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Solar Orbiter

Artist's impression of the Solar Orbiter orbiting the Sun
Mission type	Heliophysics
Operator	ESA / NASA
COSPAR ID	2020-010A
SATCAT no.	45167
Website	www.esa.int
Mission duration	7 years (nominal) + 3 years (extended) Elapsed: 4 years, 10 months and 9 days
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	Airbus Defence and Space
Launch mass	1,800 kg (4,000 lb)
Payload mass	209 kg (461 lb)
Dimensions	2.5 × 3.1 × 2.7 m (8 × 10 × 9 ft)
Power	180 watts
Start of mission
Launch date	10 February 2020, 04:03 UTC
Rocket	Atlas V 411 (AV-087)
Launch site	Cape Canaveral, SLC-41
Contractor	United Launch Alliance
Entered service	November 2021 (start of main mission)
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Heliocentric
Regime	Elliptic orbit
Perihelion altitude	0.28 au
Aphelion altitude	0.91 au
Inclination	24° (nominal mission) 33° (extended mission)
Period	168 days
Epoch	?
Main
Type	Ritchey–Chrétien reflector
Diameter	160 mm
Focal length	2.5 m
Wavelengths	Visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays
Instruments EPD Energetic Particle Detector EUI Extreme Ultraviolet Imager MAG Magnetometer METIS Multi Element Telescope for Imaging and Spectroscopy Coronagraph PHI Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager RPW Radio and Plasma Waves SolOHI Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager SPICE Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment STIX X-ray Spectrometer/Telescope SWPA Solar Wind Plasma Analyser
Insignia for the Solar Orbiter mission. Cosmic Vision← CHEOPSEuclid → Living With a Star program← Parker

The Solar Orbiter (SolO) is a Sun-observing probe developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) with a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) contribution. Solar Orbiter, designed to obtain detailed measurements of the inner heliosphere and the nascent solar wind, will also perform close observations of the polar regions of the Sun which is difficult to do from Earth. These observations are important in investigating how the Sun creates and controls its heliosphere.

SolO makes observations of the Sun from an eccentric orbit moving as close as ≈60 solar radii (R_S), or 0.284 astronomical units (au), placing it inside Mercury's perihelion of 0.3075 au. During the mission the orbital inclination will be raised to about 24°. The total mission cost is US$1.5 billion, counting both ESA and NASA contributions.

SolO was launched on 10 February 2020 from Cape Canaveral, Florida (USA). The nominal mission is planned until the end of 2026, with a potential extension until 2030.

Spacecraft

The Solar Orbiter spacecraft is a Sun-pointed, three-axis stabilised platform with a dedicated heat shield to provide protection from the high levels of solar flux near perihelion. The spacecraft provides a stable platform to accommodate the combination of remote-sensing and in situ instrumentation in an electromagnetically clean environment. The 21 sensors were configured on the spacecraft to allow each to conduct its in situ or remote-sensing experiments with both access to and protection from the solar environment. Solar Orbiter has inherited technology from previous missions, such as the solar arrays from the BepiColombo Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO). The solar arrays can be rotated about their longitudinal axis to avoid overheating when close to the Sun. A battery pack provides supplementary power at other points in the mission such as eclipse periods encountered during planetary flybys.

The Telemetry, Tracking and Command Subsystem provides the communication link capability with the Earth in X-band. The subsystem supports telemetry, telecommand and ranging. Low-Gain Antennas are used for Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP) and now function as a back-up during the mission phase when steerable Medium- and High-Gain Antennas are in use. The High-Temperature High-Gain Antenna needs to point to a wide range of positions to achieve a link with the ground station and to be able to downlink sufficient volumes of data. Its design was adapted from the BepiColombo mission. The antenna can be folded in to gain protection from Solar Orbiter's heat shield if necessary. Most data will therefore initially be stored in on-board memory and sent back to Earth at the earliest possible opportunity.

The ground station at Malargüe (Argentina), with a 35-metre (115 ft) antenna, is used for 4 to 8 hours/day (effective). ESA's Malargüe ground station will be used for all operations throughout the mission with the ground stations in New Norcia, Australia, and Cebreros, Spain, acting as backup when necessary.

Mission operations

During nominal science operations, science data is downlinked for eight hours during each communication period with the ground station. Additional eight-hour downlink passes are scheduled as needed to reach the required total science data return of the mission. The Solar Orbiter ground segment makes maximum reuse of ESA's infrastructure for Deep Space missions:

• The ground stations, which belong to ESA's space tracking station network (ESTRACK)
• The Mission Operations Centre (MOC), located at ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
• The Science Operations Centre (SOC), located at ESAC, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
• The communications network, linking the various remotely located centres and stations to support the operational data traffic

The Science Operations Centre was responsible for mission planning and the generation of payload operations requests to the MOC, as well as science data archiving. The SOC has been operational for the active science phase of the mission, i.e. from the beginning of the Cruise Phase onwards. The handover of payload operations from the MOC to the SOC is performed at the end of the Near-Earth Commissioning Phase (NECP). ESA's Malargüe Station in Argentina will be used for all operations throughout the mission, with the ground stations of New Norcia Station, Australia, and Cebreros Station, Spain, acting as backup when necessary.

During the initial cruise phase, which lasted until November 2021, Solar Orbiter performed two gravity-assist manoeuvres around Venus and one around Earth to alter the spacecraft's trajectory, guiding it towards the innermost regions of the Solar System. At the same time, Solar Orbiter acquired in situ data to characterise and calibrate its remote-sensing instruments. The first close solar pass took place on 26 March 2022 at around a third of Earth's distance from the Sun.

The spacecraft's orbit has been chosen to be 'in resonance' with Venus, which means that it will return to the planet's vicinity every few orbits and can again use the planet's gravity to alter or tilt its orbit. Initially, Solar Orbiter will be confined to the same plane as the planets, but each encounter of Venus will increase its orbital inclination. For example, after the 2025 Venus encounter, it will make its first solar pass at 17° inclination, increasing to 33° during a proposed mission extension phase, bringing even more of the polar regions into direct view.

Scientific objectives

The spacecraft makes a close approach to the Sun every six months. The closest approach will be positioned to allow a repeated study of the same region of the solar atmosphere. Solar Orbiter will be able to observe the magnetic activity building up in the atmosphere that can lead to powerful solar flares or eruptions.

Researchers also have the chance to coordinate observations with NASA's Parker Solar Probe mission (2018–2025) which is performing measurements of the Sun's extended corona, as well as other ground-based assets such as the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope.

The objective of the mission is to perform close-up, high-resolution studies of the Sun and its inner heliosphere. The new understanding will help answer these questions:

• How and where do the solar wind plasma and magnetic field originate in the corona?
• How do solar transients drive heliospheric variability?
• How do solar eruptions produce energetic particle radiation that fills the heliosphere?
• How does the solar dynamo work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere?

Science results

Since the launch of the mission, a series of papers have been released in three special issues of the Astronomy and Astrophysics Journal:

• The Solar Orbiter mission
• Solar Orbiter First Results (Cruise Phase)
• Solar Orbiter First Results (Nominal Mission Phase)

Meanwhile, regular "science nuggets" are released on the Solar Orbiter science community website.

Instruments

The science payload is composed of 10 instruments:

Heliospheric in-situ instruments (4)

• SWA – Solar Wind Plasma Analyser (United Kingdom): Consists of a suite of sensors that measures the ion and electron bulk properties (including density, velocity, and temperature) of the solar wind, thereby characterizing the solar wind between 0.28 and 1.4 au from the Sun. In addition to determining the bulk properties of the wind, SWA provides measurements of solar wind ion composition for key elements (e.g. the C, N, O group and Fe, Si or Mg)
• EPD – Energetic Particle Detector (Spain): Measures the composition, timing and distribution functions of suprathermal and energetic particles. Scientific topics to be addressed include the sources, acceleration mechanisms, and transport processes of these particles
• MAG – Magnetometer (United Kingdom): Provides in situ measurements of the heliospheric magnetic field (up to 64 Hz) with high precision. This will facilitate detailed studies into the way the Sun's magnetic field links into space and evolves over the solar cycle; how particles are accelerated and propagate around the Solar System, including to the Earth; how the corona and solar wind are heated and accelerated
• RPW – Radio and Plasma Waves (France): Unique amongst the Solar Orbiter instruments, RPW makes both in situ and remote-sensing measurements. RPW measures magnetic and electric fields at high time resolution using a number of sensors/antennas, to determine the characteristics of electromagnetic and electrostatic waves in the solar wind

Solar remote-sensing instruments (6)

• PHI – Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (Germany): Provides high-resolution and full-disk measurements of the photospheric vector magnetic field and line-of-sight (LOS) velocity as well as the continuum intensity in the visible wavelength range. The LOS velocity maps have the accuracy and stability to allow detailed helioseismic investigations of the solar interior, in particular of the solar convection zone high-resolution and full-disk measurements of the photospheric magnetic field
• EUI – Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (Belgium): Images the solar atmospheric layers above the photosphere, thereby providing an indispensable link between the solar surface and outer corona that ultimately shapes the characteristics of the interplanetary medium. Also, EUI provides the first-ever UV images of the Sun from an out-of-ecliptic viewpoint (up to 33° of solar latitude during the extended mission phase)
• SPICE – Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (France): Performs extreme ultraviolet imaging spectroscopy to remotely characterize plasma properties of the Sun's on-disk corona. This will enable matching in situ composition signatures of solar wind streams to their source regions on the Sun's surface

• STIX – Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays (Switzerland): Provides imaging spectroscopy of solar thermal and non-thermal X-ray emission from 4 to 150 keV. STIX provides quantitative information on the timing, location, intensity, and spectra of accelerated electrons as well as of high-temperature thermal plasmas, mostly associated with flares and/or microflares
• Metis – Coronagraph (Italy): Simultaneously images the visible and far ultraviolet emissions of the solar corona and diagnoses, with unprecedented temporal coverage and spatial resolution, the structure and dynamics of the full corona in the range from 1.4 to 3.0 (from 1.7 to 4.1) solar radii from Sun centre, at minimum (maximum) perihelion during the nominal mission. This is a region that is crucial in linking the solar atmospheric phenomena to their evolution in the inner heliosphere
• SoloHI – Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager (United States): Images both the quasi-steady flow and transient disturbances in the solar wind over a wide field of view by observing visible sunlight scattered by solar wind electrons. SoloHI provides unique measurements to pinpoint coronal mass ejections (CMEs). (NRL provided)

Institutions involved

The following institutions operate each instrument:

• Solar Wind Plasma Analyser (SWA): Mullard Space Science Laboratory
• Energetic Particle Detector (EPD): University of Alcala, University of Kiel (CAU)
• Magnetometer (MAG): Imperial College London
• Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW): Observatoire de Paris
• Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI): Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA)
• Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI): Royal Observatory of Belgium, Centre Spatial de Liège, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
• Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE): Institut d'astrophysique spatiale Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
• Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX): FHNW, Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences, Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP)
• Coronagraph (Metis): University of Florence, INAF, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
• Heliospheric Imager (SoloHI): United States Naval Research Laboratory

Launch and flight

Launch delays

In April 2015, the launch was set back from July 2017 to October 2018. In August 2017, Solar Orbiter was considered "on track" for a launch in February 2019. The launch occurred on 10 February 2020 on an Atlas V 411.

Launch

The Atlas V 411 (AV-087) lifted off from SLC-41 at Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 04:03 UTC. The Solar Orbiter spacecraft separated from the Centaur upper stage nearly 53 minutes later, and the European Space Agency acquired the first signals from the spacecraft a few minutes later.

Trajectory

After launch, Solar Orbiter will take approximately 3.5 years, using repeated gravity assists from Earth and Venus, to reach its operational orbit, an elliptical orbit with perihelion 0.28 AU and aphelion 0.91 AU. The first flyby was of Venus in December 2020. Over the expected mission duration of 7 years, it will use additional gravity assists from Venus to raise its inclination from 0° to 24°, allowing it a better view of the Sun's poles. If an extended mission is approved, the inclination could rise further to 33°.

During its cruise phase to Venus, Solar Orbiter passed through the ion tail of Comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) from 31 May to 1 June 2020. It passed through the comet's dust tail on 6 June 2020.

In June 2020, Solar Orbiter came within 77,000,000 km (48,000,000 mi) of the Sun, and captured the closest pictures of the Sun ever taken.

Mission timeline

Source:

Events

• April 2012: €319 million contract to build orbiter awarded to Astrium UK
• June 2014: Solar shield completes 2 week bake test
• September 2018: Spacecraft is shipped to IABG in Germany to begin the environmental test campaign
• February 2020: Successful launch
• May–June 2020: Encounter with the ion and dust tails of C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
• Jul 2020: First images of the Sun released
• December 2021: Flight through tail of Comet C/2021 A1 Leonard
• March 2022: highest resolution image of the Sun’s full disc and outer atmosphere, the corona, ever taken
• September 2022: Solar Orbiter solves the magnetic switchback mystery

Solar Orbiter and Parker Solar Probe collaboration

SolO and NASA's Parker Solar Probe (PSP) missions cooperated to trace solar wind and transients from their sources on the Sun to the inner interplanetary space.

In 2022, SolO and PSP planners collaborated to study why the Sun's atmosphere is "150 times hotter" than its surface. SolO observed the Sun from 140 million kilometers, while PSP simultaneously observed the Sun's corona from nearly 9 million kilometers.

In March 2024, both space probes were at their closest approaches to the Sun, PSP at 7.3 million km, and SolO at 45 million km. SolO observed the Sun, while PSP sampled the plasma of the solar wind, allowing scientists to compare data from both probes.

Outreach

Solar Orbiter news are regularly updated and listed in the official ESA public pages, as well as on the Twitter/X account .

Images taken by the spacecraft with various instruments can be found on the official Flickr account.

Gallery

• PHI's view of the Sun in visible light
• EUI's view of the Sun in UV light
• PHI's map of the Sun's magnetic field
• PHI's velocity map of the Sun's surface

See also

• Advanced Composition Explorer – NASA satellite of the Explorer program
• Aditya-L1 – India's first solar observation mission
• Parker Solar Probe – NASA robotic space probe of the outer corona of the Sun
• Solar Dynamics Observatory – NASA mission, launched in 2010 to SE-L1
• Solar and Heliospheric Observatory – European space observatory
• Solar Sentinels – A 2006 concept for a series of missions to the Sun
• Space sunshade – Spacecraft shield to reduce starlight and irradiation
• STEREO – Solar observation mission (2006–present)
• TRACE – NASA satellite of the Explorer program
• Ulysses spacecraft
• WIND spacecraft

References

1. ^ "ESA Science & Technology – Spacecraft". sci.esa.int. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
2. "Solar Orbiter Mission". ESA eoPortal. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
3. ^ "Solar Orbiter factsheet". esa.int. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
4. ^ "ESA Science & Technology – Instruments". sci.esa.int. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
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6. ^ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov.
7. Solar Orbiter (SolO). Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP). Accessed on 18 December 2019.
8. "Kiepenheuer-Institut fuer Sonnenphysik: SolarOrbiter PHI-ISS". Kis.uni-freiburg.de. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
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10. "ESA Science & Technology – Mission Operations". sci.esa.int.
11. ^ "GMS: Solar Orbiter's Orbit". svs.gsfc.nasa.gov. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
12. "Solar Orbiter crosses the Earth-Sun line as it heads for the Sun". esa.int. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
13. "Solar Orbiter". European Space Agency. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
14. Owen, C. J.; et al. (October 2020). "The Solar Orbiter Solar Wind Analyser (SWA) suite". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 642: A16. Bibcode:2020A&A...642A..16O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937259. S2CID 224966409.
15. "SPICE on Solar Orbiter official website". spice.ias.u-psud.fr. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
16. "SPICE - Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
17. "Metis: the multi-wavelength coronagraph for the Solar Orbiter mission". Retrieved 29 January 2021.
18. "Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager (SoloHI) – Space Science Division". Nrl.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
19. "Solar Orbiter: Mission zur Sonne und inneren Heliosphäre". www.mps.mpg.de.
20. Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam. "Solar Orbiter (SolO)". Webseite.
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25. ^ "Solar Orbiter to pass through the tails of Comet ATLAS". 29 May 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
26. ^ Wood, Anthony (29 May 2020). "ESA'S Solar Orbiter set for unexpected rendezvous with Comet ATLAS". New Atlas. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
27. "Solar Orbiter's first images reveal 'campfires' on the Sun". ESA. 16 July 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
28. "Solar Orbiter prepares for festive Venus flyby". www.esa.int. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
29. "ESA gets ready for double Venus flyby". www.esa.int. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
30. "Solar Orbiter returns to Earth before starting its main science mission". www.esa.int. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
31. "Coronal mass ejection hits Solar Orbiter before Venus flyby". www.esa.int. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
32. "Solar Orbiter perihelia and flybys". www.esa.int. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
33. Marirrodriga, C. García; et al. (1 February 2021). "Solar Orbiter: Mission and spacecraft design". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 646: A121. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038519. ISSN 0004-6361. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
34. "ESA contracts Astrium UK to build Solar Orbiter". Sci.esa.int. April 2012.
35. "Solar Orbiter's shield takes Sun's heat". Esa.int. June 2014.
36. Amos, Jonathan (18 September 2018). "Solar Orbiter: Spacecraft to leave UK bound for the Sun". BBC News.
37. Thompson, Amy (10 February 2020). "Solar Orbiter launches on historic mission to study the sun's poles". space.com. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
38. Hatfield, Miles (15 July 2020). "Solar Orbiter Returns First Data, Snaps Closest Pictures of the Sun". NASA. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
39. "Solar Orbiter Spacecraft Catches a Second Comet by the Tail". 27 January 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
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41. "Solar Orbiter solves magnetic switchback mystery". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
42. Biondo, Ruggero; et al. (December 2022). "Connecting Solar Orbiter remote-sensing observations and Parker Solar Probe in situ measurements with a numerical MHD reconstruction of the Parker spiral". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 668: A144. arXiv:2211.12994. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244535.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
43. Skibba, Ramin. "A Pair of Sun Probes Just Got Closer to Solving a Solar Enigma". Wired. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
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External links

• New ESA Solar Orbiter homepage (from December 2020)
• Old ESA Solar Orbiter homepage (to December 2020)
• Special issue on "The Solar Orbiter Mission" in Astronomy & Astrophysics
• Solar Orbiter at eoPortal
• METIS instrument homepage
• Media Kit – overview of mission

v t e Spacecraft missions to Venus
Active missions	Orbiters Akatsuki Flybys Parker Solar Probe (en route) BepiColombo (en route) Solar Orbiter (en route) Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (en route)
Past missions	Orbiters Magellan Pioneer Venus Orbiter Venera 9 10 15 16 Venus Express Flybys Venera 1 Mariner 2 Zond 1 Venera 2 Mariner 5 10 Venera 11 12 13 14 Vega 1 2 Galileo Cassini–Huygens MESSENGER IKAROS Shin-en Descent probes Venera 3 4 5 6 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Landers Venera 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Vega 1 2 Pioneer Venus Small Probes Balloon probes Vega 1 2 Failed launches Tyazhely Sputnik Mariner 1 2MV-1 No.1 2MV-1 No.2 2MV-2 No.1 Kosmos 21 3MV-1 No.2 Kosmos 27 96 167 482
Planned missions	Orbiters Venus Orbiter Mission (2028) VERITAS (2031) EnVision (2031) Flybys Dragonfly (2028) MBR Explorer (2028) Tianwen-4 (2030) Descent probes Venus Life Finder (2025) DAVINCI (2031–2032)
Proposed missions	Venus missions CUVE Venera-D Zephyr Flybys Mercury-P Uranus Orbiter and Probe
Cancelled or not developed	AREE European Venus Explorer HAVOC HOVER Inspiration Mars Laplace-P TMK-Mavr VAMP Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar Vesta VICI VISAGE VISE VOICE VOX
Program overviews	Venera 3MV Mariner Pioneer Venus Vega
Related	Colonization Observations and explorations List of artificial objects on Venus List of missions Manned Venus flyby Terraforming VeSpR
Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned. indicates use of the planet as a gravity assist en route to another destination.

v t e 2020 in space
« 2019 2021 »
Space probe launches	Solar Orbiter (Feb 2020) Hope (Jul 2020) Tianwen-1 (Jul 2020) Mars 2020 (Jul 2020) Perseverance rover Mars Helicopter Ingenuity Chang'e 5 (lunar sample return mission; Nov 2020)
Impact events	2020 China bolide
Selected NEOs	Asteroid close approaches 594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim 2020 BX12 2020 CW 2020 CD3 (temporary satellite) (52768) 1998 OR2 2020 HS7 2020 JJ 2020 LD (163348) 2002 NN4 2020 OY4 2020 QG 2011 ES4 2018 VP1 2020 SO (space debris) 2020 SW 2020 SL1 2020 UA 2020 VV 2020 VT4 (153201) 2000 WO107 (501647) 2014 SD224 2020 XL5
Exoplanets	AU Mic b Gliese 229 Ac Gliese 414 Ab Ac Gliese 433 b c d GJ 1151 b radio emissions K2-315b Kepler-1649c KOI-456.04 Lacaille 9352 b c M51-ULS-1b OGLE-2016-BLG-1928 (rogue planet) Tau Ceti j (predicted) TOI-561 b c d e TOI-700 b c d TOI-732 b c TOI-1338 b TOI-1339 b c d TYC 8998-760-1 c WD 1856+534 b
Discoveries	Betelgeuse dimming FRB 180916 location and periodicity Radcliffe wave Ophiuchus Supercluster explosion PSO J03094+27 (distant blazar) 2MASS J1047+21 wind speed measurements SGR 1935+2154 (soft gamma ray repeater) HR 6819 black hole hypothesis PHL 293B ending of P Cygni profile hydrogen emission lines Swift J1818.0–1607 (young magnetar) GW190814 (announced) South Pole Wall GW190521 (announced) Phosphine detection in the atmosphere of Venus Water detection on the sunlit surface of the Moon
Comets	C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS) C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2019 U6 (LEMMON) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) 2P/Encke 88P/Howell 156P/Russell–LINEAR
Space exploration	Spitzer retirement (Jan 2020) BepiColombo (Earth gravity assist; Apr 2020, Venus gravity assist; Oct 2020) OSIRIS-REx (sample collection from asteroid Bennu; Oct 2020) Hayabusa2 (sample return from asteroid Ryugu; Dec 2020) Chang'e 5 (lunar sample return; Dec 2020)
Outer space portal Category:2019 in outer space — Category:2020 in outer space — Category:2021 in outer space

• Spaceflight

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• Space probes launched in 2020
• Living With a Star
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