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Simocyon Temporal range: late Miocene to early Pliocene
Simocyon primigenius lower jaw at Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Paris.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Ailuridae
Subfamily:	†Simocyoninae
Genus:	†Simocyon Wagner, 1858
Species
†S. batalleri (Viret, 1929) †S. diaphorus (Kaup, 1832) †?S. hungaricus Kretzoi in Kadic and Kretzoi, 1927 †S. primigenius (type species) (Roth and Wagner, 1854)
Synonyms
Amphalopex Kaup, 1861 Araeocyon Thorpe, 1922 Metarctos Gaudry, 1860

Simocyon ("short-snouted dog") is a genus of extinct carnivoran mammal in the family Ailuridae. Simocyon, which was about the size of a mountain lion, lived in the late Miocene and early Pliocene epochs, and has been found in Europe, Asia, and rarely, North America and Africa.

Classification

The relationship of Simocyon to other carnivores has been controversial, but studies of the structure of its ear, teeth, and ankle now indicate that its closest living relative is the red panda, Ailurus, although it is different enough to be classified in a separate subfamily (Simocyoninae) along with related genera Alopecocyon and Actiocyon.

Palaeoecology

While the red panda is primarily herbivorous, the teeth and skull of Simocyon indicate that it was carnivorous, and it may have engaged in some bone-crushing, like living hyenas. The skeleton of Simocyon indicates that, like the red panda, it could climb trees, although it probably also spent considerable time on the ground. Simocyon and Ailurus both have a radial sesamoid, an unusual bone in the wrist that acts as a false thumb. Its competitors during its time period were ailuropodine and tremarctine bears, nimravid false cats, and early canids and felids.

References

1. ^ Peigné, S.; Salesa, M. J.; Antón, M.; Morales, J. (2005). "Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (2): 219–238.
2. Howell, F. Clark; Garcia, Nuria (December 2007). "Carnivora (Mammalia) From Lemudong'o (Late Miocene: Narok District, Kenya)" (PDF). Kirtlandia. 556. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Natural History: 121–139. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
3. Wang, Xiaoming (1997). "New cranial material of Simocyon from China, and its implications for phylogenetic relationship to the red panda(Ailurus)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (1): 184–198. Bibcode:1997JVPal..17..184W. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010963.
4. Fabre, Anne-Claire; Salesa, Manuel J.; Cornette, Raphael; Antón, Mauricio; Morales, Jorge; Peigné, Stéphane (13 May 2015). "Quantitative inferences on the locomotor behaviour of extinct species applied to Simocyon batalleri (Ailuridae, Late Miocene, Spain)". The Science of Nature. 102 (5–6). doi:10.1007/s00114-015-1280-9. ISSN 0028-1042. Retrieved 21 November 2024 – via Springer Nature Link.
5. Salesa, M. J.; Antón, M.; Peigné, S.; Morales, J. (2008). "Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Spain". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 152 (3): 593–621. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00370.x.
6. Salesa, Manuel J.; Antón, Mauricio; Peigné, Stéphane; Morales, Jorge (2006). "Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (2): 379–382. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..379S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504899102. PMC 1326154. PMID 16387860.

Bibliography

• Fabre, Anne-Claire; Salesa, Manuel J.; Cornette, Raphael; Antón, Mauricio; Morales, Jorge; Peigné, Stéphane (2015). "Quantitative inferences on the locomotor behaviour of extinct species applied to Simocyon batalleri (Ailuridae, Late Miocene, Spain)". The Science of Nature. 102 (5–6): 30. Bibcode:2015SciNa.102...30F. doi:10.1007/s00114-015-1280-9. PMID 25968493. S2CID 253632525.
• Tedrow, A. R.; Baskin, J. A.; Robinson, S. F.; Gillette, D. D. (1999). "An additional occurrence of Simocyon (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) in North America". Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah: 487–493.
• Spassov, Nikolai; Geraads, Denis (2011). "A skull of Simocyon primigenius (Roth & Wagner, 1854) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Karaslari (Republic of Macedonia), with remarks on the systematics and evolution of the genus". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 262 (2): 151–161. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0188.
• Kullmer, Ottmar; Morlo, Michael; Sommer, Jens; Lutz, Herbert; Engel, Thomas; Forman, Markus; Holzförster, Frank (2008). "The second specimen of Simocyon diaphorus(Kaup, 1832) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the type–locality Eppelsheim (Early late Miocene, Germany)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3): 928. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[928:TSSOSD]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 129956051.

v t e Genera of red pandas, raccoons, skunks, mustelids and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora
Musteloidea Musteloidea †Peignictis †Plesiogale Ailuridae Ailurinae Ailurus †Magerictis †Parailurus †Pristinailurus †Amphictinae Amphictis †Simocyoninae Actiocyon Alopecocyon Protursus Simocyon Mephitidae †Brachyprotoma Conepatus Mephitis Mydaus †Palaeomephitis †Promephitis Spilogale Procyonidae †Amphinasua †Angustictis †Arctonasua Bassaricyon Bassariscus †Bassaricynoides †Chapalmalania †Cyonasua †Edaphocyon Nasua Nasuella †Parahyaenodon †Paranasua †Parapotos †Probassariscus Procyon †Protoprocyon Potos †Tetraprothomo
Mustelidae Mustelidae †Acheronictis †Aragonictis †Arikarictis †Circamustela †Erokomellivora †Franconictis †Kenyalutra †Kinometaxia †Laphyctis †Luogale †Marcetia †Matanomictis †Melidellavus †Mellalictis †Mesomephitis †Miomustela †Namibictis †Oaxacagale †Palaeomeles †Paragale †Parataxidea †Perunium †Plesictis †Plesiogale †Plesiomeles †Prepoecilogale †Presictis †Promellivora †Proputorius †Pyctis †Sabadellictis †Semantor †Sinictis †Sivalictis †Skopelogale †Sonitictis †Taxodon †Trochotherium †Xenictis †Zorilla Guloninae †Canimartes Eira †Ferinestrix Gulo †Iberictis †Ischyrictis Martes Pekania †Plesiogulo †Plionictis †Sthenictis Helictidinae Melogale Ictonychinae †Brevimalictis †Cernictis †Eirictis †Enhydrictis Galictis Ictonyx †Lutravus Lyncodon †Martellictis †Negodiaetictis †Oriensictis †Pannonictis †Poecilictis Poecilogale †Sminthosinis †Stipanicicia †Trigonictis †Trochictis Vormela Lutrinae †Algarolutra Aonyx †Cyrnaonyx †Cyrnolutra †Djourabus Enhydra †Enhydriodon †Enhydritherium Hydrictis †Limnonyx Lontra Lutra †Lutraeximia †Lutrictis Lutrogale †Megalenhydris †Megencephalon †Melodon †Mionictis †Nesolutra †Paludolutra †Paralutra †Pelycictis Pteronura †Sardolutra †Satherium †Siamogale †Sivaonyx †Teruelictis †Torolutra †Tyrrhenolutra †Vishnuonyx †Leptarctinae Craterogale Leptarctus Trocharion Melinae †Arctomeles Arctonyx Meles †Promeles Mellivorinae †Ekorus †Eomellivora †Hoplictis Mellivora †Moralesictis †Mustelavinae Mustelavus Mustelinae †Baranogale †Dinogale †Lartetictis †Legionarictis Mustela Neogale †Putorius †Tisisthenes †Oligobuninae Brachypsalis Corumictis Floridictis Megalictis Oligobunis Parabrachypsalis Paroligobunis Promartes Zodiolestes Taxidiinae †Chamitataxus †Pliotaxidea Taxidea

This article related to prehistoric animals from order Carnivora is a stub. You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it.

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• Miocene carnivorans
• Pliocene carnivorans
• Neogene mammals of Africa
• Neogene mammals of Asia
• Neogene mammals of Europe
• Neogene mammals of North America
• Prehistoric carnivoran genera
• Ailuridae
• Miocene genus first appearances
• Zanclean extinctions
• Taxa named by Johann Andreas Wagner
• Fossil taxa described in 1858
• Prehistoric carnivoran stubs