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Salur

Salyr
Tamga of the Salur
Regions with significant populations
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Iran, China
Languages
Oghuz Turkic
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Oghuz Turks (Salyr Turkmens, Salar people)

Salur, Salyr or Salgur (Turkish: Salır, Turkmen: Salyr, Persian: سالور) was an ancient Oghuz Turkic (or Turkoman) tribe and a sub-branch of the Üçok tribal federation.

The medieval Karamanid principality in Anatolia belonged to the Karaman branch of the Salur. The Salghurids of Fars (Atabegs of Fars), were also a dynasty of Salur origin.

The patriarchs of the modern Turkmen tribe of the Salyr in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Iran, as well as the Salars of China, claim descent from the original Oghuz Salur.

Etymology

Historian and statesman of the Ilkhanate, Rashid al-Din Hamadani, in his literary work Oghuzname, which is part of his extensive history book Jami' al-tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles), writes that the name Salyr means “wherever you go, you fight with a sword and a club”. The khan of the Khanate of Khiva and simultaneously a historian, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, in his Shajara-i Tarākima (Genealogy of the Turkmens) expresses his belief that the meaning of the tribe's name is “armed with a saber”.

Turkologist Peter B. Golden believes the name comes from Salğur < sal- "to put into motion, violent motion," in Oghuz "to be aggressive, to hurl oneself into attack." Thus, this is a tribal name expressing military power, force and aggression. Such nomenclature may have appeared more in the medieval Turkic environment (e.g. Qiniq), as for personal names.

History

According to various versions of the Oghuz Turkic heroic epos Oghuzname, the Salyr tribe played an important role in the Oghuz Yabgu State up to the middle of the 10th century until the beginning of the Seljuk movement, and many Khans of this State were from the Salyrs. Rashid al-Din Hamadani:

For a long time, royal dignity remained in the Oghuz family; for so long the dignity of the sovereign was in the ancestral branch of Salyr, and after that (from) other branches (also) there were revered kings.

Subsequently, the bulk of the Salyr tribe lived on the territory of Turkmenistan, a significant part of them in the 11th–12th centuries left along with other Oghuz-Turkmen tribes to the west; in Asia Minor they established the Salghurids State centered in Iraq in the 12th century, and supported other Turkmen beyliks in the reconstruction of Anatolia. The Salgurid Dynasty, which ruled in Fars in 1148-1282 and played an important role in the creation of the Sultanate of Rum, belonged to the Salyr tribe. Part of the tribe moved to Crimea, and the Crimean river Salgir, according to some scholars, owes its name to this tribe. In the 14th–16th centuries, the Salyr led the largest military-tribal association of five Turkmen tribes: Salyr, Arsary, Tekke, Yomud and Saryk. This military alliance existed until the waters of the Amu Darya stopped flowing along Uzboy watercourse. The Salyrs of Khorasan were known in the southern Turkmenistan. In the 16th–19th centuries, the Salyr Turkmen tribe lived in Mangyshlak peninsula and the area of Northern Balkan mountains of Turkmenistan, then in the Khiva Khanate, later in the middle reaches of the Amu Darya river, in the Murghab oasis and, finally, in Serakhs – the last place of their final settlement in 1884.

Salur Kazan, one of the heroes in Dede Korkut's epic tales, is also a Salurian. Some Salurs still live in the Middle East and Central Asia. Matthew Arnold's poem Sohrab and Rustum mentions the "lances of Salore" as a contingent of the Tartar army fighting the Persians.

See also

• Oghuz traditional tribal organization
• Chepni, another Üçok tribe.

Notes

1. Salar people that live mostly in the Qinghai-Gansu border region, China.

References

1. Erdal, Marcel; Nevskaya, Irina, eds. (2006). Exploring the Eastern Frontiers of Turkic. Vol. 60 of Turcologica Series. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. xi. ISBN 978-3447053105. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
2. ^ Houtsma, M.T. (1987). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936. E.J. Brill. p. 119. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
3. Salghurids, C.E. Bosworth, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VIII, ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs and G. Lecomte, (E.J.Brill, 1995), 978.
4. "China's Minority Peoples – The Salars". Cultural-china.com. Cultural China. 2007–2014. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
5. Benjamin Golden, Peter (2000). ""I Will Give the People unto Thee": The Činggisid Conquests and Their Aftermath in the Turkic World". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 10: 39.
6. Рашид ад-Дин Хамадани (Rashid-al-Din Hamadani) (1952). "Сборник летописей (Compendium of Chronicles)". Средневековые источники Востока и Запада (Medieval Sources of Orient and the West).
7. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. ISBN 9780748621378.
8. The Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook. By Clifford Edmund Bosworth.
9. З.Ш. Навширванов. Предварительные заметки о племенном составе тюркских народностей, пребывавших на юге Руси и в Крыму. Симферополь (1929)..
10. В.А.Бушаков. Тюркская этноойконимия Крыма. Институт языкознания Академии наук СССР, Москва (1991)..

Bibliography

• Leiser, G. (1995). "Salur". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.

• Salur tribe