Misplaced Pages

Sir Roderick MurchisonBt KCB FRS HonFRSE FLS MRIA
Sir Roderick Murchison
Born	(1792-02-19)19 February 1792 Tarradale House, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire, Scotland
Died	22 October 1871(1871-10-22) (aged 79) London, England
Nationality	Scottish
Known for	Silurian system Devonian system Permian system
Spouse	Charlotte Hugonin ​ ​(m. 1815; died 1869)​
Awards	Copley Medal (1849) Makdougall Brisbane Prize (1859) Wollaston Medal (1864) Founder's Medal (1871)
Scientific career
Fields	Geology
Signature

Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, 1st Baronet (19 February 1792 – 22 October 1871) was a Scottish geologist who served as director-general of the British Geological Survey from 1855 until his death in 1871. He is noted for investigating and describing the Silurian, Devonian and Permian systems.

Early life and work

Murchison was born at Tarradale House, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire, the son of Barbara and Kenneth Murchison. His wealthy father died in 1796, when Roderick was four years old, and he was sent to Durham School three years later and then to the Royal Military College, Great Marlow, to be trained for the army. In 1808 he landed with Wellesley in Portugal, and was present at the actions of Roliça and Vimeiro in the Peninsular War as an ensign in the 36th Regt of Foot. Subsequently, under Sir John Moore, he took part in the retreat to Corunna and the final battle there.

After eight years of service Murchison left the army and married Charlotte Hugonin (1788–1869), the only daughter of General Hugonin of Nursted House, Hampshire. Murchison and his wife spent two years in mainland Europe, particularly in Italy. They then settled in Barnard Castle, County Durham, England, in 1818, where Murchison made the acquaintance of Sir Humphry Davy. Davy urged Murchison to turn his energy to science, after hearing that he wasted his time riding to hounds and shooting. With encouragement from his wife Charlotte, Murchison became fascinated by the young science of geology and joined the Geological Society of London, soon becoming one of its most active members. His colleagues there included Adam Sedgwick, William Conybeare, William Buckland, William Fitton, Charles Lyell and Charles Darwin.

Exploring with his wife, Murchison studied the geology of the south of England, devoting special attention to the rocks of the north-west of Sussex and the adjoining parts of Hampshire and Surrey, on which, aided by Fitton, he wrote his first scientific paper, read to the Geological Society of London in 1825. Turning his attention to Continental geology, he and Lyell explored the volcanic region of Auvergne, parts of southern France, northern Italy, Tyrol and Switzerland. A little later, with Sedgwick as his companion, Murchison attacked the difficult problem of the geological structure of the Alps. Their joint paper giving the results of their study is a classic in the literature of Alpine geology.

Murchison was an opponent of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. He opposed the transmutation of species and supported successive creation.

Silurian system

In 1831 he went to the England–Wales border, to attempt to discover whether the greywacke rocks underlying the Old Red Sandstone could be grouped into a definite order of succession. The result was the establishment of the Silurian system under which were grouped, for the first time, a remarkable series of formations, each replete with distinctive organic remains other than and very different from those of the other rocks of England. These researches, together with descriptions of the coalfields and overlying formations in South Wales and the English border counties, were embodied in The Silurian System (1839). The English naturalist, geologist, and palaeontologist John William Salter assisted Murchison in his work on Siluria (1854 and later editions).

The establishment of the Silurian system was followed by that of the Devonian system, an investigation in which Murchison assisted, both in the south-west of England and in the Rhineland. Soon afterwards Murchison projected an important geological campaign in Russia with the view of extending to that part of the Continent the classification he had succeeded in elaborating for the older rocks of western Europe. He was accompanied by Édouard de Verneuil (1805–1873) and Count Alexander von Keyserling (1815–1891), in conjunction with whom he produced a work on Russia and the Ural Mountains. The publication of this monograph in 1845 completes the first and most active half of Murchison's scientific career. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1840.

In 1846 he was knighted, and in the same year he presided over the meeting of the British Association at Southampton. During the later years of his life, a large part of his time was devoted to the affairs of the Royal Geographical Society, of which he was in 1830 one of the founders, and he was president 1843–1845, 1851–1853, 1856–1859 and 1862–1871. He served on the Royal Commission on the British Museum (1847–1849).

Murchison also announced the Permian system to geology in 1841, based on explorations in Perm Krai undertaken with Édouard de Verneuil.

Murchison was responsible for establishing much of the international prestige of British geology, and he viewed the spread of his stratigraphic systems on maps around the world "as a scientific form of imperial expansion". He frequently described geological excursions (such those he made abroad) as "invasions" or "conquests" and enjoyed being dubbed the "King of Siluria". According to the scholar Robert A. Stafford, "Murchinson's tendencies towards militarism, imperialism, and megalomania ran through his career and finally found full expression his simultaneous leadership of the Royal Geographical Society and the British Geological Survey."

Scotland

The chief geological investigation of the last decade of his life was devoted to the Highlands of Scotland, where he wrongly believed he had succeeded in showing that the vast masses of crystalline schists, previously supposed to be part of what used to be termed the Primitive formations, were really not older than the Silurian period, since underneath them lay beds of limestone and quartzite containing Lower Silurian (Cambrian) fossils. This started off what became known as the Highlands Controversy. James Nicol recognised the fallacy in Murchison's theory and propounded his own ideas; in the 1880s these were superseded by the correct theory of Charles Lapworth, which was corroborated by Benjamin Peach and John Horne. Their subsequent research showed that the infraposition of the fossiliferous rocks is not their original place, but had been brought about by a gigantic system of dislocations, whereby successive masses of the oldest gneisses, have been exhumed from below and thrust over the younger formations.

In 1855 Murchison was appointed director-general of the British Geological Survey and director of the Royal School of Mines and the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street, London, in succession to Sir Henry De la Beche, who had been the first to hold these offices. Official routine now occupied much of his time, but he found opportunity for the Highland researches just alluded to, and also for preparing successive editions of his work Siluria (1854, ed. 5, 1872), which was meant to present the main features of the original Silurian System together with a digest of subsequent discoveries, particularly of those that showed the extension of the Silurian classification into other countries.

Later life

In 1845, whilst visiting Carclew in Cornwall, he met several Cornish miners who were going to Australia. Believing that there might be gold there, he asked them to send back likely samples. They did this, and thus Murchison knew of the existence of gold in Australia before Edward Hargraves' discovery. In 1857, Murchison was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. Three years later, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

In 1863 he was made a KCB, and three years later he was created a baronet. The learned societies of his own country bestowed their highest rewards upon him: the Royal Society gave him the Copley Medal, the Geological Society its Wollaston medal, and the Royal Society of Edinburgh its Brisbane Medal. There was hardly a foreign scientific society of note without his name among its honorary members. The French Academy of Sciences awarded him the prix Cuvier, and elected him one of its eight foreign members in succession to Michael Faraday. In 1855 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1871 awarded the Founders' Medal of the Royal Geographical Society.

One of the closing public acts of Murchison's life was the founding of a chair of geology and mineralogy at the University of Edinburgh. Under his will there was established the Murchison Medal and a geological fund (The Murchison Fund) to be awarded annually by the council of the Geological Society in London.

Murchison died in 1871 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London, near the north end of the arcade on the west side of the central path.

Legacy

The crater Murchison on the Moon and at least fifteen geographical locations on Earth are named after him.

These include: the Murchison Range, part of the Stauning Alps, and the Murchison Sound in Greenland; Mount Murchison in Banff National Park, Canada; Mount Murchison in the Mountaineer Range, Antarctica; Mount Murchison, just west of Squamish, British Columbia, Canada; tiny Murchison Island in Haida Gwaii in the same province; the Murchison Falls in Uganda; the Murchison River in Western Australia. Murchison has two other rivers named after him in Western Australia: the Roderick River and the Impey River, both tributaries of the Murchison. The town of Murchison in the Tasman Region of New Zealand's South Island was also named after him. Murchison Road is one of the streets in east London, and there is a Murchison Avenue in Old Bexley, southeast London. Scarborough in North Yorkshire has a Murchison Street.

Murchison's View is named after him. The viewpoint within the Wren's Nest area of Dudley gives a panoramic view over much of Birmingham and the Black Country. Murchinson's visits to the limestone hills of Dudley helped him to develop his understanding of the Silurian System. When he returned to the area in 1849 he was greeted by 15,000 locals who declared him the King of Siluria.

Memorials

A memorial tablet was installed on 3 November 2005 in front of School #9 in Perm in Russia. It consists of a stone base, irregular in form, about two metres long, and bearing a dark stone plate with the following inscription (in Russian):

To Roderick Impey Murchison, Scottish geologist, explorer of Perm Krai, who gave to the last period of the Paleozoic era the name of Permian.

The decision to perpetuate the explorer's name was accepted by the school administration and pupils in connection with a discussion to establish in Perm a pillar or an arch devoted to Roderick Murchison.

In 2009, the Ural-Scottish Society erected a memorial to Murchison on the banks of the Chusovaya River. There is a commemorative blue plaque on his residence at 21 Galgate in Barnard Castle (County Durham).

A fictionalised version of Murchison appears in the 2020 film Ammonite. He is played by James McArdle.

Bibliography

• Outline of the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Cheltenham. H. Davies. 1834.
• The Silurian System. London: John Murray. 1839.
• On the Geological Structure of the Central and Southern Regions of Russia in Europe, and of the Ural Mountains. Print. by R. and J.E. Taylor. 1842.
• Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains. Vol. 1: Parts 1 & 2 – Geology. 1845. with Edouard de Verneuil and Count Alexander Keyserling
• Géologie de la Russie d'Europe et des montagnes de l'Oural [Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains] (in French). Vol. 2: Part 3 – Palaeontology. Paris: P. Bertrand. 1845.

References

Notes

1. "Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, baronet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19555. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
2. Geikie 1911, pp. 31–32.
3. Bonney, T. G.; Stafford, The Revd Robert A. "Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, baronet (1792–1871)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19555. In 1799 Roderick was placed at the grammar school, Durham, where he led in mischief more often than in his class. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
4. Kölbl-Ebert, Martina (January 1997). "Charlotte Murchison (Née Hugonin) 1788–1869". Earth Sciences History. 16 (1): 39–43. Bibcode:1997ESHis..16...39K. doi:10.17704/eshi.16.1.97014235w8u4k414. ISSN 0736-623X.
5. Geikie 1875, pp. 321–322.
6. Branch 2016.
7. MURCHISON, R. I. 1854. Siluria. The History of the Oldest known Rocks containing Organic Remains, with a Brief Sketch of the Distribution of Gold over Earth. John Murray, London, 523 pp.
8. "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter M" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
9. Markham, Sir Clements Robert (1881). The Fifty Years' Work of the Royal Geographical Society. J. Murray. p. 23.
10. Fagan 1880, p. 257.
11. Benton, M.J. et al., Murchison’s first sighting of the Permian, at Vyazniki in 1841 Archived 2012-03-24 at WebCite, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, accessed 2012-02-21
12. Murchison, Roderick Impey (1841) "First sketch of some of the principal results of a second geological survey of Russia," Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, series 3, 19 : 417–422. From p. 419: "The carboniferous system is surmounted, to the east of the Volga, by a vast series of marls, schists, limestones, sandstones and conglomerates, to which I propose to give the name of "Permian System," … ."
13. Stafford, Robert A. (1984). "Geological surveys, mineral discoveries, and British expansion, 1835–71". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 12 (3): 5–32. doi:10.1080/03086538408582669.
14. Bonython, John Langdon (1933–34), "Address of the President", Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, vol. XXIV, Parts 1 and 2, p. 5
15. "Members Directory". American Antiquarian Society.
16. "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
17. "List of Past Gold Medal Winners" (PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
18. "Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland" (PDF). Geological Survey of Denmark. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
19. "BCGNIS listing "Mount Murchison"". Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
20. Chernov, Nikita (21 October 2015). "Школьники установили памятный знак геологу, открывшему Пермский период Палеозоя" [School pupils established a memorial to the geologist who discovered the Permian period of Paleozoic Era] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
21. "A memorial to Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, the Scottish geologist who established the Permian archaeological period of the Mesozoic Era, has been unveiled on the bank of the Chusovaya River in the Ural Mountains". The Daily Telegraph. 24 February 2009. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
22. International Plant Names Index.  Murch.

Sources

• Fagan, Louis (1880). The Life of Sir Anthony Panizzi, K. C. B.: Late Principal Librarian of the British Museum, Senator of Italy, &c., &c. Vol. 1. Boston: Houghton.
• Branch, Glenn (2016). "Misquoting Murchison". National Center for Science Education.
• Geikie, Archibald (1875). Life of Sir Roderick I. Murchison: Based on His Journals and Letters. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.
• Geikie, Archibald (1911). "Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32.

Further reading

• Geikie, Archibald (1875). Life of Sir Roderick I. Murchison. Vol. I. London: John Murray. Retrieved 26 February 2019 – via Internet Archive.
• Geikie, Archibald (1875). Life of Sir Roderick I. Murchison. Vol. II. London: John Murray. Retrieved 26 February 2019 – via Internet Archive.
• Hestmark, Geir (2008). "A primitive country of rocks and people" – Roderick I Murchison's Silurian Campaign in Norway 1844". Norwegian Journal of Geology. 88: 117–141.
• Morton, John L. (2004). King of Siluria — How Roderick Murchison Changed the Face of Geology. Brocken Spectre. ISBN 0-9546829-0-4.
• Rudwick, Martin J. S. (1985). The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226731018. — the rise of Murchison to power
• Secord, James A. (1986). Controversy in Victorian Geology: The Cambrian-Silurian Dispute. Princeton University Press. — documents the battle between Murchison and Adam Sedgwick
• Collie, M.; Diener, J., eds. (2004), Murchison's Wanderings in Russia: His Geological Exploration of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains, 1840–1841, British Geological Survey Occasional Publication No. 2., Buckinghamshire: Halstan & Co., p. 474
• Murchison, Arthur (2014). War Before Science: Sir Robert Impey Murchison's Youth, Army Service and Military Associates During the Napoleonic Wars. Academica Press. ISBN 978-1-936320-74-5.
• Stafford, Robert A. (1989). Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration and Victorian Imperialism. Cambridge University Press. - documents Murchison's role in promoting the symbiotic relationship between the natural sciences and British imperialism
• "Sir Roderick Murchison (Obituary Notice, Monday, October 23, 1871)". Eminent Persons: Biographies reprinted from The Times. Vol. I (1870–1875). London: Macmillan and Co. 1892. pp. 63–75. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6n011x45.

External links

• Sir Roderick Impey Murchison Facts
• Works by or about Roderick Murchison, 1st Baronet at Wikisource
• Works by or about Roderick Murchison at the Internet Archive
• Works by Roderick Murchison at Open Library
• Portraits of Roderick Murchison at the National Portrait Gallery, London

v t e Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society
19th century	F. J. Robinson George Murray John Barrow William R. Hamilton George Greenough Roderick Murchison Charles Abbot William J. Hamilton William Smyth Roderick Murchison Francis Egerton Frederick Beechey Roderick Murchison Bingham Baring Roderick Murchison Henry Rawlinson Henry Frere Rutherford Alcock Thomas Baring Henry Bruce John Campbell Richard Strachey M. E. Grant Duff Clements Markham
20th century	George Goldie Leonard Darwin George Curzon Douglas Freshfield Thomas Holdich Francis Younghusband Lawrence Dundas David George Hogarth Charles Close William Goodenough Percy Cox Henry Balfour Philip Chetwode Francis Rodd Harry Lindsay James Wordie James Marshall-Cornwall Roger Nathan Raymond Priestley Dudley Stamp Gilbert Laithwaite Edmund Irving Edward Shackleton Duncan Cumming John Hunt Michael John Wise Vivian Fuchs George Bishop Roger Chorley Crispin Tickell George Jellicoe John Palmer
21st century	Ron Cooke Neil Cossons Gordon Conway Michael Palin Judith Rees Nicholas Crane Lynda Chalker Nigel Clifford

• 1792 births
• 1871 deaths
• 19th-century British geologists
• 19th-century Scottish scientists
• Academics of the University of Edinburgh
• Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
• British creationists
• Burials at Brompton Cemetery
• Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
• Fellows of the Royal Society
• Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
• Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
• Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
• Graduates of the Royal Military College, Great Marlow
• Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
• Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
• Members of the French Academy of Sciences
• Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
• Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
• Members of the Royal Irish Academy
• Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
• People associated with the British Museum
• People educated at Durham School
• People from Barnard Castle
• People from the Black Isle
• Presidents of the Geological Society of London
• Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society
• Recipients of the Copley Medal
• Scottish geologists
• Scottish palaeontologists
• Scottish soldiers
• Wollaston Medal winners
• Committee members of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
• Directors of the British Geological Survey