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Shimon Slavin

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Israeli professor of medicine
ProfessorShimon Slavin
Born (1941-05-17) May 17, 1941 (age 83)
Tel Aviv, Israel
EducationHebrew University of Jerusalem

Stanford University School of Medicine

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Occupation(s)Medical Director of Biotherapy International, The Center for Innovative Cancer Biotherapy & Regenerative Medicine, medical director at Superinfection
Medical career
ProfessionCancer immunotherapy, clinical immunology, regenerative medicine
Sub-specialtiesInternal medicine, clinical immunology and allergy

Shimon Slavin (born 17 May 1941) is an Israeli professor of medicine. He pioneered immunotherapy mediated by allogeneic donor lymphocytes and innovative methods for stem cell transplantation to cure hematological malignancies and solid tumors. He also used hematopoietic stem cells to induce transplantation tolerance to bone marrow and organ allografts.

More recently, he has been working on the use of multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine for the treatment of neurological, systemic, and orthopedic disorders.

He is currently serving as the medical and scientific director of Biotherapy International Center for Innovative Cancer Immunotherapy & Cellular Medicine in Tel Aviv, Israel, and as the medical director at Superinfection, a biotechnology company in Budapest, Hungary.

Education and clinical work

Slavin graduated from the School of Medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and was awarded his medical degree in 1967. He served as a doctor in the Frogman Unit of the Israeli Navy until 1970. From 1970 to 1975, he trained at the Department of Internal Medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

From 1975 to 1978, Slavin trained in clinical immunology/rheumatology at the Division of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine. In 1978, he trained in clinical bone marrow transplantation under the late E.D. Thomas at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington.

Upon returning to Jerusalem, he opened the first Bone Marrow Transplantation Center at Hadassah University Hospital, which was later recognized as Israel's National Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy Center.

Clinical accomplishments

In early 1987, Slavin introduced the concept of cancer immunotherapy using donor lymphocytes infusion (DLI) for the treatment and prevention of recurrent disease. He also pioneered the use of adaptive allogeneic cell-mediated immunotherapy and cytokine-activated lymphocytes for both treating and preventing relapse following allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.

These observations confirmed the therapeutic benefits of cell therapy and led to the development of new concepts for treating hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. The focus was on utilizing well-tolerated non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation as a platform for cancer cell therapy, targeting killer cells against chemotherapy-resistant malignant cells. Using procedures developed by Slavin and his team, cancer treatment is based on a brighter approach rather than aggressive treatment with conventional chemotherapy. This approach is associated with reduced immediate and late procedure-related toxicity and mortality, aiming at the selective elimination of all malignant cells, including cancer stem cells.

Slavin with Russian pathophysiologist Sukhikh at the International Oncology conference in Moscow in 2017
Meeting with Zaza Sopromadze, Deputy Minister of Health Georgia in 2017
Slavin with Mikhail Gorbachev, the last leader of the Soviet Union
Slavin with Baby Salsabil. First successful treatment for 'bubble babies'.

As a rule, treatment of cancer focuses on a two-step approach: tumor debulking using conventional and innovative modalities, followed by immunotherapy of minimal residual disease. Innovative reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) or non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation (NST) was pioneered by Slavin for safer stem cell transplantation in the treatment of malignant and life-threatening non-malignant disorders that can be corrected using stem cells. Post-transplant immunotherapy is indicated for all patients in need. RIC or NST enables much safer curative stem cell transplantation for every patient, regardless of age, including those with less than optimal clinical conditions who would not be eligible for standard myeloablative stem cell transplantation.

Baxter International recognized the potential of cell therapy and signed an agreement that resulted in significant investment with Slavin at Hadassah Medical Center. This investment aimed to further develop new approaches based on cell therapy for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplantation. These approaches focused on new methods for regulation rather than non-specific suppression of the immune system. As a result, Slavin’s research center was established by Baxter International, headquartered in Chicago, USA, and also supported by the Danny Cunniff Leukemia Research Center. Slavin served as the founder and director of this research center from 1994 to 2007.

Slavin, along with his team, used a vector provided by the San Raffaele Hospital in Milan to pioneer the first successful use of gene therapy for the treatment of bubble baby born with adenosine deaminase deficiency in 2002. The treated infant has remained free of disease for more than 16 years without requiring any further treatment. The same procedure was successfully used by the Milan team to treat many additional patients, all of whom were cured by gene therapy.

More recently, Slavin introduced personalized anti-cancer immunotherapy, focusing on the use of activated donor lymphocytes targeted against cancer with monoclonal and bispecific antibodies. This approach efficiently eliminates cancer while inducing long-lasting anti-cancer immunity to prevent recurrent disease. Innovative cell-mediated immunotherapy is now applied in other centers for treating otherwise resistant cancers, including patients with triple negative breast cancer.

In parallel with the growing activities of Slavin's center and his international impact in cell therapy, new approaches were developed for induction of transplantation tolerance of host-vs-graft and graft-vs-host towards developing improved methods for allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation as well as transplantation of cellular and perfused organ allografts. Initially, Slavin pioneered the use of monoclonal antibodies anti-CD52 (Alemtuzumab, now approved by FDA as Lemtrada) for prevention of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), the most serious complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and later on for treatment of CLL and multiple sclerosis. Later, Slavin introduced the concept of post-transplant depletion of host-vs-graft and graft-vs-host reactive lymphocytes with induction of bilateral transplantation tolerance. These discoveries made it possible to extend the use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation using haploidentical donors instead of fully matched donors for safer allogeneic stem cell transplantation for every patient in need with hematological malignancies and solid tumors as well as for induction of transplantation tolerance to organ allografts. In parallel, Slavin introduced new approaches for treatment of life-threatening autoimmune diseases based on either autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or more recently using multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for regulation of the inflammatory anti-self reactivity in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders focusing on multiple sclerosis.

Based on the cumulative experience using cell therapy, in recent years, Slavin and his team also focused on using multi-potential bone marrow, adipose tissue, or placenta & cord tissue-derived MSCs for regenerative medicine, pioneering the use of MSCs for the treatment of orthopedic indications including cartilage repair and new bone formation as well as for repair of renal function in addition to continuous treatment of neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative disorders and traumatic neurological disorders.

Scientific contributions

Slavin's primary research and clinically applied discoveries were represented in over 600 published articles and more than 900 national and international scientific presentations, resulting in global impact in several disciplines mostly related to cellular therapy for treating malignant and nonmalignant disorders. Immunotherapy of cancer by donor lymphocytes made it possible to treat otherwise resistant hematological malignancies and specific metastatic solid tumors in patients with multidrug-resistant cancer.

The unique efficacy of intentionally mismatched donor lymphocytes using killer cells activated before and following cell infusion was translated into a new paradigm for cellular therapy of cancer based on the use of the transient circulation of non-engrafting donor lymphocytes targeted against minimal residual disease as a new approach for the potential cure of cancer at an early stage of the disease.

Introducing NST and RIC made it possible to provide curative stem cell transplantation for a large number of patients in need with no lower or upper age group, including patients in poor performance status. Still, it would not be otherwise candidates for conventional myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Using NST and RIC provided a safe approach for transplantation of patient's susceptible to conventional cytoreductive conditioning including older patients, patients with Fanconi's anemia and chronic granulomatous disease.

Later on, introducing the concept of post-transplant deletion of alloreactive lymphocytes by cyclophosphamide by Slavin's team made it possible to provide a relatively safe and non-expensive transplant procedure for patients with no matched donor available using a haploidentical family member.

Slavin applied the same principle for successful induction of transplantation tolerance to organ allografts pioneered successfully for the first recipient of kidney allograft alive and well >10 years out. Observations by Slavin's team indicating that re-induction of self-tolerance could be induced by lymphoablative treatment followed by autologous stem cell transplantation provided the rationale for the use of a similar approach for successful treatment of patients with life-threatening autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

In 1977, Slavin discovered the first animal model of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma (BCL1), which provided an opportunity to understand better the biology of B cells and to develop new therapeutic strategies based on the preclinical animal model.

Together with Dr. Herman Waldmann, Slavin was the first to introduce the use of an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody (CAMPATH-1; Alemtuzumab and currently Lemtrada) that was initially used by Slavin for prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and subsequently by others for prevention and treatment of allograft rejection and subsequently approved by FDA for treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Slavin's initial success applying bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, together with Professor Karussis, provided the rationale for using in vitro differentiated MSCs and possibly for future application of secretory products of MSCs, such as extracellular vesicles and exosomes.

Bibliography

Slavin authored more than 600 scientific publications. He serves on many editorial boards and national and international advisory boards. He has received numerous international awards in recognition of his excellence in basic science and clinical medicine.

Shimon Slavin also authored four books:

Personal life

Shimon Slavin was born in Tel Aviv in 1941, but lived in Jerusalem between 1946 and 2007. Slavin is married and father of three children.

References

  1. ^ "Prof. Shimon Slavin, MD". Open Health Alliance (in Greek). Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  2. "Prof. Slavin, Medical & Scientific Director of Biotherapy International". Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  3. "Leadership - Superinfection Therapy". Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  4. "Israeli cell therapy tricks immune system into fighting cancer". 2004-08-08. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  5. "Opening a door to regenerative medicine". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  6. Slavin S, Naparstek E, Nagler A, Ackerstein A, Kapelushnik J, Or R (Dec 1995). "Allogeneic cell therapy for relapsed leukemia after bone marrow transplantation with donor peripheral blood lymphocytes". Experimental Hematology. 23 (14): 1553–62. PMID 8542946.
  7. Naparstek E, Or R, Nagler A, Cividalli G, Engelhard D, Aker M, Gimon Z, Manny N, Sacks T, Tochner Z, Weiss L, Samuel S, Brautbar C, Hale G, Waldmann H, Steinberg SM, SLAVIN S (March 1995). "T‐cell‐depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute leukaemia using Campath‐1 antibodies and post‐transplant administration of donor's peripheral blood lymphocytes for prevention of relapse". British Journal of Haematology. 89 (3): 506–515. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb08356.x. PMID 7734348. S2CID 23981575.
  8. Slavin S, Naparstek E, Nagler A, Ackerstein A, Samuel S, Kapelushnik J, Brautbar C, Or R (Mar 1996). "Allogeneic cell therapy with donor peripheral blood cells and recombinant human interleukin-2 to treat leukemia relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation". Blood. 87 (6): 2195–2204. doi:10.1182/blood.V87.6.2195.bloodjournal8762195. PMID 8630379.
  9. ^ Slavin S (August 2001). "Immunotherapy of cancer with alloreactive lymphocytes". The Lancet Oncology. 2 (8): 491–498. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(01)00455-7. PMID 11905725.
  10. ^ Slavin S (Jul 2004). "Smarter rather than stronger treatment of hematological malignancies and non-malignant indications for stem-cell transplantation". The Lancet. 2 (8): 122–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16652-X. PMID 15246713. S2CID 40166296.
  11. Slavin S, Napier A, Naparstek E, Kapelushnik J et al., Nonmyeloablative conditioning in preparation for allogeneic stem cell transplantation: the future treatment of choice of hematologic malignancies and genetic diseases, ResearchGate
  12. Slavin S, Nagler A, Naparstek E, Kapelushnik Y, Aker M, Cividalli G, Varadi G, Kirschbaum M, Ackerstein A, Samuel S, Amar A, Brautbar C, Ben-Tal O, Eldor A, Or R (Feb 1998). "Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation and cell therapy as an alternative to conventional bone marrow transplantation with lethal cytoreduction for the treatment of malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases". Blood. 91 (3): 756–763. doi:10.1182/blood.V91.3.756. PMID 9446633.
  13. Danny Cunniff Leukemia Research Laboratory Archived 2019-04-24 at the Wayback Machine, Hadassah Medical Center.
  14. Siegel-Itzkovich J (6 July 2002). "Scientists use gene therapy to cure immune deficient child". BMJ. 325 (7354): 10. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7354.10. PMC 1123542.
  15. Aiuti A, Slavin S, Aker M, Ficara F, Deola S, Mortellaro A, Morecki S, Andolfi G, Tabucchi A, Carlucci F, Marinello E, Cattaneo F, Vai S, Servida P, Miniero R, Roncarolo MG, Bordignon C (28 June 2002). "Correction of ADA-SCID by stem cell gene therapy combined with nonmyeloablative conditioning". Science. 296 (5577): 2410–2413. Bibcode:2002Sci...296.2410A. doi:10.1126/science.1070104. PMID 12089448. S2CID 32435671.
  16. Aiuti A, Cattaneo F, Galimberti S, Benninghoff U, Cassani B, et al. (Jan 2009). "Gene therapy for immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency". N Engl J Med. 360 (5): 447–458. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805817. PMID 19179314.
  17. Kohn DB, Hershfield MS, Puck JM, Aiuti A, Blincoe A, Gaspar HB, Notarangelo LD, Grunebaum E (Mar 2019). "Consensus approach for the management of severe combined immune deficiency caused by adenosine deaminase deficiency". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 142 (3): 852–863. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.024. PMC 6688493. PMID 30194989.
  18. ^ Slavin S, Ackerstein A, Or R, Shapira MY, Gesundheit B, Askenasy N, Morecki S (October 2010). "Immunotherapy in high-risk chemotherapy-resistant patients with metastatic solid tumors and hematological malignancies using intentionally mismatched donor lymphocytes activated with rIL-2: a phase I study". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 59 (10): 1511–1519. doi:10.1007/s00262-010-0878-1. PMC 11031035. PMID 20563804. S2CID 23443095.
  19. Morecki S, Lindhofer H, Yacovlev E, Gelfand Y, Slavin S (Feb 2006). "Use of trifunctional bispecific antibodies to prevent graft versus host disease induced by allogeneic lymphocytes". Blood. 107 (4): 1564–1569. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-07-2738. PMID 16234351.
  20. Morecki S, Lindhofer H, Yacovlev E, Gelfand Y, Ruf P, Slavin S (Aug 2008). "Induction of long-lasting antitumor immunity by concomitant cell therapy with allogeneic lymphocytes and trifunctional bispecific antibody". Experimental Hematology. 36 (8): 997–1003. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2008.03.005. PMID 18495330.
  21. Triple Negative Breast Cancer: a Highly Significant Finding, MossReports
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  23. FDA Approves Lemtrada™ (alemtuzumab) for Relapsing MS - UPDATE, National Multiple Sclerosis Society
  24. Prigozhina TB, Gurevitch O, Zhu J, Slavin S (May 1997). "Permanent and specific transplantation tolerance induced by a nonmyeloablative treatment to a wide variety of allogeneic tissues: I. Induction of tolerance by a short course of total lymphoid irradiation and selective elimination of the donor-specific host lymphocytes". Transplantation. 63 (10): 1394–1399. doi:10.1097/00007890-199705270-00004. PMID 9175799.
  25. Prigozhina TB, Gurevitch O, Slavin S (October 1999). "Nonmyeloablative conditioning to induce bilateral tolerance after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in mice". Experimental Hematology. 27 (10): 1503–1510. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X(99)00088-0. PMID 10517491.
  26. Prigozhina TB, Gurevitch O, Morecki S, Yakovlev E, Elkin G, Slavin S (Jan 2002). "Nonmyeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation as immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies and metastatic solid tumors in preclinical models". Experimental Hematology. 30 (1): 89–96. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X(01)00759-7. PMID 11823042.
  27. Prigozhina TB, Elkin G, Khitrin S, Slavin S (Nov 2004). "Depletion of donor-reactive cells as a new concept for improvement of mismatched bone marrow engraftment using reduced-intensity conditioning". Experimental Hematology. 32 (11): 1110–1117. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2004.07.017. PMID 15539090.
  28. Slavin S (Jul 1993). "Depletion of donor-reactive cells as a new concept for improvement of mismatched bone marrow engraftment using reduced-intensity conditioning". Bone Marrow Transplantation. 12 (1): 85–8. PMID 8104072.
  29. Karussis D, Slavin S (Aug 2004). "Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: experimental evidence to rethink the procedures". J Neurol Sci. 223 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2004.04.021. PMID 15261562. S2CID 23438663.
  30. Karussis D, Karageorgiou C, Vaknin-Dembinsky A, Gowda-Kurkalli B, Gomori JM, Kassis I, Bulte JW, Petrou P, Ben-Hur T, Abramsky O, Slavin S (Feb 2011). "Safety and immunological effects of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Arch Neurol. 67 (10): 1187–94. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.248. PMC 3036569. PMID 20937945.
  31. Gurevitch O, Kurkalli BG, Prigozhina T, Kasir J, Gaft A, Slavin S (September 2003). "Reconstruction of cartilage, bone, and hematopoietic microenvironment with demineralized bone matrix and bone marrow cells". Stem Cells. 21 (5): 588–97. doi:10.1634/stemcells.21-5-588. PMID 12968113.
  32. Kurkalli BG, Gurevitch O, Sosnik A, Cohn D, Slavin S (Mar 2010). "Repair of bone defect using bone marrow cells and demineralized bone matrix supplemented with polymeric materials". Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 5 (1): 49–56. doi:10.2174/157488810790442831. hdl:11336/14218. PMID 19807659.
  33. Ohtake T, Kobayashi S, Slavin S, et al. (Mar 2018). "Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Incubated in Vasculogenic Conditioning Medium Dramatically Improve Ischemia/Reperfusion Acute Kidney Injury in Mice". Cell Transplantation. 27 (3): 520–530. doi:10.1177/0963689717753186. PMC 6038042. PMID 29737200.
  34. Childs R, Chernoff A, Contentin N, Bahceci E, Schrump D, Leitman S, Read EJ, Tisdale J, Dunbar C, Linehan WM, Young NS, Barrett AJ (Sep 2000). "Regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma after nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation". New England Journal of Medicine. 343 (11): 750–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM200009143431101. PMID 10984562.
  35. Shapira MY, Or R, Resnick IB, Bitan M, Ackerstein A, Samuel S, Elad S, Zilberman I, Miron S, Slavin S (Sep 2003). "A new minimally ablative stem cell transplantation procedure in high-risk patients not eligible for nonmyeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation". Bone Marrow Transplant. 32 (6): 557–61. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1704190. PMID 12953126.
  36. Shapira MY, Resnick IB, Bitan M, Ackerstein A, Samuel S, Elad S, Miron S, Zilberman I, Slavin S, Or R (Jul 2004). "Low transplant-related mortality with allogeneic stem cell transplantation in elderly patients". Bone Marrow Transplant. 34 (2): 155–9. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1704540. PMID 15235577.
  37. Bitan M, Or R, Shapira MY, Aker M, Resnick IB, Ackerstein A, Samuel S, Elad S, Slavin S (Jul 2006). "Fludarabine-based reduced intensity conditioning for stem cell transplantation of Fanconi anemia patients from fully matched related and unrelated donors". Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 12 (7): 712–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.03.002. PMID 16785060.
  38. Ayas M, Saber W, Davies SM, Harris RE, Hale GA, et al. (May 2013). "Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for fanconi anemia in patients with pretransplantation cytogenetic abnormalities, myelodysplastic syndrome, or acute leukemia". J Clin Oncol. 31 (13): 1669–76. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.45.9719. PMC 3635221. PMID 23547077.
  39. Nagler A, Ackerstein A, Kapelushnik J, Or R, Naparstek E, Slavin S (Aug 1999). "Donor lymphocyte infusion post-non-myeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for chronic granulomatous disease". Bone Marrow Transplant. 24 (3): 339–42. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1701903. PMID 10455377.
  40. Prigozhina TB, Gurevitch O, Zhu J, Slavin S (May 1997). "Permanent and specific transplantation tolerance induced by a nonmyeloablative treatment to a wide variety of allogeneic tissues: I. Induction of tolerance by a short course of total lymphoid irradiation and selective elimination of the donor-specific host lymphocytes". Transplantation. 63 (10): 1394–9. doi:10.1097/00007890-199705270-00004. PMID 9175799.
  41. Granata A, Fürst S, Bramanti S, et al. (Mar 2019). "Peripheral blood stem cell for haploidentical transplantation with post-transplant high dose cyclophosphamide: detailed analysis of 181 consecutive patients". Bone Marrow Transplant. 54 (11): 1730–1737. doi:10.1038/s41409-019-0500-x. PMID 30890770.
  42. Tangnararatchakit K, Tirapanich W, Anurathapan U, Tapaneya-Olarn W, Pakakasama S, Jootar S, Slavin S, Hongeng S (May 2012). "Depletion of alloreactive T cells for tolerance induction in a recipient of kidney and hematopoietic stem cell transplantations". Pediatr Transplant. 16 (8): E342–E347. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3046.2012.01701.x. PMID 22553996. S2CID 11281960.
  43. Burt RK, Slavin S, Burns WH, Marmont AM (Aug 2002). "Induction of tolerance in autoimmune diseases by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: getting closer to a cure?". Int J Hematol. 1: 226–47. doi:10.1007/bf03165251. PMID 12430858. S2CID 33358121.
  44. Burt RK, Cohen B, Rose J, Petersen F, et al. (Jun 2005). "Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis". Arch Neurol. 62 (6): 860–4. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.6.860. hdl:1765/63790. PMID 15956156.
  45. Burt RK, Han X, Gozdziak P, Yaung K, et al. (Jun 2018). "Five year follow-up after autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory, chronic, corticosteroid-dependent systemic lupus erythematosus: effect of conditioning regimen on the outcome". Bone Marrow Transplant. 53 (6): 692–700. doi:10.1038/s41409-018-0173-x. PMID 29855561.
  46. Strober S, Gronowicz ES, Knapp MR, Slavin S, Vitetta ES, Warnke RA, Kotzin B, Schröder J (1979). "Immunobiology of a spontaneous murine B cell leukemia (BCL1)". Immunol Rev. 48: 169–95. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.1979.tb00303.x. PMID 121100. S2CID 1133666.
  47. Krolick KA, Uhr JW, Slavin S, Vitetta ES (Jun 1982). "In vivo therapy of a murine B cell tumor (BCL1) using antibody-ricin A chain immunotoxins". J Exp Med. 155 (6): 1797–1809. doi:10.1084/jem.155.6.1797. PMC 2186702. PMID 6804591.
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  49. Watson CJ, Bradley JA, Friend PJ, Firth J, et al. (Jun 2005). "Alemtuzumab (CAMPATH 1H) induction therapy in cadaveric kidney transplantation--efficacy and safety at five years". Am J Transplant. 5 (6): 1347–53. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00822.x. PMID 15888040.
  50. Clatworthy MR, Friend PJ, Calne RY, Rebello PR, Hale G, Waldmann H, Watson CJ (Apr 2009). "Alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1H) for the treatment of acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients: long-term follow-up". Transplantation. 87 (7): 1092–5. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e31819d3353. PMID 19352132. S2CID 37851876.
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