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S’gaw Karen language
ကညီကျိာ်, K'nyaw
Pronunciation	[sɣɔʔ]
Native to	Myanmar, Thailand
Region	Kayin State, Myanmar Thailand Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India Malaysia
Ethnicity	Karen
Native speakers	2.2 million (2010–2017)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Karenic S’gaw Karen language
Writing system	Mon–Burmese (S'gaw Karen alphabet) Latin script Karen Braille
Official status
Official language in	Myanmar ( Kayin State)
Recognised minority language in	Thailand
Language codes
ISO 639-2	kar
ISO 639-3	ksw – inclusive code Individual codes: ksw – S'gaw jkp – Paku jkm – Mopwa wea – Wewaw
Glottolog	sout1554
Karen languages
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S’gaw, S'gaw Karen, or S’gaw K’Nyaw, commonly known as Karen, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the S'gaw Karen people of Myanmar and Thailand. A Karenic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, S'gaw Karen is spoken by over 2 million people in Tanintharyi Region, Ayeyarwady Region, Yangon Region, and Bago Region in Myanmar, and about 200,000 in northern and western Thailand along the border near Kayin State. It is written using the S'gaw Karen alphabet, derived from the Burmese script, although a Latin-based script is also in use among the S'gaw Karen in northwestern Thailand.

Various divergent dialects are sometimes seen as separate languages: Paku in the northeast, Mopwa (Mobwa) in the northwest, Wewew, and Monnepwa.

History

The S’gaw, commonly known as the Karen language belongs to the Karenic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The S'gaw language has been used as the official language in the Kayin State of Myanmar and of the Karen National Union (KNU) organization who have waged a war against the Burmese government since early 1949. A Bible translation was published in 1853.

Distribution and varieties

S'gaw is spoken in the Ayeyarwady delta area, in the Ayeyarwady, Bago, Kayin, and Rangon Regions. S’gaw speakers are frequently interspersed with Pwo Karen speakers.

S'gaw dialects are:

• Eastern dialect of S’gaw Karen (Pa’an)
• Southern dialect of Western Kayah (Dawei)
• Delta dialect of S’gaw Karen

Paku is spoken in:

• northern Kayin State: hills southeast of Taungoo in eastern Bago Region, bordering Kayin State
• southern Kayah State (also known as Karenni State).

Paku dialects are Shwe Kyin, Mawchi, Kyauk Gyi, Bawgali, the names of which are based on villages.

• Kyauk Gyi and Shwe Kyin are spoken in Taungoo District, eastern Bago Region, near the Kayin State border.
• Mawchi is spoken in Kayah State.
• Bawgali is spoken in north Kayin State.

Mobwa is spoken in 9 villages at the western foot of the Thandaung Mountains in Thandaung township, Kayin State. There are also some in Taungoo township, Bago Region.

Mobwa dialects are Palaychi (Southern Mobwa) and Dermuha (Southern Mobwa).

Karen people in the Andaman Islands: S'gaw Karen is also spoken in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory of India. The total population in the Andamans is about 2000 people, living in eight villages in the Mayabunder and Diglipur tehsils of the North and Middle Andaman district:

• Mayabunder tehsil – Webi, Deopur, Lataw, Lucknow (Burmadera), Karmatang-9 and 10
• Diglipur tehsil – Borang, Chipon

Dialects

The S'gaw Karen language has at least 3 dialects. They are mutually intelligible to each other; however, there may be words that sound unfamiliar to one another.

• Northern dialect – also known as southern dialect of Kayah State is the S'gaw dialect that does not have the th sound in their language or dialect. They replace the southern and eastern dialects th with s. For example: while the southern and eastern would say moe tha boe, the northern dialect would say moe sa boe. This dialect used the Roman alphabet for their writing system.
• Southern dialect and Eastern (Pa'an) dialect – these two dialects are very similar but there may be words that each may not understand due to regional location which allowed the dialects to grow apart. These two dialects use the Myanmar script as their writing system.
• There are also different accents in the Karen language.

Phonology

The following displays the phonological features of present S'gaw Karen:

Consonants

• An aspirated fricative may be present among different accents and dialects.

Vowels

• /ɨ/ varies between central [ɨ] and [ɯ], depending on the dialect.

Tones

Ken Manson (2009) proposed a Karen tone box to help understand Karenic tonal diversity and classify Karenic languages. It is similar to William Gedney's Tai tone box (see Proto-Tai language#Tones). The tone box contains diagnostic words for use during field elicitation.

Alphabet (Burmese script)

The Karen alphabet consist of 25 consonants, 9 vowels, 5 tones and 5 medials. The Karen alphabet was derived from the Burmese script as created by the help of the English missionaries around the early 1860s. The Karen alphabet was created for the purpose of translating the Bible into the Karen language. Karen script is written from left to right and requires no spaces between words, although modern writing usually contains spaces after each clause to enhance readability.

• က has a sound intermediate between k and g; as in g for good
• ခ is the aspirate of က. It is pronounced like kh as heard in the word camp.
• ဂ has no analogue in English or German. See: voiced velar fricative
• ဃ is pronounced like ch in the German bach, or the Scottish loch.
• င is pronounced like ng as heard in sing
• စ has a sound intermediate between s and z.
• ဆ is the aspirate of စ. It has the sound of ssh, as heard in the phrase hiss him.
• ၡ is pronounced like sh as heard in shell
• ည is pronounced like ny as heard in canyon
• တ has a sound intermediate between t and d; say t without air coming out
• ထ is the aspirate of တ. It is pronounced like ht as heard in the word hot
• ဒ is pronounced like d as heard in day
• န is pronounced like n as heard in net
• ပ has a sound intermediate between b and p; say p without air coming out
• ဖ is pronounced like p as heard in pool
• ဘ is pronounced like b in ball
• မ is pronounced like m as heard in mall
• ယ is pronounced like y as heard in backyard
• ရ is pronounced like r as heard in room
• လ is pronounced like l as heard in school
• ဝ is pronounced like w as heard in wonderful
• သ is pronounced like th as heard in thin
• ဟ is pronounced like h as heard in house
• အ as a consonant, has no sound of its own; it is a mere stem to which vowel signs are attached. Vowel carrier
• ဧ is pronounced as a ɦ sound. See: breathy-voiced glottal approximant

Vowels

Vowels can never stand alone and if a word starts with a vowel syllable, use the vowel carrier "အ" which is silent in order to write words that start with vowel.

• အ – a in quota
• အါ – a in bad
• အံ – i in mean
• အၢ – German ö in Göthe
• အု – German ü in Glück and Korean Hangul character "ㅡ"
• အူ – u in rule, oo in moon
• အ့ – a in rate
• အဲ – e in met
• အိ – o in note
• အီ – aw in raw

Tones

In Shraw Karen, every syllable consists of a vowel, either alone, or preceded by a single or double consonant. A syllable always ends in a vowel. Every syllable may be pronounced in six different tones of voice, the meaning varying according to the tone in which it is pronounced.

• Where no tone is marked, the syllable is pronounced with a rising inflection.

Double consonants

When one consonant follows another with no vowel sound intervening, the second consonant is represented by a symbol, which is joined to the character representing the first consonant.

The examples of writing the Karen alphabet are:

• ခ + ံ → ခံ, pronounced /ki/
• လ + ံ + း → လံး, pronounced /li/
• က + ၠ +ိ → ကၠိ, pronounced /kʝo/
• က + ျ +ိ + ၣ် → ကျိၣ်, pronounced /klo/

Alphabet (Latin script)

The Karen Latin alphabet has 24 consonants, 9 vowels and 5 tones. The tones are written with alphabetic letters.

Consonants

• K matches with the English word guard
• KH matches with the English word car
• G does not have a sound similar to the European languages but matches with the other Karen alphabet of ဂ
• Q matches with the German word bach
• NG matches with the English word young
• C matches with the English ch
• SH has the same sound as S
• NY matches with the Spanish letter ñ
• T have similar sound with English d but say it without air coming out
• TH matches with the English word tool
• D have the same sound as English d
• N matches with English N
• P have similar sound to English p but say it without air coming out
• PH matches with English p
• B matches with English b
• M matches with English m
• Y matches with English y
• R matches with English r
• L matches with English l
• W matches with English w
• S matches with English s; same sound as SH
• H matches with English h
• EH has no analogue in the European languages
• AH has no analogue in the European languages

Vowels

• A matches with the Italian a
• E matches with the English word rust; uh
• I matches with the Italian i
• O matches with the Spanish o
• U matches with the Korean romanization eu
• AI matches with the English word sell
• EI matches with the name Jay
• AU matches with the English word fault
• OO matches with the English word cool

Tones

• av or ă – high mid tone
• aj or à – middle of the sound
• ax or â – low tone; low voice in a short time
• af or ä – high-pitched tone
• az or ā – even tone

Grammar

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2018)

References

1. ^ S’gaw Karen language at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
   S'gaw at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
   Paku at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
   Mopwa at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
   Wewaw at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
2. "Pgaz K'Nyau av lix hkauf htiv". pakakoenyo.org. Archived from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
3. Beckwith, Christopher, ed. (2002). Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages. p. 108.
4. ^ Paku/ S'gaw Karen language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
   Mobwa/ S'gaw Karen language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
5. Maiti, Sameera (2004). The Karen: A Lesser Known Community of the Andaman Islands (PDF). Islands of the World VIII International Conference “Changing Islands – Changing Worlds” 1–7 November 2004, Kinmen Island (Quemoy), Taiwan. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.517.7093. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
6. Mittal, Tanvi (2015). The Karen of Andaman Islands: Labor Migration, Indian Citizenship and Development of a Unique Cultural Identity (Senior thesis). University of Pennsylvania.
7. ^ Sarvestani, Karl Reza (2018). Aspects of Sgaw Karen Phonology and Phonetics (PhD thesis). State University of New York at Buffalo. pp. 49–70 – via ProQuest.
8. ^ Manson, Ken (2009). "A Prolegomena to Reconstructing Proto-Karen". La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics. 12. hdl:1959.9/508224.

External links

• S'gaw Karen Grammar This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• S'gaw Karen Dictionary
• S'gaw Karen Bible
• S'gaw Karen Picture Bible
• SEAlang Library S'gaw Karen Dictionary
• Drum Publication Group
• Free Anglo-Karen Dictionary
• Drum Publication Group—Online S'gaw Karen language materials. Includes an online English – S'gaw Karen Dictionary.
• Karen Teacher Working Group—Several Karen fonts available for download.

v t e Sino-Tibetan branches
Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)	West Himalayish Tamangic Newaric Newar Baram–Thangmi Kiranti Dhimalish Dhimal Toto Lhokpu Lepcha Greater Magaric Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange
Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)	Bodish Tibetic East Bodish Tshangla Basum Nam? Gongduk ʼOle Tani Chamdo
Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border	Karbi Kuki-Chin Mruic Mru Hkongso Pyu Taman "Naga" Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme Sal Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish
East and Southeast Asia	Sinitic Bai Tujia Nungish Karenic Gong Kathu Cai–Long Caijia Longjia Luren Burmo-Qiangic Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish
Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal)	Hrusish Hruso Mijiic Kho-Bwa Puroik Miju–Meyor Songlin Greater Siangic Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon
Proposed groupings	Central Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin–Naga Macro-Bai Mahakiranti Rung Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Kanauri
Proto-languages	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Loloish Proto-Karenic Proto-Min Proto-Hakka
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

v t e Languages of Thailand
Official language	Thai
Other Thais	Lao–Phutai Isan Phu Thai Chiang Saen Northern Thai Tai Lü Phuan Thai Song Sukhothai Southern Thai Northwestern Khün Shan Tai Nüa
Minority by languages groups	Austroasiatic Bru Chong Chung Jahai Kensiu Khmer Northern Western Kintaq Kuy Mlabri Mon Nyah Kur Palaung Ten'edn Thavung Vietnamese Austronesian Cham Malay Bangkok Malay Pattani Malay Satun Malay Moken Moklen Urak Lawoi’ Hmong-Mien Hmong Iu Mien Sino-Tibetan Akha Eastern Pwo Lisu Sinitic Cantonese Teochew Hakka Hokkien Hainanese Hokchew Nuosu Mpi Northern Pwo Phrae Pwo Red Karen (Eastern Kayah) S'gaw Karen Ugong
Non-Indigenous	Immigrant language Burmese Hindi Punjabi Russian Southwestern Mandarin Working language English Japanese Korean
Sign languages	Thai Sign Language Ban Khor Sign

• Karen language
• Subject–verb–object languages
• Tonal languages