A sky anchor is a system of two balloons in tandem, with a "zero-pressure" lifting gas balloon tethered to a superpressure balloon "anchor". The gas balloon is filled with a lifting gas and provides the buoyancy, while the superpressure balloon is filled with air, and pressurized to provide the desired ballast weight. In a passive sky anchor, the superpressure balloon is sealed, while in an active system, its pressure can be varied. Both versions have been tested in flight, but have had frequent failures with only occasional successful outcomes. The tandem arrangement makes launching difficult, and this complexity can lead to mission failure.
The tandem balloon system is intended to increase the flight time of the zero-pressure balloon by damping the diurnal altitude variations caused by solar heating of the lifting gas and its subsequent expansion. As the balloons descend, the superpressure balloon's constant volume displaces a larger mass of the denser air, and becomes more buoyant. Likewise as they rise, the system displaces less air mass, limiting the ascent to prevent the lifting gas from expanding too far and escaping from the zero pressure balloon.
The Sky Anchor system, originally developed at Texas A&M University in 1976, is usually applied to unmanned balloons, but the concept was also applied to a piloted balloon. The "Earthwinds" balloon system used a tandem balloon arrangement for a planned circumnavigation record attempt using the jet stream winds. Five attempts at the circumnavigation in the early 1990s all failed early in the flight, with the fifth abort on January 1, 1995 blamed on a failure of the lower ballast balloon.
References
- Noor, A.K.; Venneri, S.L. (1997). Future Aeronautical and Space Systems. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN 1-56347-188-4.
- Smith, M.S.; Rainwater, E.L. (2002). Optimum Designs For Superpressure Balloons (PDF). 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Houston, Texas. Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-04-04.
- Epley, L.E. (1990). A system architecture for long duration free floating flight for military applications : Final Report prepared for Lawrence Livermore National Lab. Burke, VA (USA): CIRRUS Aerospace Corp. Report UCRL-CR-105118.
- "Earthwinds Balloon Takes Off But Is Back on Ground in Hours". New York Times. 1995-01-01. Retrieved 2007-10-18.