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Monoamine precursor

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L-Tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin and melatonin and an example of a monoamine precursor.

Monoamine precursors are precursors of monoamines and monoamine neurotransmitters in the body. The amino acids L-tryptophan and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; oxitriptan) are precursors of serotonin and melatonin, while the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-DOPA (levodopa) are precursors of dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

Administration of monoamine precursors can increase the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the body and brain. Monoamine precursors may be used in combination with peripherally selective aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors (AAAD inhibitors; also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) inhibitors) such as carbidopa and benserazide to restrict metabolism and activation in the periphery. Carbidopa/levodopa and levodopa/benserazide are used to increase brain dopamine levels in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Carbidopa/oxitriptan (EVX-101), which increases brain serotonin levels, is under development as an antidepressant for possible use in the treatment of depression.

Droxidopa (L-DOPS) is a synthetic precursor or prodrug of norepinephrine used orally in the treatment of certain types of hypotension and other conditions. Dipivefrine is a synthetic precursor or prodrug of epinephrine used as an ophthalmic medication.

References

  1. ^ Kohlstadt, Ingrid (19 April 2016). Food and Nutrients in Disease Management. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420067637.
  2. ^ Fernandes, John; Saudubray, Jean-Marie; Berghe, Georges van den; Walter, John H. (22 November 2006). Inborn Metabolic Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer. ISBN 9783540287858.
  3. ^ Salat D, Tolosa E (January 2013). "Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: current status and new developments". J Parkinsons Dis. 3 (3): 255–69. doi:10.3233/JPD-130186. PMID 23948989.
  4. Turner EH, Loftis JM, Blackwell AD (March 2006). "Serotonin a la carte: supplementation with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan". Pharmacol Ther. 109 (3): 325–338. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.004. PMID 16023217.
  5. "Carbidopa/Oxytriptan - Evecxia - AdisInsight".
  6. Goldstein DS (2006). "L-Dihydroxyphenylserine (L-DOPS): a norepinephrine prodrug". Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 24 (3–4): 189–203. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3466.2006.00189.x. PMID 17214596.
  7. ^ Scott KA, Cox PB, Njardarson JT (May 2022). "Phenols in Pharmaceuticals: Analysis of a Recurring Motif". J Med Chem. 65 (10): 7044–7072. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00223. PMID 35533692.


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Monoamine receptor modulators
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β
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D1-like
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PAMs
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D2-like
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MT1Tooltip Melatonin receptor 1
MT2Tooltip Melatonin receptor 2
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5-HT1
5-HT1A
5-HT1B
5-HT1D
5-HT1E
5-HT1F
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5-HT2B
5-HT2C
5-HT3–7
5-HT3
5-HT4
5-HT5A
5-HT6
5-HT7


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