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(Redirected from Sir William Arthur Lewis) Saint Lucian economist and Nobel laureate (1915–1991)

SirW. Arthur Lewis
Sir William Arthur Lewis, official Nobel Prize photo
Born	William Arthur Lewis (1915-01-23)23 January 1915 Castries, Saint Lucia, British Windward Islands
Died	15 June 1991(1991-06-15) (aged 76) Bridgetown, Saint Michael, Barbados
Nationality	Saint Lucian British
Alma mater	London School of Economics
Known for	Development economics Dual-sector model Lewis turning point Industrial structure History of the world economy
Spouse	Gladys Jacobs Lewis (m. 1947)
Children	2 daughters
Relatives	Allen Montgomery Lewis (brother)
Awards	Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1979)
Scientific career
Fields	Economics
Institutions	London School of Economics (1938–48) University of Manchester (1948–58) University of West Indies (1959–63) Princeton University (1963–91)
Thesis	The Economics of Loyalty Contracts (1940)
Doctoral advisor	Sir Arnold Plant

Sir William Arthur Lewis (23 January 1915 – 15 June 1991) was a Saint Lucian economist and the James Madison Professor of Political Economy at Princeton University. Lewis was known for his contributions in the field of economic development. In 1979, he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Biography

Arthur Lewis was born in Castries, Saint Lucia, then still part of the British Windward Islands federal colony, the fourth of the five sons of George Ferdinand and Ida Lewis (the others being Stanley, Earl, Allen and Victor). His parents had migrated from Antigua shortly after the turn of the century. George Lewis died when Arthur was seven years old and his brothers aged from five to 17, leaving Ida to raise her five children alone. Arthur was a gifted student and was promoted two classes ahead of his age. After finishing school when he was 14 years old, Lewis worked as a clerk, while waiting to be old enough to sit the examination for a government scholarship to a British university, which would be in 1932. During this time he began a lifelong friendship with Eric Williams, the future first prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago.

Lewis's initial career choice was to become an engineer, "but this seemed pointless since neither the government nor the white firms would employ a black engineer," as he later said: "Eventually I decided to study business administration, planning to return to St. Lucia for a job in the municipal service or in private trade. I would simultaneously study law to fall back on if nothing administrative turned up." At the age of 18, he earned the government scholarship to attend the London School of Economics (LSE), becoming the first black individual to gain acceptance there. While enrolled to study for a Bachelor of Commerce degree ("which offered accounting, business management, commercial law and a little economics and statistics") in 1933, he would achieve similar success as he did at grade school. While at LSE, he studied under John Hicks, Arnold Plant, Lionel Robbins, and Friedrich Hayek.

After Lewis graduated in 1937 with first-class honours, LSE gave him a scholarship to read for a PhD in industrial economics, under the supervision of Arnold Plant. Lewis would become the first black faculty member at LSE: in 1938 he was given a teaching appointment, and in 1939 was made an Assistant Lecturer, continuing to work as a member of the LSE staff until 1948.

In 1947, Lewis married Gladys Jacobs, and that year he was selected as a lecturer at the Victoria University of Manchester, and moved there with his family, becoming Britain's first black lecturer. In 1948, at the age of 33, he was made a full professor. He taught at Manchester until 1957. During this period, he developed some of his most important concepts about the patterns of capital and wages in developing countries. He particularly became known for his contributions to development economics, of great interest as former colonies began to gain independence from their European colonizers.

Lewis served as an economic advisor to numerous African and Caribbean governments, including Nigeria, Ghana, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, and Barbados. When Ghana (where in 1929 his eldest brother Stanley had settled) gained independence in 1957, Lewis was appointed as the country's first economic advisor. He helped draw up its first Five-Year Development Plan (1959–1963).

In 1959, Lewis returned to the Caribbean region when appointed Vice Chancellor of the University of the West Indies. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1962. In 1963, he was knighted by the British government for his achievements and for his contributions to economics. That year, he was also appointed Professor of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University – the first black instructor to be given a full professorship – and subsequently held the position of James Madison Professor of Political Economics. In 1966, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. He also served from 1966 to 1973 he served as Chancellor of the University of Guyana. Lewis worked at Princeton for the next two decades, teaching generations of students until his retirement in 1983. Lewis helped to establish the Caribbean Development Bank and in 1970 he was selected as its first president, serving in that capacity until 1973.

Lewis received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1979, sharing it with Theodore Schultz, "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries".

Lewis died on 15 June 1991 in Bridgetown, Barbados, aged 76. He was buried in the grounds of the St. Lucian community college named in his honour.

Personal life

In 1947, Lewis married Grenada-born Gladys Jacobs, with whom he had two daughters, Elizabeth and Barbara.

Key works

Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Workers' Movement (1939)

Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Worker's Movement, first published by the Fabian Society in 1939, was an account of the 1930s labour movement in the Caribbean. It remained the only work published on the Caribbean-wide movement and the Labour Rebellions in the English-speaking Caribbean for decades. The book was republished by John La Rose and Sarah White at New Beacon Books in February 1978. Lewis is now characterised as "among the earliest proponents of Reparations for the former West Indies for Britain's colonial wrongs" because of the ideas he put forward in this work.

The "Lewis model"

See also: Dual sector model and Lewis turning point

Lewis published in 1954 what was to be his most influential development economics article, "Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour" (Manchester School). In this publication, he introduced what came to be called the dual sector model, or the "Lewis model".

Lewis combined an analysis of the historical experience of developed countries with the central ideas of the classical economists to produce a broad picture of the development process. In his theory, a "capitalist" sector develops by taking labour from a non-capitalist backward "subsistence" sector. The subsistence sector is governed by informal institutions and social norms so that producers do not maximize profits and workers can be paid above their marginal product. At an early stage of development, the "unlimited" supply of labour from the subsistence economy means that the capitalist sector can expand for some time without the need to raise wages. This results in higher returns to capital, which are reinvested in capital accumulation. In turn, the increase in the capital stock leads the "capitalists" to expand employment by drawing further labour from the subsistence sector. Given the assumptions of the model (for example, that the profits are reinvested and that capital accumulation does not substitute for skilled labour in production), the process becomes self-sustaining and leads to modernization and economic development.

The point at which the excess labour in the subsistence sector is fully absorbed into the modern sector, and where further capital accumulation begins to push the balance of power towards labour (thus increasing wages) in both capitalist and subsistence sectors, is sometimes called the Lewisian turning point. It has recently been widely discussed in the context of economic development in China. Work building on Lewis's analysis has shown that productivity gains in the areas formerly occupied by the subsistence sector (e.g. agriculture) can offset some of the labour demand.

The Theory of Economic Growth (1955)

In his 1955 book, The Theory of Economic Growth, Lewis sought to "provide an appropriate framework for studying economic development", driven by a combination of "curiosity and of practical need."

During the Industrial Revolution, England was experiencing the worst economic turmoil of its time. It would not be until an economic enlightenment took place that cities began to shift towards factories and labour-intensive methods of production as they experienced giant shifts in the labour and agriculture markets, thus, eventually leading to higher production, and higher income. Lewis theorized if England could turn its misfortune around, the same could be done for developing countries around the world. His theories proved true for some countries such as Nigeria and Barbados, as they would see some economic development.

Politics in West Africa (1965)

In his 1965 book, Politics in West Africa, Lewis examines the weakness of opposition parties in West African states. He criticizes the majoritarian winner-takes-all model of politics, arguing that while it may work in European and American contexts, it cannot in the context of many African states. The reason for this is that African states are divided on linguistic and tribal lines, making it hard for peaceful co-existence between groups when one group controls the central government. Lewis argues powersharing needs to be facilitated, which he argues can be best done through proportional representation, federalism and coalition governments. Democracy can be maintained through institutional design more suited to the cleavages of African states.

Selected bibliography

Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Workers' Movement (1939). Reprinted, with Afterword by Susan Craig, London: New Beacon Books, 1978.
The Principles of Economic Planning (1949)
The Theory of Economic Growth (1955)
Politics in West Africa (1965). Allen and Unwin.
Development Planning (1966)
Tropical Development 1880–1913 (1971)
Growth and Fluctuations 1870–1913 (1978)

Selected awards and honours

1963: Knighthood for contributions to economics.
1979: Nobel Prize in Economics

Legacy

The Sir Arthur Lewis Community College, St. Lucia, was named in his honour.
The Arthur Lewis Building (opened in 2007) at the University of Manchester was named for him, as he had lectured there for several years before entering governmental positions.
The Arthur Lewis Lectures are held annually at the University of Manchester, having begun in 2015, the centenary of his birth.
He is commemorated by the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies (SALISES) on the three campuses of The University of the West Indies.
Sir Arthur Lewis's portrait appears on the Eastern Caribbean 100-dollar bill.
A newly-titled London School of Economics building was unveiled in a ceremony attended by Sir Arthur Lewis’ family, including his daughter and granddaughter, and the High Commissioner for St Lucia on Thursday 23 March 2023. Formerly known as 32 Lincoln’s Inn Fields (32L) the site, now called the Sir Arthur Lewis Building (SAL), is home to various departments including the Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), the International Growth Centre (IGC), the Department of Economics, the Centre for Macroeconomics, and the Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD).

Arthur Lewis Auditorium, the main auditorium of Robertson Hall, home of the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, was named after him.
On 10 December 2020, the 41st anniversary of his receiving the Nobel Prize, Google celebrated the late Sir Arthur Lewis with a Google Doodle.

References

Citations

"Lewis, W. Arthur" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
"Legacy of Nobel laureate Sir W. Arthur Lewis commemorated at Robertson Hall". Princeton University. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
Ravo, Nick (17 June 1991). "Sir W. Arthur Lewis, 76, Is Dead; Winner of Nobel Economics Prize". The New York Times.
^ "Sir W. Arthur Lewis". Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies. The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados, West Indies. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
^ "The Sverige's Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1979", Nobel in Economics, 1979. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
^ "Sir Arthur Lewis: Biographical". The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
Tignor, Robert L. (2006). W. Arthur Lewis and the Birth of Development Economics. Princeton University Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-691-12141-3.
Tignor, pp. 11–13.
Tignor, Robert L. (2006). W. Arthur Lewis and the Birth of Development Economics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691121413.
^ Ritschel, Chelsea (10 December 2020). "Sir W Arthur Lewis: How the famed economist broke down barriers". The Independent.
"Sir Arthur Lewis". LSE people. The London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
^ "Arthur Lewis". Economics. The University of Manchester. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
Findlay, Ronald (1980). "On W. Arthur Lewis' Contributions to Economics". Scandinavian Journal of Economics. 82 (1): 63. doi:10.2307/3439553. JSTOR 3439553.
"The Middle Passage – UWI receives George James Christian papers" (PDF). St Augustine News. university of the West Indies. July–September 2005. p. 18. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
Brenton, Felix, "Sir (William) Arthur Lewis (1915–1991)", Black Past website.
"William Arthur Lewis". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^ "William Arthur Lewis". Caribbean Elections. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
"Sir Wm. Arthur Lewis: President 1970–1973" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Caribbean Development Bank.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica; Amy Tikkanen. "Sir Arthur Lewis". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
"Sir Arthur Lewis Burial Site". Commonwealth Walkway. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
"Labour in the West Indies – The Birth of a Workers' Movement (1977; original edition 1939)". George Padmore Institute. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
Rojas, Don (25 January 2021). "W. Arthur Lewis: Intellectual Author of CARICOM's Blueprint for Reparatory Justice". CARICOM Reparations Committee. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
Hunt, Diana (1989). "W. A. Lewis on 'Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour'". Economic Theories of Development: An Analysis of Competing Paradigms. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. pp. 87–95. ISBN 978-0-7450-0237-8.
Gollin, Douglas (2014). "The Lewis Model: A 60-Year Retrospective". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 28 (3): 71–88. doi:10.1257/jep.28.3.71. JSTOR 23800576. S2CID 153659972.
Lewis, W. Arthur (1954). "Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour". The Manchester School. 22 (2): 139–91. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x. S2CID 154515303.
^ Leeson, P. F.; Nixson, F. I. (2004). "Development economics in the Department of Economics at the University of Manchester". Journal of Economic Studies. 31 (1): 6–24. doi:10.1108/01443580410516233.
"China Reaches Turning Point as Inflation Overtakes Labor". Bloomberg. 11 June 2010.
Ranis, Gustav (August 2004). "Arthur Lewis' contribution to development thinking and policy" (PDF). www.yale.edu. Yale University. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
W. Arthur Lewis (2013). Theory of Economic Growth. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-40708-3.
^ Verba, Sidney (1967). "Some Dilemmas in Comparative Research". World Politics. 20 (1): 111–127. doi:10.2307/2009730. ISSN 1086-3338.
"Labour In The West Indies". New Beacon Books.
Foltz, William J. (1967). "Review of Politics in West Africa; Creating Political Order: The Party-States of West Africa". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 5 (2): 281–283. ISSN 0022-278X.
"About". Sir Arthur Lewis Community College. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
"Arthur Lewis Lectures". The University of Manchester. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
Fraser, Peter D., "Lewis, Sir (William) Arthur", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 23 September 2004.
"Sir Arthur Lewis Memorial Lecture". Easter Caribbean Central Bank. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
"LSE renames building after Sir Arthur Lewis". lse.ac.uk. 24 March 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
Binder, Sarah M. (19 May 2018). "Legacy of Nobel laureate Sir W. Arthur Lewis commemorated at Robertson Hall". Princeton University. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
"Sir W. Arthur Lewis: Google celebrates economist, professor with doodle". The Indian Express. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
Nandy, Sumana (10 December 2020). "Google Celebrates Economist, Professor, Author Sir W Arthur Lewis With Doodle". NDTV. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
"Celebrating Sir W. Arthur Lewis". www.google.com. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.

Sources

Biography at stlucianobellaureates.org
Biography on the Sir Arthur Lewis Community College website
Breit, William, and Barry T. Hirsch (eds., 2004). Lives of the Laureates (4th edn). Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-52450-3.
Lewis, William Arthur (2003). The Theory of Economic Growth. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-31301-8. 453 pp.

External links

Arthur Lewis Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
Saint Lucian Nobel Laureates Archived 30 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Biography available in Nobel Laureates of Saint Lucia
Sir Arthur Lewis on Nobelprize.org
Sir Arthur Lewis Community College, Saint Lucia
Sir Arthur Lewis – Nobel Prize Lecture
IDEAS/RePEc
"W. Arthur Lewis". JSTOR.
The Lewisian Turning Point and Its Implications to Labor Protection (The Institute of Population and Labor Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
"W. Arthur Lewis (1915–1991)". The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed.). Liberty Fund. 2008.
W. Arthur Lewis at Find a Grave

Awards
Preceded byHerbert A. Simon	Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics 1979 Served alongside: Theodore W. Schultz	Succeeded byLawrence R. Klein
Professional and academic associations
Preceded bySir Ralph W. Lacey	President of the Manchester Statistical Society 1955–56	Succeeded byA. H. Allman

v t e Laureates of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
1969–1975	1969: Ragnar Frisch / Jan Tinbergen 1970: Paul A. Samuelson 1971: Simon Kuznets 1972: John R. Hicks / Kenneth J. Arrow 1973: Wassily Leontief 1974: Gunnar Myrdal / Friedrich August von Hayek 1975: Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich / Tjalling C. Koopmans
1976–2000	1976: Milton Friedman 1977: Bertil Ohlin / James E. Meade 1978: Herbert A. Simon 1979: Theodore W. Schultz / Sir Arthur Lewis 1980: Lawrence R. Klein 1981: James Tobin 1982: George J. Stigler 1983: Gérard Debreu 1984: Richard Stone 1985: Franco Modigliani 1986: James M. Buchanan Jr. 1987: Robert M. Solow 1988: Maurice Allais 1989: Trygve Haavelmo 1990: Harry M. Markowitz / Merton H. Miller / William F. Sharpe 1991: Ronald H. Coase 1992: Gary S. Becker 1993: Robert W. Fogel / Douglass C. North 1994: John C. Harsanyi / John F. Nash Jr. / Reinhard Selten 1995: Robert E. Lucas Jr. 1996: James A. Mirrlees / William Vickrey 1997: Robert C. Merton / Myron S. Scholes 1998: Amartya Sen 1999: Robert A. Mundell 2000: James J. Heckman / Daniel L. McFadden
2001–present	2001: George A. Akerlof / A. Michael Spence / Joseph E. Stiglitz 2002: Daniel Kahneman / Vernon L. Smith 2003: Robert F. Engle III / Clive W.J. Granger 2004: Finn E. Kydland / Edward C. Prescott 2005: Robert J. Aumann / Thomas C. Schelling 2006: Edmund S. Phelps 2007: Leonid Hurwicz / Eric S. Maskin / Roger B. Myerson 2008: Paul Krugman 2009: Elinor Ostrom / Oliver E. Williamson 2010: Peter A. Diamond / Dale T. Mortensen / Christopher A. Pissarides 2011: Thomas J. Sargent / Christopher A. Sims 2012: Alvin E. Roth / Lloyd S. Shapley 2013: Eugene F. Fama / Lars Peter Hansen / Robert J. Shiller 2014: Jean Tirole 2015: Angus Deaton 2016: Oliver Hart / Bengt Holmström 2017: Richard H. Thaler 2018: William Nordhaus / Paul Romer 2019: Abhijit Banerjee / Esther Duflo / Michael Kremer 2020: Paul Milgrom / Robert B. Wilson 2021: David Card / Joshua Angrist / Guido Imbens 2022: Ben Bernanke / Douglas Diamond / Philip H. Dybvig 2023: Claudia Goldin 2024: Daron Acemoglu / Simon Johnson / James A. Robinson

v t e 1979 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry	Herbert C. Brown (United States) Georg Wittig (Germany)
Literature (1979)	Odysseas Elytis (Greece)
Peace	Mother Teresa (India)
Physics	Sheldon Glashow (United States) Abdus Salam (Pakistan) Steven Weinberg (United States)
Physiology or Medicine	Allan MacLeod Cormack (United States) Godfrey Hounsfield (United Kingdom)
Economic Sciences	Theodore Schultz (United States) W. Arthur Lewis (St. Lucia/United States)
Nobel Prize recipients 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

v t e Presidents of the American Economic Association
1886–1900	Francis A. Walker (1886) Charles F. Dunbar (1893) John B. Clark (1894) Henry C. Adams (1896) Arthur T. Hadley (1898) Richard T. Ely (1900)
1901–1925	Edwin R. A. Seligman (1902) F. W. Taussig (1904) Jeremiah W. Jenks (1906) Simon N. Patten (1908) Davis R. Dewey (1909) Edmund J. James (1910) Henry W. Farnam (1911) Frank A. Fetter (1912) David Kinley (1913) John H. Gray (1914) Walter F. Willcox (1915) Thomas N. Carver (1916) John R. Commons (1917) Irving Fisher (1918) Henry B. Gardner (1919) Herbert J. Davenport (1920) Jacob H. Hollander (1921) Henry R. Seager (1922) Carl C. Plehn (1923) Wesley C. Mitchell (1924) Allyn A. Young (1925)
1926–1950	Edwin W. Kemmerer (1926) Thomas S. Adams (1927) Fred M. Taylor (1928) Edwin F. Gay (1929) Matthew B. Hammond (1930) Ernest L. Bogart (1931) George E. Barnett (1932) William Z. Ripley (1933) Harry A. Millis (1934) John M. Clark (1935) Alvin S. Johnson (1936) Oliver M. W. Sprague (1937) Alvin Hansen (1938) Jacob Viner (1939) Frederick C. Mills (1940) Sumner Slichter (1941) Edwin G. Nourse (1942) Albert B. Wolfe (1943) Joseph S. Davis (1944) I. Leo Sharfman (1945) Emanuel A. Goldenweiser (1946) Paul Douglas (1947) Joseph Schumpeter (1948) Howard S. Ellis (1949) Frank Knight (1950)
1951–1975	John H. Williams (1951) Harold A. Innis (1952) Calvin B. Hoover (1953) Simon Kuznets (1954) John D. Black (1955) Edwin E. Witte (1956) Morris A. Copeland (1957) George W. Stocking (1958) Arthur F. Burns (1959) Theodore W. Schultz (1960) Paul A. Samuelson (1961) Edward S. Mason (1962) Gottfried Haberler (1963) George J. Stigler (1964) Joseph J. Spengler (1965) Fritz Machlup (1966) Milton Friedman (1967) Kenneth E. Boulding (1968) William J. Fellner (1969) Wassily Leontief (1970) James Tobin (1971) John Kenneth Galbraith (1972) Kenneth J. Arrow (1973) Walter W. Heller (1974) R. Aaron Gordon (1975)
1976–2000	Franco Modigliani (1976) Lawrence R. Klein (1977) Jacob Marschak (1978) Tjalling C. Koopmans (1978) Robert M. Solow (1979) Moses Abramovitz (1980) William J. Baumol (1981) Gardner Ackley (1982) W. Arthur Lewis (1983) Charles L. Schultze (1984) Charles P. Kindleberger (1985) Alice M. Rivlin (1986) Gary S. Becker (1987) Robert Eisner (1988) Joseph A. Pechman (1989) Gérard Debreu (1990) Thomas C. Schelling (1991) William Vickrey (1992) Zvi Griliches (1993) Amartya Sen (1994) Victor R. Fuchs (1995) Anne O. Krueger (1996) Arnold C. Harberger (1997) Robert W. Fogel (1998) D. Gale Johnson (1999) Dale W. Jorgenson (2000)
2001–present	Sherwin Rosen (2001) Robert Lucas Jr. (2002) Peter Diamond (2003) Martin Feldstein (2004) Daniel McFadden (2005) George Akerlof (2006) Thomas J. Sargent (2007) Avinash Dixit (2008) Angus Deaton (2009) Robert Hall (2010) Orley Ashenfelter (2011) Christopher A. Sims (2012) Claudia Goldin (2013) William Nordhaus (2014) Richard Thaler (2015) Robert J. Shiller (2016) Alvin E. Roth (2017) Olivier Blanchard (2018) Ben Bernanke (2019) Janet Yellen (2020) David Card (2021) Christina Romer (2022) Susan Athey (2023) Janet Currie (2024)

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