Misplaced Pages

Strafgesetzbuch section 86a

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
(Redirected from Section 86a of the German Criminal Code) German prohibition of certain extremist symbols, especially (but not exclusively) Nazi symbols

The German Strafgesetzbuch (StGB; English: Criminal Code) in section § 86a outlaws use of symbols of "unconstitutional organizations" and terrorism outside the contexts of "art or science, research or teaching". The law does not name the individual symbols to be outlawed, and there is no official exhaustive list. However, the law has primarily been used to supress fascist, Nazi, communist, Islamic extremist and Russian militarist symbols. The law, adopted during the Cold War, most notably affected the Communist Party of Germany, which was banned as unconstitutional in 1956; the Socialist Reich Party, which was banned in 1952; and several small far-right parties.

The law prohibits the distribution or public use of symbols of unconstitutional groups—in particular, flags, insignia, uniforms, slogans and forms of greeting.

Text

The relevant excerpt of the German criminal code reads:

§ 86 StGB Dissemination of Means of Propaganda of Unconstitutional Organizations

  1. Whoever domestically disseminates or produces, stocks, imports or exports or makes publicly accessible through data storage media for dissemination domestically or abroad, means of propaganda:
    1. of a party which has been declared to be unconstitutional by the Federal Constitutional Court or a party or organization, as to which it has been determined, no longer subject to appeal, that it is a substitute organization of such a party;
    2. of an organization, which has been banned, no longer subject to appeal, because it is directed against the constitutional order or against the idea of international understanding, or as to which it has been determined, no longer subject to appeal, that it is a substitute organization of such a banned organization;
    3. of a government, organization or institution outside of the territorial area of application of this law which is active in pursuing the objectives of one of the parties or organizations indicated in numbers 1 and 2; or
    4. means of propaganda, the contents of which are intended to further the aims of a former National Socialist organization,
    shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine.
  2. ...
  3. Subsection (1) shall not be applicable if the means of propaganda or the act serves to further civil enlightenment, to avert unconstitutional aims, to promote art or science, research or teaching, reporting about current historical events or similar purposes.
  4. If guilt is slight, the court may refrain from imposition of punishment pursuant to this provision.

§ 86a StGB Use of Symbols of Unconstitutional Organizations

  1. Whoever:
    1. domestically distributes or publicly uses, in a meeting or in writings (§ 11 subsection (3)) disseminated by him, symbols of one of the parties or organizations indicated in § 86 subsection (1), nos. 1, 2 and 4; or
    2. produces, stocks, imports or exports objects which depict or contain such symbols for distribution or use domestically or abroad, in the manner indicated in number 1,
    shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine.
  2. Symbols, within the meaning of subsection (1), shall be, in particular, flags, insignia, uniforms, slogans and forms of greeting. Symbols which are so similar as to be mistaken for those named in sentence 1 shall be deemed to be equivalent thereto.
  3. The exceptions from §86 subsection (3) and (4) apply accordingly.

Symbols affected

A restored Me 163B Komet World War II rocket fighter with a historically accurate, low-visibility swastika shown on the fin, as displayed in a German aviation museum in 2005
Participants in a Neo-Nazi march in Munich (2005) resorted to flying the Reichsflagge and Reichsdienstflagge of 1933–1935 (de) (outlawed by the Nazi regime in 1935) due to § 86a.
National flag and naval jack of Germany (1935–1945), but with the swastika replaced by the Iron Cross due to § 86a. Occasionally used by neo-Nazis.

The text of the law does not name the individual symbols to be outlawed, and there is no official exhaustive list. A symbol may be a flag, emblem, uniform, or a motto or greeting formula. The prohibition is not tied to the symbol itself but to its use in a context suggestive of association with outlawed organizations. Thus, the Swastika is outlawed if used in a context of völkisch ideology, while it is legitimate if used as a symbol of religious faith, particularly any South, South Eastern or East Asian religions. Similarly, the Wolfsangel is outlawed if used in the context of the Junge Front but not in other contexts such as heraldry, or as the emblem of "landscape poet" Hermann Löns.

Because of the law, German Neo-Nazis took to displaying modified symbols similar but not identical with those outlawed. In 1994, such symbols were declared equivalent to the ones they imitate (Verbrechensbekämpfungsgesetz § 2). As a result of the ban on Nazi symbols, German Neo-Nazis have used older symbols such as the black-white-red German Imperial flag (which was also briefly used by the Nazis alongside the party flag as one of two official flags of Nazi Germany from 1933 until 1935) as well as variants of this flag such as the one with the Eiserne Kreuz and the Reichsdienstflagge variants, the Imperial-era Reichskriegsflagge, the Schwarze Sonne and the flag of the Strasserite Black Front – a splinter Nazi organization – as alternatives. They have also used the American Confederate flag, due to its association with racism and white supremacy.

Affected by the law according to Federal Constitutional Court of Germany rulings are:

Symbols known to fall under the law are:

Illustration of the emblems mentioned in the list above:

Anti-fascist symbols

The No symbol applied to the swastika.

In 2005, a controversy was stirred about the question whether the paragraph should be taken to apply to the display of crossed-out swastikas as a symbol of anti-fascism. In late 2005 police raided the offices of the punk rock label and mail order store "Nix Gut Records" and confiscated merchandise depicting crossed-out swastikas and fists smashing swastikas. In 2006 the Stade police department started an inquiry against anti-fascist youths using a placard depicting a person dumping a swastika into a trashcan. The placard was displayed in opposition to the campaign of right-wing nationalist parties for local elections.

On Friday 17 March 2006, a member of the Bundestag, Claudia Roth, reported herself to the German police for displaying a crossed-out swastika in multiple demonstrations against Neo-Nazis and got the Bundestag to suspend her immunity from prosecution. She intended to show the absurdity of charging anti-fascists with using fascist symbols: "We don't need prosecution of non-violent young people engaging against right-wing extremism." On 15 March 2007, the Federal Court of Justice of Germany (Bundesgerichtshof) reversed the charge and held that the crossed-out symbols were "clearly directed against a revival of national-socialist endeavors", which thereby settled the dispute for the future.

Application to forms of media

Section 86a includes a social adequacy clause that allows the use of the symbols that fall within it for the purposes of "art or science, research or teaching". This generally allows these symbols to be used in literature, television shows (as with the 1968 Star Trek episode, "Patterns of Force", itself allowed after 1995), films, and other works of art without censoring or modification and stay within the allowance for the clause. For example, German cinemas were allowed to screen Raiders of the Lost Ark and Inglourious Basterds, films which feature frequent displays of Nazi symbols, without censorship.

Up until 2018, video games were not included in the social adequacy clause. A High District Frankfurt Court ruling in 1998 over the video game Wolfenstein 3D determined that because video games do attract young players, "this could lead to them growing up with these symbols and insignias and thereby becoming used to them, which again could make them more vulnerable for ideological manipulation by national socialist ideas". Since this ruling, the Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (USK), the German content ratings board, would refuse to rate any game that includes symbols under Section 86a, effectively banning them from retail sales within Germany. This led to software developers and publishers to either avoid publication in Germany, or create alternative, non-offending symbols to replace them, such as in Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus, where the developer had to replace the game's representation of Adolf Hitler with a version without the moustache and named "Chancellor Heiler".

In August 2018, the German government reversed this ruling as a result of a ruling from April 2018. The web-based game Bundesfighter II Turbo was released prior to the September 2017 elections, which included parodies of the candidates fighting each other; this included Alexander Gauland, who had a special move that involved swastika imagery. When this was noticed by public authorities, they began prosecution of the game in December 2017, submitting it to the Public Prosecutor General's office for review based on the Wolfenstein 3D decision. The Attorney General declined to consider the game illegal under Section 86a, stating that the 1998 ruling was outdated; since then, USK had adopted age ratings for video games, and that there was no reason not to consider video games as art within the social adequacy clause. As a result, the Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons adapted the Attorney General's ruling to be applicable for all video games within Germany, and subsequently the USK announced this change in August 2018; USK will still review all games to judge whether the use of imagery under Section 86a remains within the social adequacy clause and deny ratings to those that fail to meet this allowance. In August 2020, Through the Darkest of Times, in which players follow an anti-Nazi resistance group, became the first game permitted by USK to depict swastikas.

Notes

See also

References

  1. ^ "Section 86a Use of Symbols of Unconstitutional Organizations". Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB). German Law Archive.
  2. Andreas Stegbauer; German Law Journal. "The Ban of Right-Wing Extremist Symbols According to Section 86a of the German Criminal Code" (PDF). germanlawjournal.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  3. World Bank. "GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE Criminal Code in the version promulgated on 13 November 1998, Federal Law Gazette [Bundesgesetzblatt] I p. 3322, last amended byArticle 3 of the Law of 2 October 2009, Federal Law Gazette I p. 3214" (PDF). worldbank.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  4. "Imperial German Flag".
  5. Speiser, Matthew (24 June 2015). "Here's why the Confederate flag is flown outside the US". Business Insider. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  6. Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 23. Oktober 1952, Aktenzeichen 1 BvB 1/51; Fundstelle: BVerfGE [de] 2, 1 Archived 19 January 2003 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 17. August 1956, Aktenzeichen 1 BvB 2/51; Fundstelle: BVerfGE 5, 85 Archived 12 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  8. "Isoliertes Verwenden eines stilisierten Keltenkreuzes grundsätzlich strafbar" (in German). Der Bundesgerichtshof. 14 November 2008.
  9. Huhn, Wilson (1970). "Cross Burning as Hate Speech Under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution". Amsterdam Law Forum. 2 (1). Free University Amsterdam: 87–92. doi:10.37974/ALF.103. In the United States one particularly virulent form of expression is associated with hatred and prejudice – the burning of a cross. Originally a traditional Scottish custom of signalling, following the American Civil War cross burning was adopted by guerrilla groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (Klan) as a symbol of racial supremacy and as a means of terrorising the newly freed slaves. The burning cross was glorified in the wicked movie The Birth of a Nation (1915) that depicted the Klan as heroes and saviors. Cross burnings were common at Klan rallies throughout the 1920s at a time when lynchings were commonplace and the Klan was at the height of its power. The burning cross was used as a warning and a threat to any person seeking to improve the political or economic condition of the black race.
  10. "Gauwinkel". Die Tageszeitung: Taz (in German). taz.de. 2 December 2005. p. 13. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011.
  11. Entscheidung des Oberlandesgerichts Celle, Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1970, 2257
  12. Entscheidung des Oberlandesgerichts Düsseldorf vom 6. September 1990, Monatsschrift für Deutsches Recht [de] (MDR) 1991, 174
  13. Entscheidung des Bundesgerichtshofes, Aktenzeichen 3 StR 280/76, BGHSt 27,1
  14. Entscheidung des Oberlandesgerichts Celle, NJW 1991, 1498
  15. Eddy, Melissa (12 September 2014). "Germany Bans Support for ISIS". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2014. Germany on Friday announced a ban on activities that support the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, including any displays of its black flag, as part of an effort to suppress the extremist group's propaganda and recruitment work among Germans.
  16. "Germany 2014 human rights report – US Department of State" (PDF). state.gov. United States Department of State. 2014. p. 11. Retrieved 11 September 2018. On September 12 (2014), the Federal Interior Ministry banned any activities of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), including recruitment, fundraising, and the use of the group's symbols under the name "Islamic State" (German: Islamischer Staat), such as the black flag bearing ISIL's name.
  17. "German police raid leftist for posting Kurdish YPG flag". DW.COM. 19 August 2017.
  18. "German lawmaker sparks criticism after displaying banned YPG flag in parliament". DailySabah. 21 November 2017.
  19. Gude, Hubert (10 March 2017). "De Maizière verbietet Öcalan-Porträts" [De Maizière bans portraits of Öcalan]. Spiegel Online (in German). Hamburg. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  20. Yücel, Deniz (24 February 2016). "Gute Kurden, böse Kurden. Wer ist Terrorist?" [Good Kurds, bad Kurds. Who is terrorist?]. Welt (in German). Berlin. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  21. tagesschau.de. "Ukraine-Krieg: Zeigen des "Z"-Symbols kann strafbar sein". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  22. "Germany to prosecute use of 'Z' symbol to support Russia's war". POLITICO. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  23. "Protests in Berlin and many major cities as October 7 nears – DW – 10/05/2024". dw.com. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  24. "Israel-Hamas war cuts deep into Germany's soul". POLITICO. 21 October 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  25. Sharma, Gouri. "'Complete censorship': Germany's Palestinian diaspora fights crackdown". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  26. "Israel-Gaza demonstrations: What is allowed in Germany? – DW – 11/03/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  27. Tanno, Sophie (28 January 2024). "No European country more than Germany is going further in clamping down on Hamas". CNN. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  28. "Solidarity protests with Palestinian people banned in at least 12 EU countries, finds new analysis, six months on from the horrific Hamas attack on 7 October - European Civic Forum". 3 April 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  29. "Germany cancels pro-Palestine event, bars entry to Gaza war witness". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  30. "Antisemitismus und Desinformation im Netz | Bundesregierung". Die Bundesregierung informiert | Startseite (in German). 8 October 2024.
  31. Dixon, Thomas, 1864–1946. Arthur I. Keller, illustr. The clansman; an historical romance of the Ku Klux Klan New York Doubleday, pp. 324–327
  32. Cecil Adams (18 June 1993). "Why does the Ku Klux Klan burn crosses?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
  33. "Stuttgart Seeks to Ban Anti-Fascist Symbols". Journal Chrétien. 4 April 2006. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  34. "Plakate sind Thema im Landtag" (in German). Tageblatt Online. 23 September 2006. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009.
  35. "Bundesgerichtshof, decision (Urteil) of the 15 March 2007, file reference: 3 StR 486/06" (PDF).
  36. "Durchgestrichenes Hakenkreuz kein verbotenes Kennzeichen" (in German). Der Bundesgerichtshof. 15 March 2007.
  37. "Bundesgerichtshof: Anti-Nazi-Symbole sind nicht strafbar" (in German). Der Spiegel. 15 March 2007.
  38. "5 original Star Trek episodes that were banned overseas".
  39. ^ Orland, Kyle (10 August 2018). "Germany says games with Nazi symbols can get 'artistic' exception to ban". Ars Technica. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  40. Schwiddessen, Sebastian (8 May 2018). "German Attorney General: Video game with Swastika does not violate the law; constitutes art". Lexology. Retrieved 26 August 2019.

External links

Categories: