Misplaced Pages

St John's Island Pulau Sekijang Bendera
Island of Singapore
Flag
Location of St John's Island
Coordinates: 1°13′08″N 103°50′53″E / 1.21889°N 103.84806°E / 1.21889; 103.84806
Country	Singapore
British settlement founded in Singapore	1819
Singapore islands ceded to British	1824
Singapore sovereign over St John's Island	1959
Government
• Body	Government of Singapore
Area
• Total	0.41 km (0.16 sq mi)

Saint John's Island (Chinese: 圣约翰岛; pinyin: Shèngyuēhàndǎo Malay: Pulau Sekijang Bendera) also known as St John's is an island in the Straits of Singapore located 6.5 km off the southern coast of Singapore. With an area of 0.41 km (0.16 sq mi), it is the largest of the Marine Park islands which also include the Sisters' Islands and Pulau Tekukor. St John's was colonised by the British along with mainland Singapore in the 19th century and was the site of a colonial quarantine centre. In the 20th century, the island served as a detention centre, drug rehabilitation centre and refugee settlement. Singapore gained independence under the Government of Singapore in the mid-20th century and maintained sovereignty over St John's. In the present day, the island has doubled as grounds for recreational facilities and aquaculture research and development facilities.

The island is part of the Jurong Rock Formation and contains both tropical rainforest and coastal habitats, and is one of the wetlands of Singapore. It is populated by several nationally critically endangered species of plants and animals. Currently, the island has no permanent inhabitants.

Etymology

St John's Island was originally named Sekijang (also known as Sakijang), which combines two Malay words, si and kijang; si means either 'barking,' 'one' or 'roe'; kijang means 'deer'. According to a member of the Stamford Raffles British delegation, John Crawfurd, they had misinterpreted the island's local name as 'St John' during their attempt to establish a port in the neighboring island of Singapore in 1819.

St John's Island and the neighbouring Lazarus Island were once collectively known by the shared Malay name Sekijang and English name 'St John's'. In maps like the 1892 British Admiralty chart of Singapore Harbor, St John's and Lazarus Island were distinguished as West and East St John's, or St John's no. 2 and no. 1 respectively. In other maps like 1872 British Possessions In The Indian Seas, St John's was named 'Sikajang Island' and Lazarus Island was labelled 'St John's Island'. Eventually, St John's Island's Malay name became Sekijang Bendera, with the term Bendera meaning flag in Malay, which is attributed to a flagstaff that existed on the island from 1823 to 1833. East St John's was later officially renamed 'Lazarus Island', also known as 'Convalescent Island' after a beriberi hospital was built there in 1899. Lazarus Island is now known as Pulau Sekijang Pelepah in Malay, with pelepah meaning 'palm leaves'.

The original Chinese name of St John's is Qizhangshan (Chinese: 棋樟山; pinyin: Qízhāngshān), meaning Mount Qizhang, which refers to a hill at the centre of the island. It is a transliteration of sekijang. Its Chinese name was later officially replaced with a translation of its English name, 'St John's Island' (Chinese: 圣约翰岛; pinyin: Shèngyuēhàndǎo).

History

Early colonial history

On 28 January 1819, a delegation led by colonial official Sir Stamford Raffles anchored off St John's, a day before they arrived at mainland Singapore to establish a British trading port. After the port was established that year, a signal station was constructed on St John's Island, along with a signal flagstaff. The signal station informed passing ships in the Straits of Singapore of the new port. It was also tasked to operate the flagstaff to report ship sightings to the signal post on Government Hill in mainland Singapore.

By 1830, the facilities on St John's Island, including the flagstaff, were reported by the officer in charge of public works to be in a dilapidated state. They were not repaired because the government did not plan to continue the St John's signal station. The flagstaff on St John's was moved to Mount Faber in 1833. Visitors to the island in subsequent years such as naturalist George Bennett and Dr Robert Little found it to be virtually abandoned, with only one Malay inhabitant.

Quarantine centre

As the number of immigrants to Singapore increased from the late 19th century onwards, the risk of epidemics heightened, leading to the establishment of a Quarantine Centre on St John's. Initially, the Quarantine Ordinance (No. 7 of 1868) was implemented to prohibit all infected ships from docking at port. However, in July 1873, a boat from Bangkok caused a cholera epidemic that lasted two months and resulted in 857 infections and 448 deaths, despite the orders of Governor Harry Ord to quarantine all ships from Siam. Consequently, Acting Master Attendant Henry Ellis proposed that a quarantine station be constructed on St John's Island. Governor Harry Ord officially approved the proposal in a speech at the Legislative Council on 21 March 1874.

The St John's Island quarantine station opened in November 1874 and served not just immigrants to Singapore but also Muslims returning to Malaya after their pilgrimage to Mecca. Although Ellis had plans for a police ship, a hospital on St John's, a steam cutter, and a cemetery on Kusu Island to support the quarantine station, it consisted largely of attap huts when first completed. The month it opened, the station quarantined more than 1,000 Chinese passengers on the cholera-infected SS Milton which was travelling from Swatow to the British colonies Penang and Province Wellesley. In 1890, Muslims on the Queen Margaret who were returning after their Hajj pilgrimage were quarantined on St John's. In 1894, the Hong Kong outbreak of bubonic plague prompted the Quarantine Station to prepare to receive bubonic plague victims. A plague hospital was constructed and ships were inspected, with one case of bubonic plague caught in March 1896.

Aside from the addition of the plague hospital, more facilities were added when the station was further redeveloped. From 1903 onwards, more than 300,000 dollars was spent on the station's development. New facilities included muster sheds for passengers to disinfect and change clothes, and boiler houses for disinfecting belongings. Other facilities include a coroner's court; a police station, jail and Sikh police barracks; a post office; storehouses of loose sulphur for fumigating ships; a temple and a mosque; quarters for workers. Additionally, a burial ground for the quarantine station's deceased was sited on Lazarus Island.

The improved facilities came in time to also serve as emergency accommodations in 1911 for the rising number of beriberi victims in the late 1890s and early 1900s. In August 1911, the overflow patients and beriberi victims in Tan Tock Seng Hospital were quarantined on St John's as one of the beriberi patients had been infected by a cholera outbreak.

In the early 20th century, the quarantine centre was further equipped and had become one of the largest quarantine operations in the British Empire. By 1924, the St John's Island quarantine station had a maximum capacity of 6,000 people. Between 1903 and 1923, the station inspected approximately 8 million people and quarantined 300,000. A model of the quarantine station was featured at the Malaya Pavilion at the British Empire Exhibition held in Wembley in April 1924. By 1930, the quarantine station was capable of vaccination and was equipped with a dispensary, telephone wires, and disinfection buildings with Izal solution spray.

Despite the quarantine laws and the island's treatment facilities, not all passengers were quarantined nor received the same level of care due to classism. Unlike steerage class passengers, cabin class (first and second-class) passengers were not required to undergo quarantine. Health examinations for sailors were also less demanding. By contrast, Chinese coolies were allegedly provided insufficient food, no bedding and used as forced labour. Complaints were made to no avail.

The St John's quarantine station officially closed on 14 January 1976 because the popularisation of air travel had drastically reduced the number of arrivals by boat.

Detention centre

St John's Island served as a World War I and World War II internment camp. In August 1914, right after World War I began, most German men in Singapore were interned on St John's Island and Tanglin Barracks while women and children were detained in Kuala Lumpur. Enemy combatants were also imprisoned on the island, including the crew of SS Markomannia [de] and the Greek collier SS Pontoporos, which was captured by the Germans. By 1916, a total of 296 enemy nationals had been transferred from St John's to Australia . During World War II (1939–1945), enemy foreign nationals—some of whom were fleeing Nazism—were interned at St John's Island in 1940. Of these, the Germans who were to be removed from the war were interned in Ceylon. As for the rest, some were deported to neutral grounds like Shanghai. Others were transported to Australia, including German-Jewish Werner Baer (musician) [de] and his family. Separately, the Japanese subsequently allied with the Germans and invaded Malaya. Shortly after, the Japanese women and children in Singapore were also interned on St John's Island from late 1941 to 1942 before being shipped to Calcutta. When the Japanese occupation of Malaya during World War II began, Allied prisoners of war were detained on St John's.

The Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) sparked by the Communist Party of Malaya caused St John's to resume operating as a detention centre for political prisoners. In 1947, the Communist Party of Malaya initiated a guerilla war against the British colonial government in hopes that it would be more effective in turning the Federation of Malaya and the Crown Colony of Singapore communist. Fatal attacks committed in the Federation of Malaya in June 1948 as part of this war culminated in the British colonial government declaring a state of emergency, thus enacting the Essential Regulations Proclamation on 24 June. This granted the government the authority to arrest and detain anyone without trial. Expecting an influx of political prisoners, St John's Island was officially announced as the site of the new detention centre on 3 July 1948 and became a protected area from 10 September onward.

St John's housed not only communists but also political suspects and detainees of other political leanings, from both Malaya and Singapore, who sought to overthrow the colonial government. St John's received its first batch of detainees on 20 September 1948, comprising 200 political prisoners from Johore Bahru. Travellers via ship suspected of communist inclinations were also detained at St John's under the Emergency Travel Restrictions Regulations until they were cleared of suspicion. Within two years, more than 600 were detained under the Emergency Regulations, most of whom were held on St John's. Singaporean political prisoners detained on St John's Island were university students, teachers, newspaper editors, several future politicians of Singapore, and others. Among the detainees were Devan Nair, Fong Swee Suan and Lim Chin Siong, all People's Action Party (PAP) members. They were released in 1959 after Singapore was granted full internal self-government and the PAP won the 1959 Singapore general election.

The state's fear of communism did not abide, resulting in St John's being used as a detention centre for most of the detainees arrested during the anti-communist Operation Coldstore. On 2 February 1963, the Internal Security Council of the Singapore Government executed Operation Coldstore, which detained those charged as political extremists under the Preservation of Public Security Ordinance. Arrestees were detained without trial, some for being a "suspected communist" or for associating with them. The state justifies Operation Coldstore as a response to communist threats. Prior to the move to St John's, the detainees were held in Outram Prison. On 6 February, it was announced that 99 of the 113 Operation Coldstore detainees were to be moved to the island. The rest were citizens of the Federation of Malaya, who were to be expatriated. The operation has been a contentious subject of criticism, such as from ex-detainee Poh Soo Kai and historian Thum Ping Tjin who claim that Operation Coldstore was a pretext for the PAP to crush political opposition.

Drug rehabilitation centres

From 1945 onwards, the British sought to curb opium addiction in Singapore and this led to the establishment of St John's Opium Treatment Centre. Opium was prevalent in Singapore with more than 16,000 addicts recorded after World War II. By 1945, the British Administration of Malaya sought to curb its effects and banned opium in its colonies in October. The following year, the Opium and Chandu Proclamation further restricted drug activity by banning opium smoking and the possession of opium-smoking devices. Despite these regulations, there were still more than 1,400 opium dens in 1949.

In the 1950s, the government tackled drug activity more aggressively through legal means, vice operations, and the establishment of an Opium Treatment Centre on St John's. They revised the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance of 1951 in 1953 to increase their authority to prosecute opium-related crimes, and initiated vice operations, such as the major opium crackdown of 1952. The Opium Treatment Centre was established under an amendment to the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance in 1954, marking the colonial government's first attempt to rehabilitate addicts. Formerly, addicts were simply imprisoned. Institutions have previously attempted to rehabilitate addicts, but only a fraction of patients were permanently cured.

The centre opened in February 1955 and was managed by the Prisons Department. The opium treatment programme had three phases: withdrawal, rehabilitation and follow-up. Gradual withdrawal from opium typically lasted two to four weeks in the prison hospital. The subsequent rehabilitation phase would last six months to a year at the Opium Treatment Centre on St John's Island, during which patients were taught new skills such as carpentry to aid future reintegration into society.

The experimental opium rehabilitation programme was noteworthy for medical institutions and was later claimed to cure the majority of those admitted; however, its criteria of admittance were controversial. During the centre's opening, the Commissioner of Prisons Major Sochon claimed that the United Nations Organisation had taken note. It was also claimed by the Singapore Free Press that only six of about 400 addicts treated within two years of its opening had relapsed. By 1966, more than 4,000 opium addicts had been rehabilitated at the centre. However, the apparent success of the centre must be prefaced by their denial of treatment to long-time addicts whom they evaluated to be incurable.

By the 1970s, opium addiction had greatly declined, although the extent to which this success can be attributed to the treatment centre is unknown. Despite the decline in opium addiction specifically, the number of arrests due to drug offences, in general, had increased between 1971 and 1973.

In response to the increasing number of drug offenses in Singapore, in 1973, the government converted the Opium Treatment Centre to a Drug Rehabilitation Centre for treating all types of drug addicts, especially young adults. This rehabilitation centre was shut down in 1975 as the island was to be redeveloped by the Sentosa Development Corporation into a resort centre.

Temporary settlement for refugees

St John's Island was also a temporary settlement for refugees in the 20th century. In 1955, the quarantine station housed residents of Lazarus Island, after a rare high tide destroyed their homes. In the mid-1970s, the rehabilitating drug addicts were temporarily moved out when eighty-four Vietnam War (1955–1975) refugees were settled on the island. The final batch of Vietnamese refugees departed for a permanent host country in late 1975. In 1998, there was a rise in arrests of illegal immigrants and overstayers after the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, and the government was anticipating a mass of Indonesian refugees after the May 1998 riots of Indonesia. From January to July 1998, there was an increase of almost 2000 illegal immigrants and 1000 overstayers arrested compared to the whole of last year. However, this may be due to more police raids and patrols targeting illegal immigrants. By June, there were fears that the mainland prisons' capacity would be insufficient. Thus, the government began constructing a temporary Prison Detention Centre on St John's Island to house potential spill over illegal immigrants and drug addicts. However, the expected influx of Indonesian refugees did not occur, and the temporary detention centre stands abandoned.

Holiday camp and aquaculture research centres

In the mid-1970s, the Sentosa Development Corporation planned to redevelop Singapore's offshore islands into resort centres. However, proposals to redevelop St John's as a holiday island with restaurants, golf courses and an integrated resort-casino fell through. Instead, the 3 million dollar budget was spent on developing a holiday camp on the island with sports and games facilities. A three-day outdoor activities camp for schools was established on the island in 1975.

St John's Island is currently the site of several aquaculture research and development facilities. The Marine Aquaculture Centre (MAC) is a hatchery completed in June 2003, and the National Marine Laboratory was established in 2002.

In April 2018, traces of asbestos was found in construction debris around the island's campsite, lagoon and holiday bungalow areas. The two long-term residents on the island were evacuated and were assessed to be healthy. Access to the island was restricted while the contaminated debris was being removed.

Geography

St John's Island has a land area of 41.23 km (15.92 sq mi) and is located in the Strait of Singapore, about 6.5 km from the southern coast of mainland Singapore. Its location is at longitude 1°13′08.30″N and latitude 103°50′53.88″E. All the Southern Islands, including St John's, are formed by the Triassic rocks of the Jurong Formation. St John's Island's original area of 33.59 km (12.97 sq mi) was expanded by 7.64 km (2.95 sq mi) through land reclamation in the 1970s. In 2006, Lazarus Island and Seringat Island were merged and then connected to St John's via a causeway. St John's coastline comprises sandy beaches, quarry rocks to prevent erosion, lagoons, cliffs, and mangrove swamps. Like Singapore, St John's has an equatorial climate with rainfall throughout the year, especially during the first half of the Northeast Monsoon.

In 2020, restricted access to the protected lagoon, Bendera Bay, was opened to the public via programmes.

Biodiversity

The island's tropical forest and marine habitats are home to crustaceans and cetaceans in the Singapore Strait and land animals. The island is also surrounded by coral reefs. The nationally critically endangered Asian Drongo Cuckoo can be found on the island, as well as nesting grounds of the critically endangered Hawksbill Turtle.

St John's Island is covered by natural vegetation (32.0%), the majority of which is managed coastal vegetation (60.6%). More than 258 species of vascular plants have been recorded on the island, including several nationally critically endangered species such as the Podocarpus Polystachyus R Br (Sea Teak) and the Xylocarpus rumphii (Meliaceae).

The Sentosa Development Regulations (1997) were implemented to protect the biodiversity of Singapore's offshore islands. Among other regulations, it prohibits killing or capturing any animal, bird, insect, or plant.

Demographics

From 1962 to 1963, there were more than 400 islanders. Between 1976 and 1977, the residents of St John's Island, Lazarus Island and Seringat Island were relocated to the mainland, and the remaining four permanent islanders on St John's left in 2017. St John's Island English Primary School, the only school on the island, was shut down in 1976. St John's Island currently has no permanent residents.

Notes

1. Not to be confused with the Kusu Island (formerly named Goa Island or Peak Island) flagstaff that was transferred to the "highest peak of St. John's" in February 1823. A 1830 hydrographic map by David Ross clarifies that the Kusu Island flagstaff was moved specifically to the eastern island of the St John's Islands, also known as Lazarus Island.

References

1. ^ Hung, Sherry M. X.; Chong, K. Y.; Yee, Alex T. K.; Lim, Reuben C. J.; Loh, Jolyn W.; Neo, Louise; Seah, W. W.; Tan, S. Y.; Tan, Hugh T. W. (29 May 2017). "The vascular plant flora and vegetation of the islands associated with Singapore's first Marine Park (III): St. John's Island". Nature in Singapore (10). National University of Singapore: 37.
2. ^ "History of St John's". The Straits Times. 25 February 1999. p. 29.
3. ^ Koh, Tommy; Auger, Timothy; Ng, Wei Chian; Yap, Jimmy, eds. (11 September 2006). "Pulau Sekijang Bendera". Singapore: The Encyclopedia. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 432. ISBN 9814155632.
4. Chua, Grace (12 July 2014). "Singapore to develop first marine park". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
5. Firbank, L. T. (1 January 1966). "Early Singapore". Straits Times Annual.
6. "Learn More About Singapore's Wetlands". National Parks. 2018.
7. ^ ""Gazette" Notifications". Pinang Gazette and Straits Chronicle. 27 March 1899. p. 5.
8. ^ Savage, V. R.; Yeoh, B.S.A. (2013). Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions. p. 332.
9. ^ Rajib, Bahri (12 September 1990). "What's In A Name". The Straits Times. p. 9. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
10. Sham, Desmond Hok-Man (2022). "Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine". In Huang, Shu-Mei; Lee, Hyun Kyung; Vickers, Edward (eds.). Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press. p. 104.
11. British Admiralty. "Singapore Roads Surveyed by J.W. Reed, Master Commanding . . . H.M.S. Rifleman 8164." In The Barry Lawrence Ruderman Map Collection. Stanford University Libraries.
12. Shaw, N. "I. British Settlements in the Malay Peninsula and Coast of Borneo." In British Possessions In The Indian Seas. The Royal Illustrated Atlas, Of Modern Geography With An Introductory Notice. London and Edinburgh : A. Fullarton & Co, . p. 42. http://purl.stanford.edu/xm109vn4303
13. ^ Haughton, H. T. (1889). "Notes on names of places in the island of Singapore and its vicinity" (PDF). Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 20: 79.
14. ^ "Government gazette". The Straits Times. 25 March 1899. p. 2.
15. ^ Chen, Aiwei 陈爱薇 (10 September 2021). "The multiple historical identities of St. John's Island 圣约翰岛的多重历史身份." Lianhe Zaobao 联合早报.
16. "Arrival at Singapore." Raffles' Letters: Intrigues Behind the Founding of Singapore. National Library Gallery. 29 August 2012 to 28 February 2013.
17. ^ "Gunner Loughony, first P.R.O. of Singapore". The Straits Times. 8 December 1956. p. 27. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
18. L. N. Hull. "Letter to Lieutenant Colonel Farquhar." L17: Raffles: Letters to Singapore (Farquhar). p. 185. Raffles Museum and Library. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
19. Ross, David (1830). "A survey of Singapore harbour, and the Islands in its vicinity". In The British Library. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
20. ^ Military Secretary. "Letter to the Governor." 12 March 1830. A68: Singapore Consultations. p. 109. Raffles Museum and Library. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
21. Bennett, George (1834). Wanderings in New South Wales, Batavia, Petir Coast, Singapore, and China: Being the journal of a naturalist in those countries during 1832, 1833 and 1834. Vol. 2. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 218–221.
22. Little, Robert (1848). "An essay on coral reefs as the cause of Blakan Mati fever, and of the fevers in various parts of the east". The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia. 2: 591–592 – via JSTOR.
23. Makepeace, Walter; Brooke, Gilbert E.; Braddell, Roland St. J. (1991). One Hundred Years of Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press. p. 492.
24. ^ Lee, Yong Kiat (1978). The Medical History of Early Singapore. Tokyo: Southeast Asian Medical Information Center. p. 285.
25. Teo, Delia; Liew, Clement (2003). Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. p. 5. ISBN 9810508603.
26. ^ Lee, Yong Kiat (1977). Quarantine in Early Singapore. Singapore: Stamford College Press. pp. 82–85.
27. Makepeace, Walter; Brooke, Gilbert E.; Braddell, Roland St. J. (1991). One Hundred Years of Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press. p. 505.
28. "Legislative Council". Straits Times Overland Journal. 4 October 1873. p. 5.
29. Teo, Delia; Liew, Clement (2003). Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9810508603.
30. ^ "St John's Island". The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (Weekly). 4 April 1923. p. 13.
31. "The 'Milton'". Straits Times Overland Journal. 19 November 1874. p. 2.
32. Lee, Yong Kiat (1977). Quarantine in Early Singapore. Singapore: Stamford College Press. p. 86.
33. "Cholera". Straits Times Weekly Issue. 3 September 1890. p. 11.
34. "A Case of Bubonic Plague at the Quarantine Station". Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. 10 March 1896. p. 8.
35. ^ "St John's Island". The Straits Times. 1 June 1935. p. 13.
36. Lee, Yong Kiat (1994). "The Beri-Beri Hospital, Singapore". Singapore Medical Journal. 35: 309–310.
37. ^ "Malaya at Wembley". The Straits Times. 27 February 1924. p. 11.
38. Sayers, F. R. (1930). "Singapore 5. Singapore Quarantine Station, St John's Island: Photographs Submitted by F R Sayers, Chief Health Officer, Singapore. Picture Shows Portion of Interior of Disinfection Building With Sprays of Izal Solution Through Which Male Dock Passengers Pass at St John's Island". National Archives of Singapore. The National Archives, United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
39. Sayers, F. R. (1930). "Singapore 5. Singapore Quarantine Station, St John's Island: Photographs Submitted by F R Sayers, Chief Health Officer, Singapore. Picture Shows Dispensary With Telephone Wires and Rickshaw Paths in the Foreground at St John's Island". National Archives of Singapore. The National Archives, United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
40. Sayers, F. R. (1930). "Singapore 5. Singapore Quarantine Station, St John's Island: Photographs Submitted by F R Sayers, Chief Health Officer, Singapore. Picture Shows Disinfection Buildings at St John's Island". National Archives of Singapore. The National Archives, United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
41. Sayers, F. R. (1930). "Singapore 5. Singapore Quarantine Station, St John's Island: Photographs Submitted by F R Sayers, Chief Health Officer, Singapore. Picture Shows Vaccination of Male Deck Passengers at St John's Island". National Archives of Singapore. The National Archives, United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
42. Sham, Desmond Hok-Man (2022). "Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine". In Huang, Shu-Mei; Lee, Hyun Kyung; Vickers, Edward (eds.). Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press. p. 110.
43. Teo, Delia; Liew, Clement (2003). Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. pp. 26–27. ISBN 9810508603.
44. Teo, Delia; Liew, Clement (2003). Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. p. 25. ISBN 9810508603.
45. Teo, Delia; Liew, Clement (2003). Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. p. 54. ISBN 9810508603.
46. Lee, Yong Kiat (1977). Quarantine in Early Singapore. Singapore: Stamford College Press. p. 87.
47. ^ Manz, Stefan; Panayi, Panikos (27 February 2020). Enemies in the Empire: Civilian Internment in the British Empire during the First World War. Oxford University Press. p. 107.
48. ^ Sham, Desmond Hok-Man (2022). "Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine". In Huang, Shu-Mei; Lee, Hyun Kyung; Vickers, Edward (eds.). Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press. p. 103.
49. "Prisoners of War in Singapore". The Straits Times. 17 October 1914. p. 8.
50. Corbett, Julian Stafford (1920). Naval Operations. History of the Great War based on official documents by direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 1: To the Battle of the Falklands. London; New York: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 346.
51. Manz, Stefan; Panayi, Panikos (10 October 2018). "The internment of civilian 'enemy aliens' in the British Empire". In Manz, Stefan; Panayi, Panikos; Stibbe, Matthew (eds.). Internment during the First World War: A Mass Global Phenomenon. Routledge.
52. ^ Dümling, Albrecht (28 April 2020). "City Organist, Teacher and Entertainer: The Multi-Talented Werner Baer in Singapore, 1939–1940". In Steinberg, Swen; Grenville, Anthony (eds.). Refugees from Nazi-occupied Europe in British Overseas Territories. Oxford University Press. pp. 144, 157.
53. ^ Monteath, Peter (28 April 2020). Captured Lives: Australia's Wartime Internment Camps. Oxford University Press. p. 122.
54. ^ "German Internees Sent to Ceylon". Malaya Tribune. 11 April 1940. p. 2.
55. Kennedy, Joseph (1989). When Singapore Fell: Evacuations and Escapes, 1941–42. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20363-5. ISBN 978-1-349-20365-9.
56. ^ Teo, Delia; Liew, Clement (2003). Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. p. 129. ISBN 9810508603.
57. "S'pore now in state of emergency". The Singapore Free Press. 24 June 1948. p. 1.
58. "Untitled". Morning Tribune. 3 July 1948. p. 1. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
59. Hack, Karl (December 2021). The Malayan Emergency: revolution and counterinsurgency at the end of empire. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 70. doi:10.1017/9781139942515. ISBN 9781139942515. OCLC 1275433029.
60. "St. John's Island a Protected Area". Malaya Tribune. 11 September 1948. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
61. "Detainees transferred". Malaya Tribune. 20 September 1948.
62. "More Chinese Detainees from Swatow Released". Sunday Standard. 28 October 1951. p. 10. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
63. "600 Detained By Singapore Police During Past 2 Years Under Emergency Regulations". Singapore Standard. 20 July 1950. p. 1. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
64. ^ "Nair and Samad report to the C.I.D.". The Straits Time. 11 April 1953. p. 1.
65. ^ "C.I.D. DETAIN 11 MEN: Sarma, Undergrads And Newsman Among Those Held". Malaya Tribune. 9 January 1951. p. 3.
66. "Home on St. John's island for Changi detainees". The Straits Times. 22 January 1959. p. 7.
67. "Rebel, fighter, charmer, stayer". The Straits Times. 29 March 1985. p. 12.
68. Sham, Desmond Hok-Man (2022). "Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine". In Huang, Shu-Mei; Lee, Hyun Kyung; Vickers, Edward (eds.). Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press. p. 115.
69. ^ Hack, Karl (2012). "Framing Singapore's History". In Tarling, Nicholas (ed.). Studying Singapore's Past: C.M. Turnbull and the History of Modern Singapore. NUS Press. pp. 44–50.
70. "Action Against Another Five Detainees". The Straits Times. 10 May 1963. p. 1.
71. "Most crucial political battle". The Straits Times. 12 September 1963. p. 22.
72. Internal Security Council. (1 January 1960 - 31 December 1960). DO 187/15: Internal Security Council papers on internal security situation in Singapore. In The National Archives, United Kingdom.
73. ^ Burhan, Gafoor (19 December 2014). "A ferocious struggle for Singapore's future". The Straits Times. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
74. ^ "Detainees to Go to Island". The Straits Times. 6 February 1963. p. 1. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
75. Poh, Soo Kai (3 December 2014). "Singapore's 'Battle for Merger' revisited". New Mandala. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
76. ^ "St. John's Is Ideal". The Straits Times. 13 September 1953. p. 5.
77. ^ "War on Opium". The Straits Times. 14 October 1954. p. 8.
78. ^ "The Opium Problem in Singapore". Bulletin on Narcotics. 9 (3): 2. 1 January 1958.
79. "Goodbye, Opium". The Straits Times. 10 October 1945. p. 2.
80. "Suppressing Opium Smoking". The Straits Times. 4 February 1946. p. 3.
81. "1,415 Dens for Opium Smokers". The Straits Times. 22 June 1950. p. 6.
82. "Opium 'War': New Powers". The Straits Times. 3 October 1953. p. 7.
83. "Big Swoop on Opium Dens". The Straits Times. 6 July 1952. p. 1.
84. "Opium Convictions Set a New Singapore Record". The Straits Times. 10 June 1953. p. 4.
85. "Raids Shut 1,000 Opium Dens". Singapore Free Press. 18 December 1952. p. 1.
86. ^ Morgan, Patricia (5 February 1955). "Whole World Watches This Store Experiment". The Straits Times.
87. Eastley, Adelaide (7 May 1956). "It's a New Life for Lost Soul". The Singapore Free Press. p. 14.
88. ^ "It Is Funny, Says Court". The Straits Times. 25 March 1956. p. 3.
89. "400 Addicts Are Cured In 2 Years". The Singapore Free Press. 7 February 1957. p. 5.
90. "4,000 Saved in 11 Years". The Straits Times. 6 August 1966. p. 6.
91. "Opium Addicts". The Straits Times. 9 December 1955. p. 8.
92. ^ "Two New Centres to Treat Drug Addicts". The Straits Times. 29 April 1973. p. 7.
93. "Opium, Morphine Problem under Control". The Straits Times. 27 March 1973. p. 10.
94. ^ "St John's Addicts Move Out". The Straits Times. 7 May 1975. p. 22.
95. ^ Connolly, Creighton; Muzaini, Hamzah (2022). "Urbanizing Islands: A Critical History of Singapore's Offshore Islands". Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space. 5 (4): 2172–2192. doi:10.1177/25148486211051082. S2CID 245206896.
96. "Homeless Go to St. John's". Singapore Standard. 15 January 1955. p. 2.
97. ^ Lee, Philip (30 October 1975). "Last of the Viet Refugees leave St. John's". The Straits Times. p. 7.
98. Sham, Desmond Hok-Man (2022). "Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine". In Huang, Shu-Mei; Lee, Hyun Kyung; Vickers, Edward (eds.). Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press. p. 103.
99. Narayanan, Ganesan (October 2005). Realism and Interdependence in Singapore's Foreign Policy. Routledge. p. 99.
100. ^ Sham, Desmond Hok-Man (2022). "Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine". In Huang, Shu-Mei; Lee, Hyun Kyung; Vickers, Edward (eds.). Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press. p. 116.
101. "Govt taking tough stance on illegal immigrants". Business Times. 14 March 1998. p. 2.
102. "Ministry expects more illegal immigrants". New Paper. 10 March 1998. p. 2.
103. ^ Ninth Parliament of Singapore. (4 September 1998). "Immigration (Amendment) Bill". Part III of the First Session. Parliamentary Debates, Singapore: Official Report, vol. 69, column 930.
104. ^ "St John's isle being readied in case of illegals influx". The Straits Times. 20 June 1998. p. 2.
105. ^ Lee, Joanne (25 February 1999). "Barbed wire, fences go up at St John's". The Straits Times. p. 28.
106. Hussin, Aziz (10 August 1998). "No change to islands' conservation plans". The Straits Times. p. 21.
107. Foo, Hwei Wen; Lim, Sin Thai (26 July 1998). "Hardcore addicts face jail and cane". The Straits Times. p. 18.
108. Ninth Parliament of Singapore. (1 June 1998). "Illegal Immigrants from Indonesia (Update on situation)." Part III of First Session. Parliamentary Debates, Singapore: Official Report, vol. 69, column 29.
109. ^ Lee, J. (23 January 1976). "St. John's Island to become holiday resort". The Straits Times. p. 13.
110. Lee, J. (15 March 1976). "Holiday resort to replace Changi". The Straits Times. p. 24.
111. ^ Shen, Yubang; Ma, Keyi; Gen, Hua Yue (2021). "Status, challenges and trends of aquaculture in Singapore". Aquaculture. 533: 736210. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736210. S2CID 229432786.
112. ^ Tan, Audrey (24 April 2018). "Traces of asbestos found in construction debris on St John's Island". The New Paper. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
113. ^ Singapore Facts and Pictures, 1981. Singapore: Ministry of Culture. 1981. pp. 165–167.
114. Hermes (14 December 2020). "St John's Island lagoon to open to public for education, conservation activities | The Straits Times". www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
115. Davidson, G. W. H.; Ng, P.K.L; Chew, Ho Hua, eds. (1994). The Singapore Red Databook: Threatened Plants & Animals of Singapore. Singapore: Nature Society (Singapore). p. 180.
116. Tan, Audrey; Lim, Yaohui (13 December 2021). "Wildlife that call Singapore's Southern Islands home". The Straits Times. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
117. ^ Hung, Sherry M. X.; Chong, K. Y.; Yee, Alex T. K.; Lim, Reuben C. J.; Loh, Jolyn W.; Neo, Louise; Seah, W. W.; Tan, S. Y.; Tan, Hugh T. W. (29 May 2017). "The vascular plant flora and vegetation of the islands associated with Singapore's first Marine Park (III): St. John's Island". Nature in Singapore (10). National University of Singapore: 38–39.
118. Davidson, G. W. H.; Ng, P.K.L; Chew, Ho Hua, eds. (1994). The Singapore Red Databook: Threatened Plants & Animals of Singapore. Singapore: Nature Society (Singapore). p. 33.
119. Davidson, G. W. H.; Ng, P.K.L; Chew, Ho Hua, eds. (1994). The Singapore Red Databook: Threatened Plants & Animals of Singapore. Singapore: Nature Society (Singapore). pp. 7–8.
120. Zaccheus, Melody (13 December 2016). "Last islanders on St John's to leave by new year". AsiaOne. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
121. Zainal, Zakaria (January–March 2015). "A Nation of Islands Volumes 9-10" (PDF). BiblioAsia. 10 (4): 57–59.

Bibliography

• Bennett, George (1834). Wanderings in New South Wales, Batavia, Petir Coast, Singapore, and China: Being the journal of a naturalist in those countries during 1832, 1833 and 1834. Vol. 2. London: Richard Bentley.
• Corbett, Julian Stafford (1920). Naval Operations. History of the Great War based on official documents by direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 1: To the Battle of the Falklands. London; New York: Longmans, Green and Co.
• Dümling, Albrecht (28 April 2020). "City Organist, Teacher and Entertainer: The Multi-Talented Werner Baer in Singapore, 1939–1940". In Steinberg, Swen; Grenville, Anthony (eds.). Refugees from Nazi-occupied Europe in British Overseas Territories. Oxford University Press.
• Hack, Karl (2012). "Framing Singapore's History". In Tarling, Nicholas (ed.). Studying Singapore's Past: C.M. Turnbull and the History of Modern Singapore. NUS Press.
• Hack, Karl (December 2021). The Malayan Emergency: revolution and counterinsurgency at the end of empire. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139942515. ISBN 9781139942515. OCLC 1275433029.
• Kennedy, Joseph (1989). When Singapore Fell: Evacuations and Escapes, 1941–42. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20363-5. ISBN 978-1-349-20365-9.
• Koh, Tommy; Auger, Timothy; Ng, Wei Chian; Yap, Jimmy, eds. (11 September 2006). "Pulau Sekijang Bendera". Singapore: The Encyclopedia. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9814155632.
• Lee, Yong Kiat (1977). Quarantine in Early Singapore. Singapore: Stamford College Press.
• Lee, Yong Kiat (1978). The Medical History of Early Singapore. Tokyo: Southeast Asian Medical Information Center.
• Makepeace, Walter; Brooke, Gilbert E.; Braddell, Roland St. J. (1991). One Hundred Years of Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
• Manz, Stefan; Panayi, Panikos (27 February 2020). Enemies in the Empire: Civilian Internment in the British Empire during the First World War. Oxford University Press.
• Manz, Stefan; Panayi, Panikos (10 October 2018). "The internment of civilian 'enemy aliens' in the British Empire". In Manz, Stefan; Panayi, Panikos; Stibbe, Matthew (eds.). Internment during the First World War: A Mass Global Phenomenon. Routledge.

• Monteath, Peter (28 April 2020). Captured Lives: Australia's Wartime Internment Camps. Oxford University Press.
• Narayanan, Ganesan (October 2005). Realism and Interdependence in Singapore's Foreign Policy. Routledge.
• Savage, V. R.; Yeoh, B.S.A. (2013). Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions.
• Singapore Facts and Pictures, 1981. Singapore: Ministry of Culture. 1981.
• Sham, Desmond Hok-Man (2022). "Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine". In Huang, Shu-Mei; Lee, Hyun Kyung; Vickers, Edward (eds.). Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press.
• Teo, Delia; Liew, Clement (2003). Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. ISBN 9810508603.
• Davidson, G. W. H.; Ng, P.K.L; Chew, Ho Hua, eds. (1994). The Singapore Red Databook: Threatened Plants & Animals of Singapore. Singapore: Nature Society (Singapore).

External links

• St John's Island management (Singapore Land Authority)
• The Last People of St. John's Island (documentary about former residents), by Our Grandfather Story

• Islands of Singapore
• Southern Islands