Dru tsend°en kepä gäkhap na
Pä lu’nyi tensi 𝄆 kyongwä gin 𝄇
Dru gäpo ’ngada rinpoche
Ku gyûme tencing 𝄆 chap si phe 𝄇
Chö sanggä tenpa dâzh°ing gä
Bang deki nyima 𝄆 shâwâsho. 𝄇






In the Kingdom of Bhutan adorned with cypress trees,
The Protector who reigns over the realm of spiritual and secular traditions,
He is the King of Bhutan, the precious sovereign.
May His being remain unchanging, and the Kingdom prosper,
May the teachings of the Enlightened One flourish,
May the sun of peace and happiness shine over all people.

See also

Notes

  1. See Help:IPA and Dzongkha § Phonology.

References

  1. van Driem, George (1991). Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization (PDF). Thimphu, Bhutan: Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23.
  2. van Driem, George (1991). Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization (PDF). Thimphu, Bhutan: Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23.
  3. van Driem, George (1991). Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization (PDF). Thimphu, Bhutan: Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC). p. 64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23.
  4. Driem, George van (1992). The Grammar of Dzongkha. Thimphu, Bhutan: Dzongkha Development Commission of the Royal Government of Bhutan.
  5. "Bhutan: The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2018-10-27.
  6. "National Anthem". Bhutan Portal. Government of Bhutan. Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
  7. "Constitution of Bhutan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
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