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Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
Rosalyn Yalow (1977)
Born	Rosalyn Sussman (1921-07-19)July 19, 1921 New York City, U.S.
Died	May 30, 2011(2011-05-30) (aged 89) New York City, U.S.
Alma mater	Hunter College University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Known for	Radioimmunoassay
Spouse(s)	A. Aaron Yalow (m. 1943; 2 children; d. 1992)
Awards	1972 Dickson Prize 1975 AMA Scientific Achievement Award 1976 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979 President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service 1988 National Medal of Science
Scientific career
Fields	Medical physics
Institutions	Bronx Veteran's Administration Hospital

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (July 19, 1921 – May 30, 2011) was an American medical physicist, and a co-winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally) for development of the radioimmunoassay technique. She was the second woman (after Gerty Cori), and the first American-born woman, to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Biography

Childhood

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow was born in the Bronx, New York, the daughter of Clara (née Zipper) and Simon Sussman, and was raised in a Jewish household. She went to Walton High School (Bronx), New York City. After high school, she attended the all-female, tuition-free Hunter College, where her mother hoped she would learn to become a teacher. Instead, Yalow decided to study physics.

I was excited about achieving a career in physics. My family, being more practical, thought the most desirable position for me would be as an elementary school teacher.

College

Yalow knew how to type, and was able to get a part-time position as a secretary to Dr. Rudolf Schoenheimer, a leading biochemist at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons. She did not believe that any respectable graduate school would admit and financially support a woman, so she took another job as a secretary to Dr. Michael Heidelberger, another biochemist at Columbia, who hired her on the condition that she studied stenography. She graduated from Hunter College in January 1941.

A few years later, she received an offer to be a teaching assistant in physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She received this offer partially because World War II had just begun and many men went off to fight, and the University opted to offer women education and jobs to avoid being shut down. At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, she was the only woman among the department's 400 members, and the first since 1917. Yalow earned her PhD in 1945. The next summer, she took two tuition-free physics courses under government auspices at New York University.

Marriage and children

She married fellow student Aaron Yalow, the son of a rabbi, in June 1943. They had two children, Benjamin and Elanna Yalow, and kept a kosher home. Yalow did not believe in "balancing her career with her home life" and instead incorporated her home life wherever she could in her work life. However, she viewed the traditional roles of a homemaker as a priority, and devoted herself to traditional duties associated with motherhood and being a wife. Throughout her career, she tended to shun feminist organizations, but still advocated for including more women in science. While she believed the reason she had certain opportunities in physics was because of the war, she thought that the reason that the number of women in this field decreased after the war was due to a lack of interest. Yalow saw the feminist movement as a challenge to her traditional beliefs and thought that it encouraged women not to fulfill their duties to become mothers and wives.

Scientific career

The month after graduating from Hunter College in January 1941, Rosalyn Sussman Yalow was offered a position as a teaching assistant in the physics department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Gaining acceptance to the physics graduate program in the college of engineering at the University of Illinois was one of the many hurdles she had to overcome as a woman in her field. Powerful male figures controlled opportunities for training, recognition, promotion, and many aspects of development in the field of science, and especially physics.

When Yalow entered the university in September 1941, she was the only woman in the faculty, which comprised 400 professors and teaching assistants. She was the first woman since 1917 to attend or teach at this engineering college. Yalow credited her position at the prestigious graduate school to the shortage of male candidates during World War II. Being surrounded by gifted men made her aware of a wider world in science. They recognized her talent, they encouraged her, and they supported her. They were in a position to help her succeed.

Yalow felt that other women in her field did not like her because of her ambition. Other women saw her curiosity as abandoning the only acceptable path for a woman in science at the time, becoming a high school science teacher, but Yalow wanted to be a physicist. During her time at the University of Illinois, she took extra undergraduate courses to increase her knowledge because she wanted to do original experimental research in addition to her regular teaching duties.

For years Yalow faced criticism from women at work but she never quit nor turned her back on other young women, if she believed they had the potential to become real scientists. She never became an advocate for women's organizations in the field of science. She was even quoted as saying, "It bothers me that there are now organizations for women in science, which means they think they have to be treated differently from the men. I don't approve." Although girls and young women found a role model in her after she won her Nobel, Yalow was not a champion for improving women's treatment or representation in science.

Yalow's first job after teaching and taking classes at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana graduate school was as an assistant electrical engineer at Federal Telecommunications Laboratory. She again found herself to be the only woman employee. In 1946, she returned to Hunter College to teach physics and consequently influenced many women, most notably a young Mildred Dresselhaus: Yalow was responsible for steering the future "Queen of Carbon Science" away from primary school teaching and into a research career. She remained a physics lecturer from 1946 to 1950, although by 1947, she began her long association with the Veterans Administration by becoming a consultant to the Bronx Veteran's Administration Hospital.

The Veteran's Administration wanted to establish research programs to explore medical uses of radioactive substances. By 1950, Yalow had equipped a radioisotope laboratory at the Bronx VA Hospital and decided to leave teaching to finally devote her attention to full-time research. There she collaborated with Solomon Berson to develop radioimmunoassay, a radioisotope tracing technique that allows the measurement of tiny quantities of various biological substances in human blood as well as a multitude of other aqueous fluids. Originally used to study insulin levels in diabetes mellitus, the technique has since been applied to hundreds of other substances – including hormones, vitamins and enzymes – all which had been present in quantities or concentrations that were previously too small to detect. Without the contributions of Yalow to the work of accurate hormone measurement, it was impossible to diagnose various hormone-related conditions and endocrine diseases like type 1 diabetes.

Despite its huge commercial potential, Yalow and Berson refused to patent the method. In 1968, Yalow was appointed as a research professor in the department of medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, where she later became the Solomon Berson Distinguished Professor at Large. Yalow also had a passion for the next generation of researchers. She acted as a mentor figure to scientists from around the world, many of whom came to share her passion for investigative endocrinology research. One of her students, John Eng, later used her radioimmunoassay technique in 1992 to discover a novel substance in Gila monster venom which he called exendin-4. Exenatide, a drug based on a synthetic version of exendin-4, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2005. It was the first of the GLP-1 receptor agonist drugs which became enormously popular in the 2020s for diabetes management and weight loss. Another mentee, Dr. Narayana Panicker Kochupillai, went on to become a leading endocrinology researcher in India, studying thyroid hormones and iodine deficiency. In these ways, Yalow's legacy in endocrinology was carried on. A fitting title for Rosalyn Yalow may well be "the Mother of Endocrinology."

Awards

Yalow was awarded a Fulbright fellowship to Portugal, which is an American scholarship program of competitive, merit-based grants that sponsor participants for exchanges in all areas of endeavor, including the sciences, business, academe, public service, government, and the arts.

In 1961, Yalow won the Eli Lilly Award of the American Diabetes Association, which provides scholarships for up to 100 scholars to attend Scientific Sessions, the world's largest scientific and medical conference focused on diabetes and its complications. Additionally, it provides the education and training for these scholars to serve as faculty for professional education programs and to clinically manage the disease.

A year later, she was awarded the Gairdner Foundation International Award, which recognizes the world's most creative and accomplished biomedical scientists who are advancing humanity.

The same year, Yalow was awarded the American College of Physicians Award, which recognizes excellence and distinguished contributions by individuals to internal medicine.

In 1972, Yalow was awarded the William S. Middleton Award for Excellence in Research, which is the highest honor awarded annually by the Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development Service to senior biomedical research scientists in recognition of their outstanding scientific contributions and achievements, pertaining to the healthcare of veterans.

Also in 1972, she was given the Koch Award of the Endocrine Society, which awards individuals for their dedication to excellence in research, education and clinical practice in the field of endocrinology.

In 1975, Yalow and Berson (who had died in 1972) were awarded the American Medical Association Scientific Achievement Award, which is a gold medallion award presented to individuals on special occasions in recognition of their outstanding work in scientific achievement.

The following year she became the first female recipient and first nuclear physicist of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. Established by Albert and Mary Lasker in 1945, the award is intended to celebrate scientists who have made fundamental biological discoveries and clinical advances that improve human health.

In 1977, Yalow was the sixth individual woman (seventh overall, considering Marie Curie's two wins), and first American-born woman, to win the Nobel Prize in a scientific field. She was also the second woman in the world to win in the physiology or medicine category (the first was Gerty Cori). Yalow was honored for her role in devising the radioimmunoassay technique, along with Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally for their research in another field. By measuring substances in the human body, the screening of the blood of donors for such diseases as hepatitis was made possible. Radioimmunoassay can be used to measure a multitude of substances found in tiny quantities in fluids within and outside of organisms (such as viruses, drugs and hormones). The list of substances is endless, but specifically, it allowed blood donations to be screened for various types of hepatitis. The technique can also be used to identify hormone-related health problems. Further, it can be used to detect in the blood many foreign substances including some cancers. Finally, the technique can be used to measure the effectiveness of dose levels of antibiotics and drugs.

In 1977, Yalow received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

In 1978, Yalow was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, which provides an opportunity for an early-career professional with training in science or engineering to learn about a career in public policy and administration.

In 1986, Yalow was awarded the A. Cressy Morrison Award in Natural Sciences of the New York Academy of Sciences, which is offered by Mr. Abraham Cressy Morrison to individuals with superlative papers on a scientific subject within the field of The New York Academy of Sciences and its Affiliated Societies.

In 1988, Yalow received the National Medal of Science, which is given to American individuals who deserve the highest honor in science and technology.

In 1993, Yalow was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Death

Yalow died May 30, 2011, in the Bronx, New York. She was predeceased by her husband, and survived by two children, Benjamin and Elanna, and two grandchildren.

See also

• List of female Nobel laureates
• List of Jewish Nobel laureates
• Timeline of women in science

References

1. Glick, S. (2011). "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011) The second woman to win the Nobel prize in medicine". Nature. 474 (7353): 580. doi:10.1038/474580a. PMID 21720355.
2. Obituary in The Telegraph
3. ^ Bonolis, Luisa. "Research Profile – Rosalyn Yalow". Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
4. ^ Yalow, Rosalyn (1977). "Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
5. ^ Straus, Eugene (1999). Rosalyn Yalow, Nobel Laureate: Her Life and Work in Medicine. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0738202631.
6. ^ Kahn, C. Ronald; Roth, Jesse (2012). "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (3): 669–670. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109..669K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1120470109. JSTOR 23077082. PMC 3271914.
7. ^ Anderson, Rebecca J. (September 2017). "Breaking Barriers: The Life and Work of Rosalyn Yalow" (PDF). The Pharmacologist. 59 (3): 152–163.
8. ^ "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow". World of Microbiology and Immunology. 2003.
9. Harrod, Jordan (13 May 2019). "Meet Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, the first American-born woman to win a Nobel Prize, who let doctors see into your blood". Massive Science. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
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11. Anderson, Mark (April 28, 2015). "Mildred Dresselhaus: The Queen of Carbon". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
12. ^ Howes, Ruth H. (October 2011). "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011)". Physics & Society. 40 (4).
13. ^ Unnikrishnan (2011). "The Other Insulin Story of 1921". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 15 (3): 147–148. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.83394. PMC 3156531. PMID 21897888.
14. ^ Schwarcz J (May 26, 2023). "The Right Chemistry: How the Gila monster assisted weight-loss research". The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
15. "US Fulbright Program - Fulbright U.S. Student Program". us.fulbrightonline.org. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
16. Virginia Alexandria, "Lilly Announce New Scholars Program for 74th Annual Scientific Sessions," American Diabetes Association, last modified January 24, 2014, accessed May 16, 2018, http://www.diabetes.org/newsroom/press-releases/2014/scholars-awards.html Archived 2019-03-29 at the Wayback Machine.
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36. Gellene, Denise (June 2, 2011). "Rosalyn S. Yalow, Nobel Medical Physicist, Dies at 89". The New York Times. p. B18. Retrieved October 8, 2020.

Further reading

• Goldsmith, S J (1987), "Georg de Hevesy Nuclear Medicine Pioneer Award Citation--1986. Rosalyn S. Yalow and Solomon A. Berson", J. Nucl. Med., vol. 28, no. 10 (published Oct 1987), pp. 1637–9, PMID 3309206
• Kyle, Robert A; Shampo, Marc A (2002), "Rosalyn Yalow--pioneer in nuclear medicine", Mayo Clin. Proc., vol. 77, no. 1 (published Jan 2002), p. 4, doi:10.4065/77.1.4, PMID 11794457
• Opfell, Olga S (1978). The Lady Laureates : Women Who Have Won the Nobel Prize. Metuchen, N.J & London: Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 224–233. ISBN 978-0810811614.
• "Festschrift for Rosalyn S. Yalow: hormones, metabolism, and society", Mt. Sinai J. Med., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 95–185, 1992, PMID 1574076
• Patton, Dennis D (2002), "Three Nobelists who paved the way", J. Nucl. Med., vol. 43, no. 3 (published Mar 2002), pp. 25N–28N, PMID 11911104
• Raju, T N (1999), "The Nobel chronicles. 1977: Roger Charles Louis Guillemin (b 1924); Andrew Victor Schally (b 1926); Rosalyn S Yalow (b 1921)", Lancet, vol. 354, no. 9188 (published Oct 23, 1999), p. 1481, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77628-5, PMID 10543707, S2CID 54365773
• "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 awarded to Veterans Administration senoior investigators", American Journal of Physical Medicine, vol. 57, no. 1 (published Feb 1978), pp. 44–5, 1978, PMID 345822
• Schwartz, I L (1973), "Solomon A. Berson and Rosalyn S. Yalow: a scientific appreciation", Mt. Sinai J. Med., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 284–94, PMID 4351488
• Straus, E W (1992), "Festschrift for Rosalyn S. Yalow: Hormones, metabolism, and society", Mt. Sinai J. Med., vol. 59, no. 2 (published Mar 1992), pp. 95–100, PMID 1574075
• Yanaihara, N (1978), "1977 Nobel Prize winners in medicine and physiology", Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 232–6, PMID 349610
• Yalow, R S (1992), "The Nobel lectures in immunology. The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, 1977 awarded to Rosalyn S. Yalow", Scand. J. Immunol., vol. 35, no. 1 (published Jan 1992), pp. 1–23, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02829.x, PMID 1734492, S2CID 222201808
• Yalow, R S; Berson, S A (1996), "Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man. 1960", Obes. Res., vol. 4, no. 6 (published Nov 1996), pp. 583–600, doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1996.tb00274.x, PMID 8946445
• Haber, Louis (1979). Women Pioneers of Science. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 9780152992026.

External links

• Rosalyn Sussman Yalow on Nobelprize.org
• Rosalyn Yalow: Assaying the unknown
• Episode 9: Rosalyn Sussman Yalow from Babes of Science podcasts

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1901–1925	1901: Emil Behring 1902: Ronald Ross 1903: Niels Finsen 1904: Ivan Pavlov 1905: Robert Koch 1906: Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1907: Alphonse Laveran 1908: Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich 1909: Emil Kocher 1910: Albrecht Kossel 1911: Allvar Gullstrand 1912: Alexis Carrel 1913: Charles Richet 1914: Róbert Bárány 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919: Jules Bordet 1920: August Krogh 1921 1922: Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof 1923: Frederick Banting / John Macleod 1924: Willem Einthoven 1925
1926–1950	1926: Johannes Fibiger 1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg 1928: Charles Nicolle 1929: Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins 1930: Karl Landsteiner 1931: Otto Warburg 1932: Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian 1933: Thomas Morgan 1934: George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy 1935: Hans Spemann 1936: Henry Dale / Otto Loewi 1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi 1938: Corneille Heymans 1939: Gerhard Domagk 1940 1941 1942 1943: Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy 1944: Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser 1945: Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey 1946: Hermann Muller 1947: Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay 1948: Paul Müller 1949: Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz 1950: Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench
1951–1975	1951: Max Theiler 1952: Selman Waksman 1953: Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann 1954: John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins 1955: Hugo Theorell 1956: André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards 1957: Daniel Bovet 1958: George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg 1959: Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg 1960: Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar 1961: Georg von Békésy 1962: Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins 1963: John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley 1964: Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen 1965: François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod 1966: Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins 1967: Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald 1968: Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg 1969: Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria 1970: Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod 1971: Earl Sutherland Jr. 1972: Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter 1973: Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen 1974: Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade 1975: David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin
1976–2000	1976: Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek 1977: Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow 1978: Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith 1979: Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield 1980: Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell 1981: Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel 1982: Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane 1983: Barbara McClintock 1984: Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein 1985: Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein 1986: Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini 1987: Susumu Tonegawa 1988: James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings 1989: J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus 1990: Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas 1991: Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann 1992: Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs 1993: Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp 1994: Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell 1995: Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus 1996: Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel 1997: Stanley B. Prusiner 1998: Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad 1999: Günter Blobel 2000: Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel
2001–present	2001: Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse 2002: Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston 2003: Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield 2004: Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck 2005: Barry Marshall / Robin Warren 2006: Andrew Fire / Craig Mello 2007: Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies 2008: Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi 2009: Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak 2010: Robert G. Edwards 2011: Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (posthumously) 2012: John Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka 2013: James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof 2014: John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser 2015: William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou 2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi 2017: Jeffrey C. Hall / Michael Rosbash / Michael W. Young 2018: James P. Allison / Tasuku Honjo 2019: Gregg L. Semenza / Peter J. Ratcliffe / William Kaelin Jr. 2020: Harvey J. Alter / Michael Houghton / Charles M. Rice 2021: David Julius / Ardem Patapoutian 2022: Svante Pääbo 2023: Katalin Karikó / Drew Weissman 2024: Victor Ambros / Gary Ruvkun

• 1921 births
• 2011 deaths
• Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
• American Nobel laureates
• Women Nobel laureates
• American biophysicists
• American medical physicists
• American women physicists
• Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
• National Medal of Science laureates
• Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
• Columbia University staff
• Hunter College alumni
• New York University alumni
• Grainger College of Engineering alumni
• Jewish American physicists
• Jewish women scientists
• 20th-century American physicists
• 20th-century American women scientists
• Founding members of the World Cultural Council
• Scientists from the Bronx
• Recipients of the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service
• Graduate Women in Science members