Misplaced Pages

Sinkiang Province新疆省
1912–1992
Provincial Government Seal: 新疆省政府印
Sinkiang Province (red) in the Republic of China (as claimed)
Status	Province of the Republic of China (1912–1992)
Capital	Tihwa
Capital-in-exile	Taipei
History
• Established	1912
• Surrender to the People's Liberation Army	October 13, 1949
• Provincial government functions removed	January 16, 1992
Preceded by Succeeded by Xinjiang Province, Qing Empire Xinjiang First East Turkestan Republic Second East Turkestan Republic

Part of a series on the
History of Xinjiang
Ancient period Tocharians Yuezhi Xiongnu Western Regions (Han Protectorate; Chief Officials) Kingdom of Khotan Former Liang Former Qin Later Liang Western Liang Gaochang Rouran First Turkic Khaganate Western Turkic Khaganate Eastern Turkic Khaganate Second Turkic Khaganate
Medieval and early modern period Tang Protectorates (West; Beiting) Tibetan Empire Uyghur Khaganate Kara-Khanid Khanate Kingdom of Qocho Qara Khitai Mongol Empire (Yuan; Chagatai Khanate) Moghulistan (Turpan; Yarkent) Ming ruled Kara Del Dzungar Khanate Kumul Khanate Yettishar Qing rule (Dzungar genocide Dungan Revolt Qing reconquest)
Modern period Xinjiang Province, Republic of China (Xinjiang clique 1st East Turkestan Republic 2nd East Turkestan Republic) Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Production and Construction Corps Xinjiang conflict Xinjiang internment camps / Persecution of Uyghurs in China)
v t e

Xinjiang Province (Chinese: 新疆省; pinyin: Xīnjiāng Shěng) or Sinkiang Province was a nominal province of the Republic of China without administrative function. First set up as a province in 1884 by the Qing dynasty, it was replaced in 1955 by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. The original provincial government was relocated to Taipei as the Sinkiang Provincial Government Office (新疆省政府辦事處) until its dissolution in 1992.

Administration

The province inherited the borders of the Qing dynasty province, bordering Kansu, Tsinghai, the Mongol Area, Tibet Area and the countries Soviet Union, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan. The claimed boundaries of the province included all of today's Xinjiang and parts of Mongolia, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan.

History

In 1912, the Qing dynasty was replaced by the Republic of China. Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor of Xinjiang, fled. One of his subordinates, Yang Zengxin, took control of the province and acceded in name to the Republic of China in March of the same year. Through Machiavellian politics and clever balancing of mixed ethnic constituencies, Yang maintained control over Xinjiang until his assassination in 1928 after the Northern Expedition of the Kuomintang.

The Kumul Rebellion and other rebellions arose against his successor Jin Shuren in the early 1930s throughout Xinjiang, involving Uyghurs, other Turkic groups, and Hui (Muslim) Chinese. Jin drafted White Russians to crush the revolt. In the Kashgar region on November 12, 1933, the short-lived self-proclaimed First East Turkistan Republic was declared. The Hui Kuomintang 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) destroyed the army of the First East Turkestan Republic at the Battle of Kashgar (1934), bringing the Republic to an end. The Soviet Union invaded the province in the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang. In the Xinjiang War (1937), the entire province was brought under the control of northeast Manchu warlord Sheng Shicai, who ruled Xinjiang for the next decade with close support from the Soviet Union. In 1944, the President and Premier of China, Chiang Kai-shek, informed by the Soviets of Sheng's intention to join the Soviet Union, decided to shift him out of Xinjiang to Chongqing as the Minister of Agriculture and Forest. More than a decade of Sheng's era had ended. However, a short-lived Soviet-backed Second East Turkestan Republic was established in that year, which lasted until 1949 in what is now Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture (Ili, Tarbagatay and Altay Districts) in northern Xinjiang.

During the Ili Rebellion the Soviet Union backed Uyghur separatists to form the East Turkestan Republic (ETR) in Ili region while the majority of Xinjiang was under the control of the Republic of China. In 1946, the ROC government and the ETR agreed to establish the Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province, although it collapsed shortly after in 1947. The People's Liberation Army entered Xinjiang in 1949 and the Kuomintang commander Tao Zhiyue surrendered the province to them. The original provincial government was relocated to Taipei as the Sinkiang Provincial Government Office (新疆省政府辦事處) to symbolize the ROC's claim of sovereignty over the province; it was eventually dissolved in 1992.

Demographics

List of governors

  Non-partisan/ unknown   Warlords   People's Anti-Imperialist Association   Kuomintang (Nationalist)

Chairperson of the Provincial Government (Mainland era)

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–death)	Term of office		Political Party
1		Yang Zengxin 楊增新 Yáng Zēngxīn (1864–1928)	1912	July 7, 1928	Xinjiang clique
			Assassinated.
2		Jin Shuren 金樹仁 Jīn Shùrén (1879–1941)	July 7, 1928	April 12, 1933	Xinjiang clique
			Deposed in a coup.
3		Liu Wenlong 劉文龍 Liú Wénlóng (1870–1950)	April 14, 1933	September 1933
			Removed from office and placed under house arrest by Sheng Shicai.
–		Zhu Ruichi 朱瑞墀 Zhū Ruìchí (1862–1934)	September 1933	March 5, 1934
			Figurehead chairman appointed by Sheng Shicai and not recognized by the Central government. Died in office.
4		Li Rong 李溶 Lǐ Róng (1870–1940)	October 1934	March 21, 1940
			Figurehead chairman. Died in office.
5		Sheng Shicai 盛世才 Shèng Shìcái (1895–1970)	April 4, 1940	August 29, 1944	People's Anti-Imperialist Association
					Kuomintang
			Recognized by the Central government only as a duban (military governor), Sheng was de facto ruler of Sinkiang from 1933. In 1940, the Central government recognized him as Provincial chairman. Removed from office.
6		Wu Zhongxin 吳忠信 Wú Zhōngxìn (1884–1959)	August 29, 1944	March 29, 1946	Kuomintang
			Resigned.
7		Zhang Zhizhong 張治中 Zhāng Zhìzhōng (1895–1969)	March 1946	June 1947	Kuomintang
			Removed from office.
8		Masud Sabri 麥斯武德 مەسئۇت سابرى (1887–1952)	June 1947	January 1949	Kuomintang
			First Uighur governor and first non-Han Governor in China during the twentieth century. Appointed during the Ili Rebellion.
9		Burhan Shahidi 包爾漢 بۇرھان شەھىدى (1894–1989)	January 1949	September 26, 1949	Kuomintang
			Surrendered to the People's Liberation Army.

Xinjiang Provincial Government Office era

Chairperson of the Provincial Government

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–death)	Term of office		Political party
1		Yulbars Khan 堯樂博士 يۇلبارس خان (1888–1971)	April 11, 1950	July 27, 1971	Kuomintang
			Died in office.

Director, Xinjiang Provincial Government Office

References

1. ROC Administrative and Claims.jpg. Misplaced Pages. Map showing the claims of the ROC.
2. Governors of Xinjiang: Yang Zengxin (1912–1928), Jin Shuren (1928–33), Sheng Shicai (1933–44); source: "Xinjiang". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
3. ^ Feener, R. Michael (2004). Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Religion in Contemporary Cultures. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 174. ISBN 1-57607-516-8. OCLC 940831123.
4. ^ Bhattacharji, Preeti (May 29, 2012). "Uighurs and China's Xinjiang Region". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
5. Brown, Jeremy (2010). Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780674033658. OCLC 822561761.
6. Klimeš, Ondřej. (January 8, 2015). Struggle by the pen : the Uyghur discourse of nation and national interest, c. 1900–1949. Boston. p. 154. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6. OCLC 900277055.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

v t e Inner Asia history series
Nomadic empires	Xiongnu Xianbei Rouran Göktürks First Turkic Khaganate Eastern Turkic Khaganate Western Turkic Khaganate Second Turkic Khaganate Tibetan Zubu Uyghur Kyrgyz Mongol Tatar Khamag Mongol Mongol Empire Chagatai Timurid Dzungar
Chinese empires	Han against Xiongnu Protectorate of the Western Regions Chief Official Tang against Western Turks / Eastern Turks against Tibet Mongolian Plateau Beiting Tarim Basin Liao Western Liao Northern Liao Eastern Liao Later Liao Yuan against Northwest khanates Manchuria Mongolia Tibet Northern Yuan Ming against Mongols against Turpan Manchuria Tibet Qing against Dzungar genocide Lifan Yuan Amban Manchuria Mongolia Tibet Xinjiang
Related topics	The Cambridge History of Inner Asia Greater Central Asia Central Asia Eurasian nomads Tartary Chinese Tartary Western Regions (Chinese Turkestan) China proper Sinosphere Greater China

• Provinces of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
• Xinjiang
• Western China