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S.P.A.L.

Full name	Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor
Nickname(s)	I Biancazzurri (The White and Blues) Gli Estensi (The House of Este)
Founded	1907; 117 years ago (1907) as Circolo Ars et Labor 2005; 19 years ago (2005) (refounded) 2012; 12 years ago (2012) (refounded)
Ground	Stadio Paolo Mazza, Ferrara, Italy
Capacity	16,134
Owner	Tacollano Holdings LLC
Chairman	Joe Tacopina
Head coach	Andrea Dossena
League	Serie C Group B
2023–24	Serie C Group B, 11th of 20
Website	http://www.spalferrara.it/
Home colours Away colours
Current season

Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor, commonly referred to by the acronym SPAL (Italian pronunciation: [spal]), is a professional football club based in Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy. The team plays in Serie C, the third tier of the Italian football league system.

Founded in 1907, since 1928 they have played their home matches at Stadio Paolo Mazza, named after Paolo Mazza (chairman of the club 1946–1977).

In total, SPAL have participated in 24 top-tier, 28 second-tier, 43 third-tier, 7 fourth-tier and 1 fifth-tier league seasons. The club's best finish was when they came fifth in the 1959–60 Serie A; they also reached the 1961–62 Coppa Italia final.

The club is chaired by the American lawyer and businessman Joe Tacopina, the current manager is Andrea Dossena.

History

From foundation to World War II

The club was founded in March 1907 as Circolo Ars et Labor (Latin for Art and Work Club) by the Salesian priest Pietro Acerbis. In the early stages, it was mainly a cultural and religious association, then in 1913 it became a multi-sports company, taking the name of Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor (Latin for Sports Club Society of Art and Work) The team began its professional activity under the aegis of the Italian Football Federation (Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio) in 1919, competing in the second-tier tournament.

SPAL played in the top flight league from 1920 to 1925, reaching the qualification playoff for the National Finals in 1921–22. From 1925 until the Second World War, they played in Serie B and Serie C: in this period, the club's all-time top striker Mario Romani scored 130 goals in 189 games during two different periods with the white-blues (1925–32 and 1937–38).

Between 1939 and 1943 the club temporarily changed its name to Associazione Calcio Ferrara, wearing the black and white colours of the city. After the suspension of the championships due to war, in 1945 the club returned to the name SPAL and to the light blue and white kits.

The golden period in Serie A

In 1946 Paolo Mazza became chairman of the club. After five consecutive seasons in Serie B, SPAL won promotion to Serie A after finishing the championship first in 1950–51. The white-blues subsequently stayed in the top division for most of the 1950s and 1960s, competing in 16 out of 17 Serie A seasons from 1951 to 1968.

SPAL finished fifth in 1959–60, thus obtaining the best placement in its history. Also, in 1961–62 they played in the Coppa Italia final, losing against Napoli. In the early stages of 1962–63 season, in which the club finished in eighth place, the white and blues reached the top of the league table. During those years, the club was a launchpad for many young players, among them Fabio Capello.

In 1963–64 they were relegated to Serie B, but they came back to Serie A after only one year, and remained in the top division until 1968. At the end of the last season in the top flight, SPAL won the Cup of Italian-Swiss Friendship.

From 1970s to 21st century

During 1970s, 1980s and 1990s SPAL played mostly in Serie B and Serie C/C1.

Paolo Mazza quit the presidency in December 1976 and was replaced by Primo Mazzanti. The former chairman died in December 1981 and three months later Ferrara's Stadio Comunale was named after him.

In 1990, Giovanni Donigaglia became chairman of the club: between 1990 and 1992 SPAL obtained back-to-back promotions from Serie C2 to Serie B, under the management of Giovan Battista Fabbri. Donigaglia left the presidency in 2002 with the squad in Serie C1. He was replaced by Lino di Nardo.

Recent years

The club went bankrupt in 2005, and were reformed as SPAL 1907, under the terms of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. In the summer of 2012, after suffering a second bankruptcy, the club was refounded for the second time as Real SPAL and would begin life in Serie D under the same N.O.I.F. article.

At the end of the 2012–13 season the club took back its original name. Giacomense, a club founded in 1967 at Masi San Giacomo, a frazione of Masi Torello, had moved to the city of Ferrara; on 12 July 2013, owner Roberto Benasciutti made a deal with the Colombarini family for a merger between SPAL and Giacomense, with the latter giving its sports title to SPAL and continuing to play in Ferrara. The club initially adopted the name S.P.A.L. 2013, in order to continue the football history of the whiteblues, then they took back the original denomination of S.P.A.L.. Walter Mattioli became president, with Simone and Francesco Colombarini as main shareholders.

They finished the 2013–14 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season in sixth place, thus qualifying for the inaugural unified 2014–15 Lega Pro season. In 2015–16, the squad won promotion to Serie B for the first time since the 1992–93 season, after finishing first in group B of the Lega Pro. The following year they came first in Serie B, thus obtaining promotion to Serie A after a 49-year absence. In their first season back in Serie A, SPAL avoided relegation by finishing in 17th place. At the end of the 2018–19 season they confirmed their presence in the top flight for a third consecutive year, finishing 13th. The club had mixed fortunes in the 2019–20 season and, after gaining just 15 points in 23 games, coach Leonardo Semplici was dismissed in February 2020, replaced by Luigi Di Biagio. SPAL were relegated to Serie B, finishing in last place with 20 points. The club reached the 2020–21 Coppa Italia quarter-finals, becoming the only team from Serie B to advance to that stage in the competition.

In August 2021, the club was acquired by the American lawyer and businessman Joe Tacopina. Some media say that the real owners behind Mr. Tacopina are brothers Alessandro Bazzoni and Lorenzo Bazzoni, Italian businessmen presumed to be linked with the government of Nicolas Maduro. SPAL was relegated to Serie C at the end of the 2022–23 season. On January 25, 2024, Tacopina revealed the name of the new co-owner of the club, American broker and businessman Marcello Follano, with whom he founded a new parent company controlling SPAL, Tacollano Holdings LLC.

Colours, badge and nicknames

The team's colours are light blue and white, which derive from the Salesians' emblem. The home kit, since 1962, has been composed of a vertical striped light blue-white shirt, white trainers and white socks. The only exception to light blue and white was when the club adopted a black and white kit between 1939 and 1943 (when it was named A.C. Ferrara), in honour of Ferrara's civic colours.

The team's badge features an oval-shaped light blue escutcheon, with a white band in the upper section, on which is written the acronym S.P.A.L. in golden characters. Also, in the lower section, the black and white emblem of the city is featured. From 1980 until mid-1990s, the official badge featured a fawn, another symbol of the club.

SPAL's most common nicknames are Biancazzurri (from the club colours, light blue and white) and Estensi (from the House of Este, ancient European noble dynasty that ruled Ferrara from 1264 to 1598).

Stadium

• Campo di Piazza d'Armi (1919–28)
• Stadio Paolo Mazza (1928–)

The current home ground of SPAL is the 16,134 seater Stadio Paolo Mazza. The stadium was opened in September 1928 as Stadio Comunale, then took on its current name in February 1982, in honour of the former president of the club Paolo Mazza, who died two months earlier.

Initially it had a capacity of 4,000. Then, in concomitance with the promotion of SPAL to Serie A, in 1951 it was subjected to a heavy restructuring that brought capacity to 25,000. Between 1960s and 1980s it was renovated again, reducing the number of possible spectators to 22,000 until the mid-2000s.

From 2005 to 2016 the stadium capacity was limited to 7,500 due to safety reasons and cost containment. In 2016–17, after the club's promotion to Serie B and then to Serie A, the stadium was restructured again to match the modern needs of comfort and safety. In the summer of 2018 a further remodeling took place, in order to bring the total capacity from 13,135 seats to 16,134.

Sponsors

Kit sponsors

• 1981–86: Adidas
• 1986–87: Meyba
• 1987–89: Fitness
• 1989–91: WBS
• 1991–04: Asics
• 2004–05: Zeus
• 2005–09: Legea
• 2009–10: Asics
• 2010–12: Givova
• 2012–13: Legea
• 2013–16: Erreà
• 2016–17: HS Football
• 2017–24: Macron

Players

Current squad

As of 3 September 2024

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  ITA Riccardo Melgrati 3 DF  ITA Matteo Bruscagin 5 MF  NGA Theophilus Awua 6 DF  ITA Alessandro Fiordaliso 7 FW  ITA Mirco Antenucci (captain) 8 MF  MAR Omar El Kaddouri 9 FW  ISL Óttar Magnús Karlsson 10 MF  ITA Igor Radrezza 11 FW  ITA Emanuele Rao 12 GK  ITA Cesare Galeotti 13 DF  ITA Vincenzo Polito 14 MF  ITA Fabio Parravicini 16 DF  ITA Edoardo Sottini 17 DF  ITA Giuseppe Iglio 18 DF  FRA Jean-Claude Ntenda (on loan from Juventus) 19 DF  ITA Daniele Mignanelli

No. Pos. Nation Player 20 MF  ITA Roberto Zammarini 21 DF  ITA Matteo Bachini 22 GK  ITA Marco Meneghetti 23 DF  ITA Matteo Arena (vice-captain) 24 DF  ITA Filippo Saiani 26 DF  ITA Alessandro Bassoli 27 MF  ITA Alessandro Boccia 28 DF  ITA Luca Calapai 29 MF  TOG Steven Nador 30 FW  ITA Umberto Camelio 33 FW  ITA Ludovico D'Orazio 77 FW  MAR Soufiane Bidaoui 80 MF  LIE Marcel Büchel 82 MF  MDA Cristian Antonciuc 90 MF  CIV Ladji Mori Kane

Youth sector

SPAL Primavera players that received a first-team squad call-up during the current season.

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player 91 FW  GUI Oumar Conté 92 FW  ITA Leroy Cecchinato 93 FW  ITA Tommaso Angeletti

No. Pos. Nation Player 94 DF  ITA Alex Roda 95 FW  ITA Simone Tarolli

Out on loan

As of 3 September 2024

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player — GK  ITA Lorenzo Abati (at Ascoli) — GK  ITA Enrico Alfonso (at Virtus Verona) — GK  ITA Francesco Costantini (at Puteolana) — GK  ITA Luca Martelli (at Forlì) — GK  ITA Luca Romagnoli (at Treviso) — GK  SEN Demba Thiam (at Juve Stabia) — DF  AUT Philipp Breit (at Catanzaro) — DF  SEN Ibrahima Keita (at Termoli) — DF  ITA Federico Ribello (at Corticella) — DF  SVK Michal Svoboda (at Dukla Prague)

No. Pos. Nation Player — DF  ITA Riccardo Vesprini (at Reggina) — MF  ITA Andrea Carbone (at Siracusa) — MF  ITA Nicolò Contiliano (at Carpi) — MF  ITA Alessandro Murgia (at Hermannstadt) — MF  ITA Filippo Puletto (at Carpi) — FW  SUI Salah Aziz Binous (at Chieri) — FW  SEN Serigne Deme (at Sasso Marconi) — FW  ITA Andrea La Mantia (at Catanzaro) — FW  ITA Alessandro Orfei (at Union Clodiense)

Captains

Below a chronological list of SPAL captains since 1950.

Name	Years	Name	Years
Giovanni Emiliani	1950–53	Marcello Castoldi	1953–54
Edoardo Dal Pos	1954–59	Oscar Massei	1959–61
Sergio Cervato	1961–65	Oscar Massei	1965–68
Carlo Dell'Omodarme	1968–69	Enrico Cairoli	Jul. 1969–Oct. 1973
Lucio Mongardi	Oct. 1973–Jun. 1975	Sergio Reggiani	1975–76
Ottavio Bianchi	1976–77	Franco Pezzato	1977–79
Mauro Gibellini	1979–81	Rosario Rampanti	1981–82
Mirco Brilli	1982–83	Giuseppe De Gradi	1983–85
Elio Gustinetti	1985–86	Fabio Perinelli	1986–87
Arturo Vianello	1987–88	Massimo Pellegrini	1988–89
Francesco Cini	1989–90	Franco Fabbri	1990–91
Giuseppe Brescia	1991–93	Andrea Mangoni	1993–94
Giuseppe Brescia	1994–96	Eugenio Sgarbossa	1996–97
Fausto Pari	1997–98	Alfonso Greco	1998–99
Massimo Gadda	1999–00	Emanuele Cancellato	Jul. 2000–Jan. 2002
Cristian Servidei	Jan. 2002–Jun. 2002	Francesco Zanoncelli	2002–03
Manuel Milana	2003–06	David Sesa	2006–08
Luis Fernando Centi	Jul. 2008–Feb. 2009	Marco Zamboni	Feb. 2009–Jun. 2012
Davide Marchini	2012–13	Massimiliano Varricchio	2013–14
Nicolas Giani	2014–17	Luca Mora	Jul. 2017–Jan. 2018
Mirco Antenucci	Jan. 2018–Jun. 2019	Sergio Floccari	2019–21
Francesco Vicari	2021–22	Salvatore Esposito	Jul. 2022–Jan. 2023
Lorenzo Dickmann	Jan. 2023–Jul.2023	Mirco Antenucci	Jul. 2023–

Technical staff

Position	Staff
Head of technical staff	Alex Casella
Head coach	Andrea Dossena
Deputy head coach	Samuele Olivi
Technical assistant	Emanuele Dogliani
Technical assistant	Riccardo Leardi
Match analyst	Mario Enrico Braco
Goalkeeping coach	Massimo Di Pasquale
Fitness coach	Mauro Franzetti
Injury recovery	Carlo Oliani
Team manager	Alessio Cirulli
Head of medical staff	Fabrizio Aggio
Physiotherapist	Marcello Bertolani
Physiotherapist	Piero Bortolin
Physiotherapist	Daniele Zannini

Source:

Chairmen history

SPAL have had several presidents (chairmen) (Italian: presidenti, lit. 'presidents' or Italian: presidenti del consiglio di amministrazione, lit. 'chairmen of the board of directors') over the course of their history. Some of them have been the main shareholder of the club. The longest-serving is Paolo Mazza.

Name	Years	Name	Years
Don Pietro Acerbis	1907–11	Conte Buosi	1911–12
Aminta Gulinati	1912–15	Antonio Santini	1919–21
Enrico Bassani	1921–24	Gaetano Ridolfi	1924–27
Giannino Bonfiglioli	1927–28	On. Ferri	1928–31
Giuseppe Turbiani Carlo Osti	1931–32	Comm. Gandini	1932–33
Umberto Barbè Giulio Divisi	1933–34	Luigi Orsi	1934–35
Giovanni Argazzi	1935–36	Nino Fiorini	1936–37
Angelo Vissoli	1937–39	Annio Bignardi	1939–41
Augusto Caniato	1941–43	Edmondo Bucci	1945–46
Paolo Mazza	1946–77	Primo Mazzanti	1977–85
Giorgio Rossatti	1985–86	Francesco Nicolini	1986–89
Albersano Ravani	1989–90	Giovanni Donigaglia	1990–96
Vanni Guzzinati	1996–97	Giovanni Donigaglia	1997–02
Lino Di Nardo	2002–05	Gianfranco Tomasi	2005–08
Cesare Butelli	2008–12	Roberto Ranzani	2012–13
Walter Mattioli	2013–21	Joe Tacopina	2021–

Managerial history

SPAL have had many managers and head coaches throughout their history, below is a chronological list of them.

Name	Years	Name	Years
Carlo Marchiandi	1919–22	Armand Halmos	1922–23
Giuseppe Ticozzelli	1923–24	Walter Alt	1924–27
Carlo Osti Carlo Marchiandi	1927–28	Béla Károly	1928–29
György Hlavay	1929–31	Francesco Mattuteia Adolf Mora Murer	1931–32
Walter Alt	1933–34	Mihály Balacics	1934–35
György Hlavay Guido Testolina	1935–36	Paolo Mazza	1936–37
Euro Riparbelli	1937–39	Paolo Mazza	1939–42
Giorgio Armari Bruno Maini	1942–43	József Viola	Jul. 1945–Jun. 1946
Guido Testolina	Jul. 1946–Jun. 1947	Giuseppe Marchi	Jul. 1947–Jun. 1948
Bruno Vale	Jul. 1948–Jun. 1949	Antonio Janni	Jul. 1949–Jun. 1954
Bruno Biagini	Jul. 1954–Jun. 1955	Fioravante Baldi	Jul. 1955–Jun. 1956
Paolo Tabanelli	Jul. 1956–Jun. 1958	Fioravante Baldi	Jul. 1958–Apr. 1960
Serafino Montanari	Apr. 1960–Jun. 1960	Luigi Ferrero	Jul. 1960–Sep. 1961
Serafino Montanari	Sep. 1961–Apr. 1963	Aurelio Marchese	Apr. 1963–Jun. 1963
Giacomo Blason	Jul. 1963–Apr. 1964	Giovan Battista Fabbri	Apr. 1964–Nov. 1964
Francesco Petagna	Nov. 1964–Oct. 1968	Serafino Montanari	Oct. 1968–May 1969
Giovan Battista Fabbri	May 1969–Oct. 1969	Tito Corsi	Oct. 1969–Jun. 1970
Cesare Meucci	Jul. 1970–Jun. 1972	Eugenio Fantini	Jul. 1972–Oct. 1972
Mario Caciagli	Oct. 1972–Jan. 1975	Guido Capello	Jan. 1975–Jun. 1975
Francesco Petagna	Jul. 1975–Dec. 1975	Umberto Pinardi	Dec. 1975–Feb. 1976
Guido Capello	Feb. 1976–Nov. 1976	Giovanni Ballico	Nov. 1976–Dec. 1976
Ottavio Bugatti	Dec. 1976–Feb. 1977	Luis Suárez	Feb. 1977–Jun. 1977
Mario Caciagli	Jul. 1977–Jun. 1980	Battista Rota	Jul. 1980–Mar. 1982
Ugo Tomeazzi	Mar. 1982–Jun. 1982	Gaetano Salvemini	Jul. 1982–Dec. 1982
Giovanni Seghedoni	Dec. 1982–Jun. 1983	Giovanni Galeone	Jul. 1983–Oct. 1984
Giancarlo Danova	Oct. 1984–Dec. 1984	Giovanni Galeone	Dec. 1984–Jun. 1986
Ferruccio Mazzola	Jul. 1986–Jun. 1987	Giancarlo Cella	Jul. 1987–Nov. 1987
Giovan Battista Fabbri	Nov. 1987–Jun. 1988	Giorgio Veneri	Jul. 1988–Dec. 1988
Francesco Paolo Specchia	Dec. 1988–Jun. 1989	Luciano Magistrelli	Jul. 1989–Jan. 1990
Nello Santin	Jan. 1990–Jun. 1990	Paolo Lombardo	Jul. 1990–Feb. 1991
Giovan Battista Fabbri	Feb. 1991–Oct. 1992	Rino Marchesi	Oct. 1992–Apr. 1993
Giovan Battista Fabbri	Apr. 1993–Jun. 1993	Gian Cesare Discepoli	Jul. 1993–Jan. 1995
Vincenzo Guerini	Jan. 1995–Sep. 1995	Salvatore Bianchetti	Sep. 1995–Feb. 1997
Alfredo Magni	Feb. 1997–Jun. 1997	Gianni De Biasi	Jul. 1997–Jun. 1999
Giancarlo D'Astoli	Jul. 1999–Jun. 2000	Alessandro Scanziani	Jul. 2000–Nov. 2000
Mauro Melotti	Nov. 2000–Nov. 2001	Fabio Perinelli	Nov. 2001–Mar. 2002
Mauro Melotti	Mar. 2002–Jun. 2002	Walter De Vecchi	Jul. 2002–Oct. 2002
Giuliano Sonzogni	Oct. 2002–Oct. 2003	Gian Cesare Discepoli	Oct. 2003–Jun. 2004
Massimiliano Allegri	Jul. 2004–Jun. 2005	Paolo Beruatto	Jul. 2005–Feb. 2006
Walter Nicoletti	Feb. 2006–Jun. 2006	Leonardo Rossi	Jul. 2006–Jun. 2007
Francesco Buglio	Jul. 2007–Feb. 2008	Roberto Labardi	Feb. 2008
Angelo Alessio	Feb. 2008–Jun. 2008	Aldo Dolcetti	Jul. 2008–Nov. 2009
Egidio Notaristefano	Nov. 2009–Feb. 2011	Gian Marco Remondina	Feb. 2011–Jun. 2011
Stefano Vecchi	Jul. 2011–Jun. 2012	David Sassarini	Jul. 2012–Jun. 2013
Leonardo Rossi	Jul. 2013–Oct. 2013	Massimo Gadda	Oct. 2013–Jun. 2014
Oscar Brevi	Jul. 2014–Dec. 2014	Leonardo Semplici	Dec. 2014–Feb. 2020
Luigi Di Biagio	Feb. 2020–Aug. 2020	Pasquale Marino	Aug. 2020–Mar. 2021
Massimo Rastelli	Mar. 2021–Jun. 2021	Pep Clotet	Jul. 2021–Jan. 2022
Roberto Venturato	Jan. 2022–Oct. 2022	Daniele De Rossi	Oct. 2022–Feb. 2023
Massimo Oddo	Feb. 2023–Jun. 2023	Domenico Di Carlo	Jul. 2023–Oct. 2023
Leonardo Colucci	Oct. 2023–Feb. 2024	Domenico Di Carlo	Feb. 2024–Jun. 2024
Andrea Dossena	Jul. 2024–

Club records

League

Below is a table showing the participation of SPAL in the Italian football leagues.

Individual

Below is a table showing the recordmen of matches played and goals scored for SPAL in the Italian football leagues.

Honours

Below is a list of titles and cups won by SPAL throughout their history.

Domestic

League titles

• Serie B
  • Winners (2): 1950–51, 2016–17
• Serie C / Serie C1 / Lega Pro
  • Winners (5): 1937–38, 1972–73, 1977–78, 1991–92, 2015–16
  • Runners-up (5): 1941–42, 1942–43, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1995–96
• Serie C2
  • Winners (1): 1997–98
  • Runners-up (1): 1990–91

Cups

• Coppa Italia
  • Runners-up (1): 1961–62
• Coppa Italia Serie C
  • Winners (1): 1998–99
  • Runners-up (1): 1988–89
• Supercoppa di Serie C / Lega Pro
  • Winners (1): 2016

European

• Cup of Italian-Swiss Friendship
  • Winners (1): 1968

Youth

• Campionato Primavera Serie B
  • Winners (1): 1964–65
• Campionato De Martino Serie A
  • Winners (1): 1967–68
• Campionato Nazionale Under-18
  • Winners (2): 2021–22, 2022–23

References

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4. Orlandin, Alessandro (25 January 2024). "Il nome nuovo alla SPAL è quello dell'investitore statunitense Marcello Follano". lospallino.com (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2024.
5. "La storia della S.P.A.L." spalferrara.it (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2024.
6. Hooper, Alasdair (18 August 2017). "Who are SPAL? The incredible rise of Serie A's new boys as club prepare for first top-flight fixture since 1968". talkSPORT. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
7. Carraro, Franco (16 August 2005). "Comunicato Ufficiale Nº66/A (2005–06)" (PDF). Consiglio Federale (Press release) (in Italian). Rome: Italian Football Federation. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
8. "FIGC registers SPAL in Serie D". il Resto del Carlino (in Italian). 8 August 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
9. "First day in school for SPAL: It will return to his real level". estense.com (in Italian). 3 August 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
10. "SPAL promoted to Serie A". Football Italia. 13 May 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
11. "Serie A basement battle". football-italia.net.
12. "Spal: ufficiale l'esonero di Semplici, al suo posto Di Biagio". la repubblica.com (in Italian). 10 February 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
13. "Spal, una famiglia italiana 'top-secret' al fianco di Tacopina". estense.com (in Italian). 11 March 2022.
14. Ocando, Casto (16 May 2023). "De Londres a Dubai, de Zurich a México DF y Caracas: la red que movió millones de la corrupción de Pdvsa". Primer Informe (in Spanish).
15. "Serie B: Benevento and SPAL relegated". Football Italia. 13 May 2024.
16. Malaguti, Mauro (25 January 2024). "Spal, irrompe il finanziere del New Jersey". ilrestodelcarlino.it (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2024.
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18. "Gli Estensi". castelloestense.it (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2024.
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21. "Givova sponsor tecnico con alcune novità". lospallino.com (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2024.
22. "Accordo ufficiale con la Legea sponsor tecnico". lanuovaferrara.gelocal.it (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2024.
23. "Strisce strette e verde fluo, le maglie della SPAL 2015-2016". passionemaglie.it (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2024.
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29. ^ Malaguti, Mauro (2017). SPAL 110 (1907-2017). Storia critica, uomini e numeri della squadra dalla nascita al trionfale ritorno in serie A (in Italian). Gianni Marchesini Editore. ISBN 9788888225531.
30. ^ "Spal fra storia, presente e futuro: i protagonisti diventati immortali". lanuovaferrara.it (in Italian). 18 June 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
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32. ^ Piffanelli, Corrado (1991). La storia della SPAL (in Italian). Il Resto del Carlino. Retrieved 1 April 2024.

External links

• Official website

• SPAL
• Football clubs in Italy
• Football clubs in Emilia-Romagna
• Association football clubs established in 1907
• Italian football First Division clubs
• Serie A clubs
• Serie B clubs
• Serie C clubs
• Serie D clubs
• 1907 establishments in Italy
• Phoenix clubs (association football)
• 2005 establishments in Italy
• 2012 establishments in Italy
• Coppa Italia Serie C winning clubs