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Simple living refers to practices that promote simplicity in one's lifestyle. Common practices of simple living include reducing the number of possessions one owns, depending less on technology and services, and spending less money. In addition to such external changes, simple living also reflects a person's mindset and values. Simple living practices can be seen in history, religion, art, and economics.

Adherents may choose simple living for a variety of personal reasons, such as spirituality, health, increase in quality time for family and friends, work–life balance, personal taste, financial sustainability, increase in philanthropy, frugality, environmental sustainability, or reducing stress. Simple living can also be a reaction to economic materialism and consumer culture. Some cite sociopolitical goals aligned with environmentalist, anti-consumerist, or anti-war movements, including conservation, degrowth, deep ecology, and tax resistance.

History

Religious and spiritual

A number of religious and spiritual traditions encourage simple living. Early examples include the Śramaṇa traditions of Iron Age India and biblical Nazirites. More formal traditions of simple living stretch back to antiquity, originating with religious and philosophical leaders such as Jesus, Lao Tzu, Confucius, Zarathustra, Gautama Buddha, and Prophet Muhammad. These traditions were heavily influenced by both national cultures and religious ethics. Simplicity was one of the primary concepts espoused by Lao Tzu, the founder of Taoism. This is most embodied in the principles of Pu and Ziran. Confucius has been quoted numerous times as promoting simple living.

Gautama Buddha espoused simple living as a central virtue of Buddhism. The Four Noble Truths advocate detachment from desire as the path to ending suffering and attaining Nirvana.

Jesus is said to have lived a simple life. He is said to have encouraged his disciples "to take nothing for their journey except a staff—no bread, no bag, no money in their belts—but to wear sandals and not put on two tunics". He also told his disciples that they cannot serve God and money at the same time, and explained that God is capable of providing them with the essentials for life (food and clothing), so long as they "seek his kingdom first". The Apostle Paul taught that people should be content with food and clothing, and that the desire to be rich is the cause of many kinds of evils.

Many other notable religious individuals, such as Benedict of Nursia, Francis of Assisi, Leo Tolstoy, Rabindranath Tagore, Albert Schweitzer, and Mahatma Gandhi, have claimed that spiritual inspiration led them to a simple living lifestyle.

Sufism in the Muslim world emerged and grew as a mystical, somewhat hidden tradition in the mainstream Sunni and Shia denominations of Islam. Sufism grew particularly in the frontier areas of Islamic states, where the asceticism of its fakirs and dervishes appealed to populations already used to the monastic traditions of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. Sufis were influential and successful in spreading Islam between the 10th and 19th centuries. Some scholars have argued that Sufi Muslim ascetics and mystics played a decisive role in converting the Turkic peoples to Islam, mainly because of the similarities between the extreme, ascetic Sufis (fakirs and dervishes) and the Shamans of the traditional Turco-Mongol religion.

Plain people typically belonged to Christian groups that practised lifestyles that excluded forms of wealth or technology for religious or philosophical reasons. Such Christian groups include the Shakers, Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites, Amana Colonies, Bruderhof, Old German Baptist Brethren, Harmony Society, and some Quakers. A Quaker belief called Testimony of simplicity states that a person ought to live her or his life simply. Some tropes about complete exclusion of technology in these groups may not be accurate though. The Amish and other groups do use some modern technology, after assessing its impact on the community.

The 18th-century French Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau strongly praised the simple way of life in many of his writings, especially in two books: Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1750) and Discourse on Inequality (1754).

Secular and political

Epicureanism, based on the teachings of the Athens-based philosopher Epicurus, flourished from about the fourth century BCE to the third century CE. Epicureanism held that the paradigm of happiness was the untroubled life, which was made possible by carefully considered choices. Epicurus pointed out that troubles entailed by maintaining an extravagant lifestyle tend to outweigh the pleasures of partaking in it. He therefore concluded that what is necessary for happiness, bodily comfort, and life itself should be maintained at minimal cost, while all things beyond what is necessary for these should either be tempered by moderation or completely avoided.

Henry David Thoreau, an American naturalist and author, made the classic secular advocacy of a life of simple and sustainable living in his book Walden (1854). Thoreau conducted a two-year experiment living a plain and simple life on the shores of Walden Pond. He concluded: "Our life is frittered away by detail. Simplify, simplify, simplify! I say, let your affairs be as two or three, and not a hundred or a thousand; instead of a million count half a dozen, and keep your accounts on your thumb-nail."

In Victorian Britain, Henry Stephens Salt, an admirer of Thoreau, popularised the idea of "Simplification, the saner method of living". Other British advocates of the simple life included Edward Carpenter, William Morris, and the members of the "Fellowship of the New Life". Carpenter popularised the phrase the "Simple Life" in his essay Simplification of Life in his England's Ideal (1887).

C.R. Ashbee and his followers also practised some of these ideas, thus linking simplicity with the Arts and Crafts movement. British novelist John Cowper Powys advocated the simple life in his 1933 book A Philosophy of Solitude. John Middleton Murry and Max Plowman practised a simple lifestyle at their Adelphi Centre in Essex in the 1930s. Irish poet Patrick Kavanagh championed a "right simplicity" philosophy based on ruralism in some of his work.

George Lorenzo Noyes, a naturalist, mineralogist, development critic, writer, and artist, is known as the Thoreau of Maine. He lived a wilderness lifestyle, advocating through his creative work a simple life and reverence for nature. During the 1920s and 1930s, the Vanderbilt Agrarians of the Southern United States advocated a lifestyle and culture centered upon traditional and sustainable agrarian values as opposed to the progressive urban industrialism which dominated the Western world at that time.

The Norwegian-American economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen warned against the conspicuous consumption of the materialistic society in his The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899); Richard Gregg coined the term "voluntary simplicity" in The Value of Voluntary Simplicity (1936). From the 1920s, a number of modern authors articulated both the theory and practice of living simply, among them Gandhian Richard Gregg, economists Ralph Borsodi and Scott Nearing, anthropologist-poet Gary Snyder, and utopian fiction writer Ernest Callenbach. Economist E. F. Schumacher argued against the notion that "bigger is better" in Small Is Beautiful (1973); and Duane Elgin continued the promotion of the simple life in Voluntary Simplicity (1981).

The Australian academic Ted Trainer practices and writes about simplicity, and established The Simplicity Institute at Pigface Point, some 20 km (12 mi) from the University of New South Wales to which it is attached. A secular set of nine values was developed with the Ethify Yourself project in Austria, having a simplified life style in mind. In the United States voluntary simplicity started to garner more public exposure through a movement in the late 1990s around a popular "simplicity" book, The Simple Living Guide by Janet Luhrs.

Practices

Reducing consumption, work time, and possessions

Some people practice simple living by reducing their consumption. Lowering consumption can reduce individual debt, which allows for greater flexibility and simplicity in one's life. If one spends less on goods or services, one can spend less time earning money. The time saved may be used to pursue other interests, to help others through volunteering, or to improve their quality of life, for example, by pursuing creative activities. Developing a detachment from the pursuit of money has led some individuals, such as Suelo and Mark Boyle, to live with no money. People who reduce their expenses can also increase their savings, leading to financial independence and the possibility of early retirement.

The "100 Thing Challenge" is a grassroots movement to whittle personal possessions to one hundred items, aiming of de-cluttering and simplify life. People in the tiny house movement chose to live in small, mortgage-free, low-impact dwellings, such as log cabins or beach huts.

Joshua Becker suggests that people who desire to simplify their lives begin by simplifying their homes.

Increasing self-sufficiency

One way to simplify life is to get back-to-the-land and grow your own food. Increased self-sufficiency reduces dependency on money and the broader economy. Tom Hodgkinson believes the key to a free and simple life is to stop consuming and start producing. Writer and eco-blogger Jennifer Nini left the city to live off-grid, grow food, and "be a part of the solution; not part of the problem."

Forest gardening, developed by simple living adherent Robert Hart, is a low-maintenance, plant-based food production system based on woodland ecosystems. It incorporates fruit and nut trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, and perennial vegetables. Hart created a model forest garden from a 0.12 acres (490 m) orchard on his farm at Wenlock Edge in Shropshire.

"Food miles" is a description of the number of miles a given item of food or its ingredients has travelled between the farm and the table. Simple living advocates use this metric to argue for locally grown food, for example in books like The 100-Mile Diet and Barbara Kingsolver's Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life. In each of those cases, the authors devoted a year to reducing their carbon footprint by eating locally.

City dwellers can produce home-grown fruit and vegetables in pot gardens or miniature indoor greenhouses. Tomatoes, lettuce, spinach, Swiss chard, peas, strawberries, and several types of herbs can all thrive in pots. Jim Merkel says "A person could sprout seeds. They are tasty, incredibly nutritious, and easy to grow... We grow them in wide-mouthed mason jars with a square of nylon window screen screwed under a metal ring".

Reconsidering technology

People who practice simple living have diverse views on the role of technology. The American political activist Scott Nearing was skeptical about how humanity would use new technology, citing destructive inventions such as nuclear weapons. Those who eschew modern technology are often referred to as Luddites or neo-Luddites. Although simple living is often a secular pursuit, it may still involve reconsidering appropriate technology as Anabaptist groups such as the Amish or Mennonites have done.

Technology can make a simple lifestyle within mainstream culture easier and more sustainable. The internet can reduce an individual's carbon footprint through remote work and lower paper usage. Some have calculated their energy consumption to show that one can live simply and in a satisfying way by using much less energy than is typically used in Western countries. Technologies they may embrace include computers, photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, and water turbines.

Technological interventions that appear to simplify living may actually induce side effects elsewhere or in the future. Evgeny Morozov warns that tools like the internet can facilitate mass surveillance and political repression. The book Green Illusions identifies how wind and solar energy technologies have hidden side effects and can actually increase energy consumption and entrench environmental harms over time. The authors of the book Techno-Fix criticize technological optimists for overlooking the limitations of technology in solving agricultural problems.

Simplifying diet

In contrast to diets like vegetarianism, a simplified diet focuses on principles rather than a set of rules. People may use less sophisticated and cheaper ingredients, and eat dishes considered as "comfort food", including home-cooked dishes. Simple diets are usually considered to be "healthy", since they include a significant amount of fruit and vegetables. A simple diet usually avoids highly processed foods and fast-food eating. Simplicity may also entail taking time to be present while eating, such as by following rituals, avoiding multitasking when eating, and putting time aside to consume food mindfully and gratefully, potentially in the company of others. Moreover, it is common to cook one's own food, by following simple recipes that are not particularly time consuming, in an attempt to reduce the amount of energy necessary for cooking.

A simple diet looks different from person to person and can be adapted to suit individual needs and desires. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the Movement for Compassionate Living was formed by Kathleen and Jack Jannaway in 1984 to spread the message of veganism and promote simple living and self-reliance as a remedy against the exploitation of humans, animals, and the planet.

Politics and activism

The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Environmentalism

Environmentalism is inspired by simple living, as harmony with nature is intrinsically dependent on a simple lifestyle. For example, Green parties often advocate simple living as a consequence of their "four pillars" or the "Ten Key Values" of the Green Party of the United States. This includes, in policy terms, their rejection of genetic engineering and nuclear power and other technologies they consider to be hazardous. The Greens' support for simplicity is based on the reduction in natural resource usage and environmental impact. This concept is expressed in Ernest Callenbach's "green triangle" of ecology, frugality, and health.

Some avoid involvement even with green politics as compromising simplicity, however, and instead advocate forms of green anarchism that attempt to implement these principles at a smaller scale, e.g. the ecovillage. Deep ecology, a belief that the world does not exist as a resource to be freely exploited by humans, proposes wilderness preservation, human population control, and simple living.

Arts

The term "bohemianism" describes a tradition of both voluntary and involuntary poverty by artists who devote their time to artistic endeavors rather than paid labor. The term was coined by the French bourgeoisie as a way to describe social non-conformists. Bohemians sometimes also expressed their unorthodoxy through simplistic art, for instance in the case of Amedeo Modigliani. Minimalistic art inspired "rebel" artistic movements into the 20th century.

Positive attitudes towards living in poverty for the sake of art are becoming less common among young American artists. One recent graduate of the Rhode Island School of Design said "her classmates showed little interest in living in garrets and eating ramen noodles."

Economics

A new economics movement has been building since the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, and the publications that year of Only One Earth, The Limits to Growth, and Blueprint for Survival, followed by Small Is Beautiful: Economics As If People Mattered in 1973.

David Wann introduced the idea of "simple prosperity" as it applies to a sustainable lifestyle. From his point of view, "it is important to ask ourselves three fundamental questions: what is the point of all our commuting and consuming? What is the economy for? And, finally, why do we seem to be unhappier now than when we began our initial pursuit for rich abundance?"

James Robertson's A New Economics of Sustainable Development inspired work of thinkers and activists who participate in his Working for a Sane Alternative network and program. According to Robertson, the shift to sustainability is likely to require a widespread shift of emphasis from raising incomes to reducing costs.

The principles of the new economics, as set out by Robertson, are the following:

• systematic empowerment of people (as opposed to making and keeping them dependent), as the basis for people-centred development
• systematic conservation of resources and the environment, as the basis for environmentally sustainable development
• evolution from a "wealth of nations" model of economic life to a one-world model, and from today's inter-national economy to an ecologically sustainable, decentralising, multi-level one-world economic system
• restoration of political and ethical factors to a central place in economic life and thought
• respect for qualitative values, not just quantitative values

References

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Additional reading

• Berry, Wendell (1990). What Are People For?. North Point Press. ISBN 0865474370.
• Bruno, Dave (2010). The 100 Thing Challenge. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0061787744.
• Dacyczyn, Amy (1998). The Complete Tightwad Gazette: Promoting Thrift as a Viable Alternative Lifestyle. Random House Publishing. ISBN 0375752250.
• de Graaf, John; Wann, David; Naylor, Thomas (2002). Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. ISBN 1576751996.
• Delany, Paul (1987). The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth. Free Press. ISBN 978-0029082805.
• Elgin, Duane (2010) . Voluntary Simplicity. Harper. ISBN 978-0061779268.
• Eller, Vernard (1973). The Simple Life. W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0802815375.
• Fisker, Jacob Lund (2010). Early Retirement Extreme: A philosophical and practical guide to financial independence. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1453601211.
• Freed, Dolly (2010) . Possum Living: How to Live Well Without a Job and with (Almost) No Money. Tin House Books. ISBN 978-0982053935.
• Kondo, Marie (2014). The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. ISBN 978-1607747307.
• Long, Charles (1996) . How to Survive Without a Salary: Living the Conserver Lifestyle. Warwick. ISBN 1894622375.
• Luhrs, Janet (1997). The Simple Living Guide: A Sourcebook for Less Stressful, More Joyful Living. Harmony/Rodale. ISBN 0553067966.
• Mills, Stephanie (2002). Epicurean Simplicity. Island Press. ISBN 978-1559636896.
• Nearing, Helen; Nearing, Scott (1970). The Good Life: Helen and Scott Nearing's Sixty Years of Self-Sufficient Living. Schocken.
• Robin, Vicki; Dominguez, Joe (1992). Your Money or Your Life. Viking.
  Robin, Vicki; Tilford, Monique; Zaifman, Mark (2008). Your Money or Your Life: Revised and Updated for the 21st Century. Penguin Books.
• Romney, Edward (2001) . Living Well on Practically Nothing. Paladin Press. ISBN 1581602820.
• Taylor-Hough, Deborah (2000). A Simple Choice: A practical guide for saving your time, money and sanity. SourceBooks. ISBN 1891400495.

External links

Media related to Simple living at Wikimedia Commons

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climate change Effects of climate change Climate change mitigation Climate change adaptation By country and region Causes Overview Climate system Greenhouse effect (Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere) Scientific consensus on climate change Sources Deforestation Fossil fuel Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gas emissions Carbon accounting Carbon footprint Carbon leakage from agriculture from wetlands World energy supply and consumption History History of climate change policy and politics History of climate change science Svante Arrhenius James Hansen Charles David Keeling United Nations Climate Change conferences Years in climate change 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Effects and issues Physical Abrupt climate change Anoxic event Arctic methane emissions Arctic sea ice decline Atlantic meridional overturning circulation Drought Extreme weather Flood Coastal flooding Heat wave Marine Urban heat island Oceans acidification deoxygenation heat content sea surface temperature stratification temperature Ozone depletion Permafrost thaw Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Sea level rise Season creep Tipping points in the climate system Tropical cyclones Water cycle Wildfires Flora and fauna Biomes Mass mortality event Birds Extinction risk Forest dieback Invasive species Marine life Plant biodiversity Social and economic Agriculture Livestock United States Children Cities Civilizational collapse Crime Depopulation of settlements Destruction of cultural heritage Disability Economic impacts U.S. insurance industry Fisheries Gender Health Mental health Human rights Indigenous peoples Infectious diseases Migration Poverty Psychological impacts Security and conflict Urban flooding Water scarcity Water security By country and region Africa Americas Antarctica Arctic Asia Australia Caribbean Europe Middle East and North Africa Small island countries by individual country Mitigation Economics and finance Carbon budget Carbon emission trading Carbon offsets and credits Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) Carbon price Carbon tax Climate debt Climate finance Climate risk insurance Co-benefits of climate change mitigation Economics of climate change mitigation Fossil fuel divestment Green Climate Fund Low-carbon economy Net zero emissions Energy Carbon capture and storage Energy transition Fossil fuel phase-out Nuclear power Renewable energy Sustainable energy Preserving and enhancing carbon sinks Blue carbon Carbon dioxide removal Carbon sequestration Direct air capture Carbon farming Climate-smart agriculture Forest management afforestation forestry for carbon sequestration REDD and REDD+ reforestation Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF and AFOLU) Nature-based solutions Personal Individual action on climate change Plant-based diet Society and adaptation Society Business action Climate action Climate emergency declaration Climate movement School Strike for Climate Denial Ecological grief Governance Justice Litigation Politics Public opinion Women Adaptation Adaptation strategies on the German coast Adaptive capacity Disaster risk reduction Ecosystem-based adaptation Flood control Loss and damage Managed retreat Nature-based solutions Resilience Risk Vulnerability The Adaptation Fund National Adaptation Programme of Action Communication Climate Change Performance Index Climate crisis (term) Climate spiral Education Media coverage Popular culture depictions art fiction video games Warming stripes International agreements Glasgow Climate Pact Kyoto Protocol Paris Agreement Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Nationally determined contributions Sustainable Development Goal 13 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Background and theory Measurements Global surface temperature Instrumental temperature record Proxy Satellite temperature measurement Theory Albedo Carbon cycle atmospheric biologic oceanic permafrost Carbon sink Climate sensitivity Climate variability and change Cloud feedback Cloud forcing Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis Cryosphere Earth's energy budget Extreme event attribution Feedbacks Global warming potential Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change Orbital forcing Radiative forcing Research and modelling Climate change scenario Climate model Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) IPCC Sixth Assessment Report Paleoclimatology Representative Concentration Pathway Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Climate change portal Category Glossary Index v t e Hippies History of the hippie movement Etymology Beat Generation/Beatniks Central Park be-ins Counterculture of the 1960s Red Dog Experience San Francisco sound Drop City Sunset Strip curfew riots Love Pageant Rally Haight-Ashbury Human Be-In Mantra-Rock Dance Summer of Love Fantasy Fair Monterey Pop Festival Newport Pop Festival Sky River Rock Festival People's Park Woodstock Glastonbury Festival The Farm Piedra Roja Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro Nambassa People and groups Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters Acid Tests Furthur bus Electrohippies Diggers San Francisco Oracle Haight Ashbury Free Clinics Haight-Ashbury Switchboard Yippies Wavy Gravy Hog Farm The Brotherhood of Eternal Love Rainbow Family Politics and ethics Back-to-the-land movement Free love Anti-authoritarianism Simple living Environmentalism Pacifism Communalism Counterculture Bohemianism Make love, not war Turn on, tune in, drop out Vegetarianism Veganism Culture and fashion Psychedelia Flower power Hippie trail Hippie exploitation films Happening Peace symbols Bell-bottoms Love beads Long hair Tie-dye Intentional community communal living Free festival Music festival Flower child Music Folk music Folk rock Protest song Psychedelic music Psychedelic folk Psychedelic rock Psychedelic soul Psychedelic pop Psychedelic trance Acid rock Space rock Progressive rock Raga rock World music New-age music Jam bands List of jam band music festivals List of historic rock festivals Psychedelics and other drugs Cannabis DMT LSD Psilocybin mushroom Mescaline Peyote Hippie related subcultures Deadhead Feral Flower child Freak scene Housetrucker Jesus freak Jipitecas La Onda Lebensreform Mánička New Age New Age travellers Radical Faeries Rave UK underground Woodstock Nation Zippie Related List of films List of books and other publications Subculture Cannabis culture Cyberdelic Head shop Underground press press syndicate list Legend of the Rainbow Warriors Free Speech Movement Anti-war movement Civil rights movement Protests of 1968 Chicago Seven New Left New social movements Postmaterialism Neotribalism Hungry generation Sexual revolution Second Summer of Love Neo-psychedelia Baby boomers v t e Peak oil Core issues Fossil fuel phase-out Hubbert peak theory Predicting the timing of peak oil Results/responses 1970s energy crisis 2000s energy crisis Global energy crisis (2021–present) Energy crisis Export Land Model Food vs. fuel Hirsch report Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification Permaculture Pickens Plan Price of oil Renewable energy commercialization Rimini protocol Simmons–Tierney bet Simple living Swing producer People Albert Allen Bartlett Colin J. Campbell Kenneth S. Deffeyes David Goodstein John Michael Greer Richard Heinberg M. King Hubbert James Howard Kunstler Jean Laherrère Jeremy Leggett Dale Allen Pfeiffer Richard Rainwater Michael Ruppert Matthew Simmons Books The Limits to Growth Beyond Oil The End of Oil The Long Emergency Out of Gas The Party's Over Power Down Twilight in the Desert Documentary films A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash Collapse Crude The End of Suburbia Escape from Suburbia Fuel GasHole The Oil Factor PetroApocalypse Now? The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire Organizations Energy Watch Group International Energy Agency International Renewable Energy Agency Oil Depletion Analysis Centre The Oil Drum OPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries Post Carbon Institute REN21 Transition town Other peaks Car Coal Copper Food Gas Gold Minerals Phosphorus Soil Water Wheat Wood v t e Sustainability Outline Index Principles Anthropocene Environmentalism Global governance Human impact on the environment Planetary boundaries Development Consumption Anthropization Anti-consumerism Circular economy Durable good Earth Overshoot Day Ecological footprint Ethical Green consumption Micro-sustainability Over-consumption Product stewardship Simple living Social return on investment Steady-state economy Sustainability Advertising Brand Marketing myopia Sustainable Consumer behaviour Market Systemic change resistance Tragedy of the commons World population Demographic transition Family planning Control Sustainable population Technology Appropriate Environmental technology Natural building Sustainable architecture Sustainable design Sustainable industries Sustainable packaging Biodiversity Biosecurity Biosphere Conservation biology Endangered species Holocene extinction Invasive species Energy Carbon footprint Renewable energy Sustainable energy Food Civic agriculture Climate-smart agriculture Community-supported agriculture Cultured meat Sustainable agriculture Sustainable diet Sustainable fishery Water Air well (condenser) Bioretention Bioswale Blue roof Catchwater Constructed wetland Detention basin Dew pond Footprint Hydroelectricity Hydropower Infiltration basin Irrigation tank Marine energy Micro hydro Ocean thermal energy conversion Pico hydro Rain garden Rainwater harvesting Rainwater tank Reclaimed water Retention basin Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity Scarcity Security Small hydro Sustainable drainage system Tidal power Tidal stream generator Tree box filter Water conservation Water heat recycling Water recycling shower Water-sensitive urban design Accountability Corporate environmental responsibility Corporate social responsibility Environmental accounting Environmental full-cost accounting Environmental planning Sustainability Accounting Measurement Metrics and indices Reporting Standards and certification Sustainable yield Applications Advertising Art Business City Climate finance Community Disinvestment Eco-capitalism Eco-cities Eco-investing Eco-socialism Ecovillage Environmental finance Green economy Construction Fashion Finance Gardening Geopark Green Development Infrastructure Marketing Green roof Greening Impact investing Landscape Livelihood Living Market Organic movement Organizations Procurement Refurbishment Socially responsible business Socially responsible marketing Sanitation Sourcing Space Sustainability organization Tourism Transport Urban drainage systems Urban infrastructure Sustainable management Environmental Fisheries Forest Humanistic capitalism Landscape Materials Natural resource Planetary Recycling Waste Agreements and conferences UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972) Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) Our Common Future (1987) Earth Summit (1992) Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) Agenda 21 (1992) Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) Lisbon Principles (1997) Earth Charter (2000) UN Millennium Declaration (2000) Earth Summit 2002 (Rio+10, Johannesburg) UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20, 2012) Sustainable Development Goals (2015) Category Lists Science Studies Degrees v t e Tax resistance Topics Conscientious objection to military taxation List of historical acts of tax resistance Tax resistance in the United States . List of tax resisters Methods Barter Gift economy Local currency Rebellion Self-sufficiency Simple living Tax avoidance Tax evasion Unreported employment Organizations Addiopizzo Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation Anti-Poll Tax Unions Association of Real Estate Taxpayers Catalunya Diu Prou Committee for Non-Violent Action Fasci Siciliani I Don't Pay Movement Irish National Land League National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee Northern California War Tax Resistance Pagal Panthis Peace churches Peacemakers Planka.nu Women's Tax Resistance League Zuism Media An Act of Conscience Civil Disobedience Clericis laicos The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest Vyborg Manifesto Campaigns by century 14th Tuchin Revolt Harelle Peasants' Revolt 15th Cornish Rebellion of 1497 16th Croquant rebellions Rappenkrieg Revolt of the Pitauds 17th Angelets Revolt of the papier timbré Revolt of the va-nu-pieds Salt Tax Revolt in Spain Salt Riot in Moscow 18th Boston Tea Party Fries's Rebellion Gaspee affair No taxation without representation Philadelphia Tea Party Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada) Regulator Movement in North Carolina Whiskey Rebellion White Lotus Rebellion 19th Anti-Rent War Dog Tax War House Tax Hartal Hut Tax War of 1898 Low Rebellion Mejba Revolt Rebecca Riots Saminism Movement Tancament de Caixes Tithe War Wallachian uprising 20th Agbekoya Bambatha Rebellion Bardoli Satyagraha Beit Sahour Bondelswarts affair Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Johnson cult Mau movement Poll Tax Riots Poplar Rates Rebellion Turra Coo Salt March Vedaranyam March Women's poll tax repeal movement Women's War 21st Anti-austerity movement in Greece Anti-Bin Tax Campaign Edward and Elaine Brown standoff Bonnets Rouges Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes Movimento Passe Livre Movimiento Pos Me Salto Yellow vests protests Related topics Income tax threshold Potentially dangerous taxpayer Render unto Caesar Irwin Schiff Sovereign citizen / Freeman on the land / Redemption movement Tax haven Tax inversion Tax noncompliance Tax protester (arguments / history in the United States) Tax riot Taxation as slavery Taxation as theft v t e Veganism and vegetarianism Perspectives Veganism Animal-free agriculture Black veganism Fruitarianism History Raw veganism Straight edge Hardline Nutrition Vegan organic agriculture Vegan school meal Vegan studies Vegetarianism Economic vegetarianism Environmental vegetarianism History Orthopathy Lacto vegetarianism Lacto-ovo vegetarianism Ovo vegetarianism Cuisine Vegetarian Diet Pyramid Ecofeminism Nutrition By country Lists Vegetarians Vegans Fictional characters Festivals Organizations Restaurants Vegan media Ethics Secular Animal rights Animal welfare Carnism Deep ecology Environmental vegetarianism Ethics of eating meat Meat paradox Nonviolence Replaceability argument Sentientism Speciesism Tirukkuṟaḷ Religious Buddhism Christianity (Seventh-day Adventist Church) Hinduism Sattvic Ahimsa Islam Jainism Judaism Pythagoreanism Rastafari Sikhism Taoism Food and drink Dairy alternatives Coconut milk Plant cream Plant milk Soy yogurt Cheese Gelatin substitutes Jambon Meat alternative List of meat substitutes Mock duck Quorn Seitan Tempeh Tofu Tofurkey Vegetarian bacon Vegetarian hot dog Vegetarian mark Meat-free sausage roll Beer Wine Veggie burger Groups and events Vegan American Vegan Society Beauty Without Cruelty China Vegan Society Food Empowerment Project Go Vegan Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme Our Hen House Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Plamil Foods Vegan Awareness Foundation Vegan flag Vegan Outreach Vegan Prisoners Support Group The Vegan Society Veganmania Veganuary Veganz World Vegan Day Vegetarian Alcott House Bible Christian Church Boston Vegetarian Society Christian Vegetarian Association European Vegetarian Union French Vegetarian Society Hare Krishna Food for Life International Vegetarian Union Jewish Veg Meat-free days Meatless Monday Friday Fast North American Vegetarian Society Order of the Golden Age ProVeg Deutschland ProVeg International ProVeg Nederland Scottish Vegetarian Society Swissveg Toronto Vegetarian Association Vegetarian Federal Union Vegetarian Society Vegetarian Society (Singapore) Veggie Pride Viva! Health World Esperantist Vegetarian Association World Vegetarian Day Companies List of vegetarian and vegan companies Books, reports, journals On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century) An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802) Vegetable Cookery (1812) A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813) Reasons for not Eating Animal Food (1814) Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824) Nature's Own Book (1835) Fruits and Farinacea (1845) The Pleasure Boat (1845) The Ethics of Diet (1883) What is Vegetarianism? (1886) Shelley's Vegetarianism (1891) Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses (1892) Why I Am a Vegetarian (1895) Figs or Pigs? (1896) Fifty Years of Food Reform (1898) Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian (1903) The Meat Fetish (1904) The New Ethics (1907) A Fleshless Diet (1910) The Benefits of Vegetarianism (1927) Living the Good Life (1954) Ten Talents (1968) Diet for a Small Planet (1971) The Vegetarian Epicure (1972) Moosewood Collective Cookbooks (1973) The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook (1975) Laurel's Kitchen (1976) Moosewood Cookbook (1977) Fit for Life (1985) Diet for a New America (1987) The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990) Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone (1997) The China Study (2005) Skinny Bitch (2005) Livestock's Long Shadow (2006) The Bloodless Revolution (2006) Eating Animals (2009) Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009) The Vegan Studies Project (2015) Animal (De)liberation (2016) The End of Animal Farming (2018) Vegetable Kingdom (2020) Making a Stand for Animals (2022) Meat Atlas (annual) Films and shows The Animals Film (1981) Diet for a New America (film) (1991) A Cow at My Table (1998) Meet Your Meat (2002) Post Punk Kitchen (2003–2005) Peaceable Kingdom (2004) Earthlings (2005) A Sacred Duty (2007) Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead (2010) Planeat (2010) Forks Over Knives (2011) Vegucated (2011) Live and Let Live (2013) Cowspiracy (2014) PlantPure Nation (2015) What the Health (2017) Carnage (2017) Dominion (2018) Eating You Alive (2018) The Game Changers (2018) Maa Ka Doodh (2023) You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment (2024) Magazines Naked Food Satya Vegetarian Times VegNews The Animals' Agenda Academics, activists, authors, physicians Vegan Elisa Aaltola Carol J. Adams Suzanne M. Babich Martin Balluch Neal D. Barnard David Benatar Steven Best Yves Bonnardel Will Bonsall Will Bulsiewicz Georges Butaud Jodey Castricano T. Colin Campbell Robert Cook Brenda Davis Garth Davis Jan Deckers Alan Desmond Freya Dinshah H. Jay Dinshah George Dornbusch Mylan Engel Caldwell Esselstyn Gary L. Francione Joel Fuhrman Kristi Funk Valéry Giroux Lewis Gompertz Michael Greger A. Breeze Harper Oscar Horta Melanie Joy Joel Kahn Avery Yale Kamila Michael Klaper Aph Ko Renan Larue Maxwell G. Lee Thomas Lepeltier Howard Lyman Al-Ma'arri Reed Mangels John Mackey John A. McDougall James E. McWilliams Vesanto Melina Gemma Newman David Nibert Jack Norris David Olivier David Pearce Emelia Quinn Tom Regan Jérôme Segal Peter Singer David Sztybel Sunaura Taylor Richard Twine Kim A. Williams Corey Lee Wrenn Laura Wright Sophie Zaïkowska Vegetarian Phyllis B. Acosta William Alcott Bertrand P. Allinson Thomas Allinson Charles R. Attwood William Axon Eduard Baltzer H. S. Bathgate Horace A. Barrows Geoffrey Barstow Sidney H. Beard George Bedborough Ernest Bell Robert Bell Ragnar Berg Rynn Berry Maximilian Bircher-Benner George Black Ernest Bonnejoy Lucius Duncan Bulkley J. L. Buttner Paul Carton Job Caudwell James Clark George Cheyne Henry S. Clubb Antonio Cocchi Edwin Collier Lenna F. Cooper Daniël de Clercq Georges Danjou Daniel Dombrowski James Elmslie Duncan Eknath Easwaran T. Forster Charles W. Forward Michael Allen Fox Peter Foxcroft Greta Gaard Mahatma Gandhi Narasinh Narayan Godbole Jules Grand Jeremiah Hacker John Haddon Walter Hadwen Alexander Haig Edward Hare George Harrison William Harrison William Harvey Philippe Hecquet Brian Hines Martin Luther Holbrook Isaac Jennings John Harvey Kellogg Norman Kerr Daniel H. Kress William Lambe W. R. C. Latson Elmer Lee Susan M. Levin Andrew Linzey Clair Linzey Jacques de Marquette Alice Garrett Marsh Paul McCartney Stella McCartney Elmer McCollum William Metcalfe Eli Peck Miller Harry Willis Miller Alfred Mansfield Mitchell J. Howard Moore Reuben D. Mussey Helen Nearing Scott Nearing Francis William Newman R. E. O'Callaghan Josiah Oldfield Dean Ornish Felix Ortt Cyril V. Pink A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Rod Preece James Rachels Ulma Doyle Register Kenneth Romanes Rollo Russell Henry Stephens Salt Johan Lindström Saxon James Scholefield Richard H. Schwartz W. B. Shearn James Simpson Ernest Lester Smith William O. Stephens Alan Stoddard Russell Thacher Trall Frederick Towgood Sidney Trist Valluvar Emil Weilshäuser Ellen G. White Severin Wielobycki Howard Williams Frank Wokes W. A. Sibly E. Dolby Shelton Jon Wynne-Tyson Tzachi Zamir Kathleen Keen Zolber Chefs and cookbook authors Pamela Anderson Nava Atlas Mayim Bialik Carleigh Bodrug Gypsy Boots BOSH! Martha Brotherton Edward Espe Brown Tabitha Brown (actress) Suzy Amis Cameron Hannah Che Pinky Cole Chloe Coscarelli Yamuna Devi Sue Donaldson Crescent Dragonwagon Rose Elliot Rip Esselstyn Toni Fiore Carol Lee Flinders Alexis Gauthier Dick Gregory Richa Hingle Madhur Jaffrey Mollie Katzen Frances Moore Lappé Deborah Madison Linda McCartney Mary McCartney Hetty Lui McKinnon Tracye McQuirter Joanne Lee Molinaro Moosewood Collective Charity Morgan Isa Chandra Moskowitz Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Gaz Oakley Colleen Patrick-Goudreau Mathew Pritchard Satchidananda Saraswati Derek Sarno Miyoko Schinner Alicia Silverstone Hannah Sunderani Bryant Terry Anna Thomas Haile Thomas Lauren Toyota Jeeca Uy Umberto Veronesi Nisha Vora Alan Wakeman Joe Yonan Restaurants Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli Cinnaholic Crossroads Kitchen Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro Greens Restaurant Hiltl Restaurant Little Pine (restaurant) Moosewood Restaurant Purezza Slutty Vegan Souley Vegan The Sound Lounge, London Veggie Galaxy Veggie Grill Former restaurants Cranks (restaurant) Food for Thought (restaurant) InSpiral Lounge Lentil as Anything Minerva Café New Riverside Cafe Nix (restaurant) Penny Cafeteria Pink Peacock The Hollow Reed The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel Related Vegetarian and vegan symbolism Juice fasting Vegetarian and vegan dog diet Vegaphobia Plant-based diet Plant-based action plan Sustainable diet Low-carbon Planetary health Flexitarianism Pescetarianism Pollotarianism William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi (The Book of Tofu) v t e Virtues About virtues Endowment Moral character Nicomachean Ethics Positive psychology Trait theory Virtue ethics Virtue families Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā Brahmavihārās Bushidō Catalogue of Vices and Virtues Emi Omo Eso Epistemic virtues Five virtues Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues Intellectual virtues Moral virtues Nine Noble Virtues Omoluwabi Pāramīs Prussian virtues Scout Law Seven virtues Cardinal Theological Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers Three Treasures Values in Action Inventory of Strengths Yamas Individual virtues Accountability Alertness Altruism Authenticity Calmness Charisma Charity Chastity Chivalry Cleanliness Compassion Conscientiousness Courage Civil Moral Courtesy Diligence Discernment Discipline Duty Empathy Endurance Equanimity Etiquette Faith Faithfulness Fidelity Foresight Forgiveness Frugality Generosity Glory Good faith Gratitude Heroism Honesty Honour Hope Hospitality Humanity Humility Impartiality Innocence Insight Integrity Intelligence Emotional Social Judgement Justice Kindness Love Loyalty Magnanimity Magnificence Meekness Mercy Moderation Modesty Nonattachment Patience Patriotism Perspicacity Philanthropy Piety Filial Pity Politeness Prudence Punctuality Religion Renunciation Resilience Respect Reverence Righteous indignation Righteousness Self-control Self-cultivation Self-transcendence Simplicity Sincerity Solidarity Sportsmanship Sympathy Taste Temperance Tranquillity Trust Wisdom Wit Workmanship Chinese De Jing Li Ren Yi Greek Agape Arete Ataraxia Eutrapelia Philotimo Phronesis Sophia Sophrosyne Indian Adhiṭṭhāna Ahimsa Akrodha Aparigraha Ārjava Asteya Brahmacharya Dāna Dhṛti Hrī Karuṇā Kshama Kshanti Mettā Muditā Prajñā Satya Shaucha Sevā Śraddhā/Saddhā Upekṣā Vīrya Latin Auctoritas Caritas Decorum Dignitas Fides Gravitas Humanitas Pietas Virtus Other Ganbaru Giri Sadaqah Seny Sisu Virtù

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