Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid

(Redirected from Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid) Cultural property in Madrid, Spain

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Royal Botanical Garden
Real Jardín Botánico
The Murillo Gate, the entrance to the Royal Botanical Garden

Type	Botanical Garden
Coordinates	40°24′40″N 3°41′30″W / 40.41111°N 3.69167°W / 40.41111; -3.69167
Area	8 hectares (20 acres)
Created	17 October 1755
Managed by	Spanish National Research Council

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria	Cultural: (ii), (iv), (vi)
Designated	2021 (44th session)
Part of	Paseo del Prado and Buen Retiro, a landscape of Arts and Sciences
Reference no.	1618
Region	Europe and North America

Spanish Cultural Heritage
Type	Non-movable
Criteria	Historic Garden
Designated	14 October 1942
Reference no.	RI-52-0000019

Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (Spanish for "Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid") is an 8 hectares (20 acres) botanical garden in Madrid (Spain). The public entrance is located at Plaza de Murillo, next to the Prado Museum.

History

The garden was founded on October 17, 1755, by King Ferdinand VI, and installed in the Orchard of Migas Calientes, near what today is called Puerta de Hierro, on the banks of the Manzanares River. It contained more than 2,000 plants collected by José Quer y Martínez, botanist and surgeon.

In 1774 King Charles III ordered the garden moved to its current location on the Paseo del Prado. This new site opened in 1781. Inside an area defined by wrought iron fencing, the design by architects Francesco Sabatini and Juan de Villanueva organized the garden into three tiered terraces, arranging plants according to the method of Linnaeus. Its mission was not only to exhibit plants, but also to teach botany, promote expeditions for the discovery of new plant species and classify them. There was a particular interest in the botany of Spain's colonial possessions. The garden was greatly augmented by a collection of 10,000 plants brought to Spain by Alessandro Malaspina in 1794.

The Spanish War of Independence in 1808 caused the garden to be abandoned, but in 1857 director Mariano de la Paz Graells y de la Agüera revived it with a new greenhouse and refurbishment of the upper terrace. Under his leadership a zoo was created in the garden, but subsequently relocated to the Parque del Buen Retiro. Between 1880 and 1890 the garden suffered heavy losses, first losing 2 hectares (4.9 acres) to the Ministry of Agriculture in 1882, then losing 564 trees in 1886 to a cyclone.

Since 1939 the garden has been dependent on the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC).

Conservation and access

In 1942 the garden was given the heritage listing Artistic Garden. In 1974, after decades of hardship and neglect, the garden was closed to the public for restoration work to its original plan. It reopened in 1981. In the 21st century it became part of a World Heritage Site, "Paseo del Prado and Buen Retiro, a landscape of Arts and Sciences".

Today's garden

Today's garden is divided into seven major outdoor sections and five greenhouses which allow the cultivation of species which are not suited to Madrid's Continental Mediterranean climate. Total collections include about 90,000 plants and flowers, and 1,500 trees.

Terraza de los Cuadros – collections of ornamental plants, medicinal, aromatic, endemic and orchard gathered around a small fountain. All are planted in box-edged plots. At its southwestern end is a Japanese garden.
Terraza de las Escuelas Botánicas – a taxonomic collection of plants, ordered phylogenetically and set within plots about 12 small fountains.
Terraza del Plano de la Flor – a diverse collection of trees and shrubs, as designed in the mid-nineteenth century in the romantic English style. It contains the Villanueva Pavilion, built in 1781 as a greenhouse, and a pond with bust of Carl Linnaeus.

The garden's two greenhouses are divided into four rooms. The Graëlls greenhouse dates from the nineteenth century and exhibits tropical plants and bryophytes. The newer structure supports three climates: tropical, temperate, and desert.

Herbarium

The herbarium is the largest in Spain and now contains over a million specimens from around the world. The oldest material consists of plants collected during scientific expeditions undertaken in the 18th and 19th centuries.

As of 2016, the online herbarium's databases contained detailed information about all the specimens in the algae, bryophyte, lichen and fungi collections.

Scientific publications

Annals of the Botanical Garden of Madrid: this is the magazine published by the Botanical Garden, which publishes papers on plant taxonomy and systematics and fungi and related fields such as biogeography, bioinformatics, conservation, ecophysiology, phylogeny, phylogeography, floral, functional morphology, nomenclature or plant relationships -animal, including works of synthesis and review. The magazine sends information about the new species published to be included in the databases W3TROPICOS (vascular plants, bryophytes), International Plant Names Index or Index Fungorum.
Flora Iberica: publication of taxonomic research on vascular plants that grow wild in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands that was published 20 volumes of a total of 21 in 2018.
Flora Iberica Mycologica: a serial and aperiodic publication with this generic title published, numbered consecutively, the monographic synthesis as they are being edited, without following a systematic order preset. The work is presented in two columns, with texts in Spanish and English. Bring identification keys, descriptions, distribution, commentary, and bibliographic information. Most species are accompanied by an illustration (ink drawings in black and white).
Ruizía (Monographs of the Royal Botanical Gardens): workbooks Flora Micológica Ibérica.
Flora Huayaquilensis is a large group of papers found by that detailed the expeditions of Juan José Tafalla Navascués [es], a Spaniard who was one of the first who traveled to South America and documenting the different plants with wonderful paintings and written descriptions. All of this work was in the archives and only published by Ecuadorian researcher Eduardo Estrella Aguirre after searching the Real Jardín Botánico in Madrid archives and finding the informaction that formed, Flora Huayaquilensis and finally the life work of Tafalla was published.

Photo gallery

One of the pages in Flora Huayaquilensis
Variedades de calabaza (Variety of cucurbita) in 2016

References

Fraguas, Rafael (August 2016). "Arqueologia bajo el Botanico". El País. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
"Herbarium". Real Jardin Botanico. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
http://www.lahora.com.ec/index.php/noticias/show/1101655266/-1/Morainville_y_Tafalla__tras_la_huella_de_la_quina.html#.U0dQk6h5MRF The Botanical Expedition of Juan Tafalla 1799-1808, Dr. Eduardo Estrella Aguirre published byafter searching the Real Jardín Botánico in Madrid archives]

External links

Official website (in English)
Añón, C., S. Castroviejo, A. Fernández Alba, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, Pabellón de Invernáculos, 1983.
Colmeiro y Penido, Miguel, Bosquejo histórico y estadístico del Jardín Botánico de Madrid, 1875.
El Jardín botánico de Madrid. Un paseo guiado / Botanic Garden of Madrid. A guided walk, Madrid, 2004.
El Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (1755–2005): Ciencia, Colección y Escuela, Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid, 2005.
Alessandro Malaspina, Andrew David, Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, The Malaspina Expedition, 1789-1794, Hakluyt Society, 2001.
Flora iberica, Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares In 2014 it published 18 volumes of a total of 21.

v t e National Museums of Spain
Prado National Museum (Madrid) Queen Sofía Art Center National Museum (Madrid) Thyssen-Bornemisza National Museum (Madrid)
Art	National Museum and Research Center of Altamira (Santillana del Mar) Museum of the Americas (Madrid) National Museum of Anthropology (Madrid) National Archaeological Museum (Madrid) National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology (Cartagena) The House of Architecture (Madrid) González Martí National Museum of Ceramics and Decorative Arts (Valencia) Cerralbo Museum (Madrid) Cervantes' House Museum (Valladolid) Museum of Garment - Ethnologic Heritage Research Center (Madrid) National Museum of Decorative Arts (Madrid) El Greco Museum (Toledo) Lázaro Galdiano Museum (Madrid) National Museum of Roman Art (Mérida) National Museum of Romanticism (Madrid) National Museum of Sculpture (Valladolid) Sephardic Museum (Toledo) Sorolla Museum (Madrid) National Museum of Theatre (Almagro)
Military	Museum of the Army (Toledo) Naval Museum (Madrid) Museum of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Madrid)
Science and technology	Royal Botanical Garden (Madrid) Geomineral Museum (Madrid) Museum of the Royal Mint (Madrid) National Museum of Natural Sciences (Madrid) Railway Museum (Madrid) Railway Museum of Catalonia (Vilanova i la Geltrú) National Museum of Science and Technology (La Coruña and Alcobendas)
State-owned museum in the same "Museums of Spain Network" but not styled "National Museum".

v t e Juan de Villanueva
Projects	Casita del Infante (1773) House of the Prince in El Escorial (1770s) House of the Prince in El Pardo (1780s) Royal Botanical Garden (1781) Prado Museum (1785) Royal Academy of History (1788) Oratory of the Caballero de Gracia (1789) Royal Observatory of Madrid (1790) Reconstruction of Plaza Mayor (1791)

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