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43°7′5″N 20°22′26″E / 43.11806°N 20.37389°E / 43.11806; 20.37389

Sopoćani Monastery Сопоћани Манастир Sopoćani Manastir
Црква Свете Тројице Crkva Svete Trojice
Overview of the Sopoćani
43°07′05″N 20°22′26″E / 43.1181466°N 20.3738892°E / 43.1181466; 20.3738892
Location	In Novi Pazar, Serbia, near the source of the Raška River in the region of Ras, the centre of the Serbian medieval state.
Country	Serbia
Denomination	Serbian Orthodox
History
Founder(s)	King Stefan Uroš I
Dedication	Holy Trinity
Architecture
Functional status	Public access
Style	Raška school Byzantine
Years built	1259
Administration
Archdiocese	Eparchy of Raška and Prizren
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, iii
Designated	1979 (3rd session)
Part of	Stari Ras and Sopoćani
Reference no.	96
Region	Europe and North America
Cultural Heritage of Serbia
Official name	Sopoćani Monastery
Type	Cultural monument of Exceptional Importance
Designated	26 August 1947
Reference no.	SK 156

The Sopoćani Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Сопоћани / Manastir Sopoćani, pronounced [sǒpotɕani]), an endowment of King Stefan Uroš I of Serbia, was built from 1259 to 1270, near the source of the Raška River in the region of Ras, the centre of the Serbian medieval state. It is a designated World Heritage Site, added in 1979 with Stari Ras. The monastery is located 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) west of the town of Novi Pazar.

History

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In the 1160s, the Great Župan Stefan Nemanja consolidated his power on the throne in Raška. Although Nemanja's sons received the title of king and established the church as independent by making it autocephalous, as well as developing the economic system and coined money, the work of Stefan Nemanja remained a great model and an example to be emulated by the younger generations. Sopoćani was an endowment of the Serbian King Stefan Uroš I, son to Stefan the First-Crowned and Nemanja's grandson. It was built in 1260 by King Uroš I Nemanjić as a church which would serve as his burial place, and was extended and renovated in the mid-14th century by his great-grandson Dušan.

The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Of the former larger monastery complex, which comprised numerous structures (dining rooms, residential buildings and others), today only the Church of the Holy Trinity remains. The monastery was once surrounded by a high stone wall with two gates. The completion of the painting of the main parts of the church can be indirectly dated to between 1263 and 1270. In Sopoćani a decorative plan was carried out which was formed throughout the thirteenth century - in the chancel there are liturgical scenes, in the nave Christ's salvation work is shown through a cycle of the Great Feasts, in the narthex the Old Testament, dogmatic and eschatological themes are presented. Through the iconographic portraits of the Nemanjić family and through historical scenes Simeon Nemanja and Saint Sava. After Gradac (about 1275), the endowment of Queen Helen of Anjou, the wife of the founder of Sopoćani - King Uroš I - whose painters were high on the scale of creativity, there was a hiatus in creative artwork in Serbia.

Archbishop Sava II, who became the head of the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1263, is represented in the procession of archbishops in the area of the altar. The frescoes of Sopoćani are considered by some experts on Serbian medieval art as the most beautiful of that period. On the western wall of the nave is a famous fresco of the Dormition of the Virgin.

In the 16th century the monks had to temporarily leave the monastery on several occasions due to the Ottoman threat. Finally, during one of the raids in 1689 the Ottoman Turks set fire to the monastery and carried off the lead from the church roof. The brotherhood escaped with some important relics to Kosovo - but did not return to Sopoćani; it remained deserted for over two hundred years, until the 20th century. The church slowly decayed: its vaults caved in, its dome fell down, and the remains of the surrounding buildings were covered with rubble and earth.

Finally, during the 20th century the monastery was restored and today it is settled by a thriving brotherhood of dedicated monks. The fact that most of the Sopoćani frescoes still shine with radiant beauty - surviving more than two centuries of extreme exposure to the elements.

Sopoćani was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia.

Art history and influence

The art in Sopoćani was implemented periodically through the years following its completion in 1260. The subjects of the art include Christian Saints, national saints, as well as episcopal and illuminative narratives of Christianity. These narratives follow a left-to-right order of narration, needing to be viewed in a specific order to be understood. The classical art style of the church is largely influenced by late Byzantine art, such as that of the Basilica of San Vitale and other Byzantine churches. Some of the frescoes in the church exemplify a transition of Byzantine art periods, from Komnenian to Palaiologan, as many paintings were completed between 1263 and 1268. The Dormition, with its stately compositions and monumental figures, is an example of this. The period following iconoclasm brought upon a resurgence in these art styles moving forward into the 13th century, at the time of the construction of the monastery. Other motifs seen in the church (such as water-birds and use of specific lotuses) are indicative of influences from early Byzantine art dating to the era of Justinian I, although these influences are less prominently featured in the church.

The implementation of this art can be separated into several distinct periods. In 1263–1268, various paintings, including those of the sons of Stefan Uroš I, Dragutin, and Milutin, were created. In 1331–1346, during the reign of King Stefan Dušan, the church expanded and took on characteristics of a cathedral, expanding the art and decorations seen in the exo-narthex of the church. In 1335–1371, it is presumed that the fresco paintings of the church were completed, evidenced by painting styles seen in other nearby churches. In 1370–1375, the first example of repainting was evidenced in the church, and the copying of Sopoćani works created the Sopoćani style which spread and influenced other church paintings. And in the early 20th century, the art of Sopoćani served as an inspiration for modern Serbian artists.

Art reconstruction

In 1689, various factors contributed to widespread damage through the church. War with the Ottoman Turks led to the desecration of the monastery. In addition, inclement weather and prolonged sun exposure led to damage of much of the art. There were two periods in the early 20th century (1925-1929, and 1949–1958) in which reconstruction campaigns began on a large scale. Notably, the color and clarity of the paintings were restored, but much of the gold-leaf outlines remain difficult to discern in the frescoes of the church.

Notable art and techniques

Paintings

The frescoes in Sopoćani were painted in a similar style to that of Byzantine artists, however the origins of the artists themselves remain unknown. There was a rigid set of steps (setting of plaster, designing with charcoal, application of opsis in various layers, etc.) that were usually followed by these artists. However, there were exceptions to this method, as is the case with the Dormition, which was painted over visible division lines that are usually erased. Some historians believe this to be the result of an oversight on the part of the artist. The Dormition is another example of a late Komnenian fresco, characterized by its use of a rambling narrative linear style. Some of the more prominent frescoes in the church had gold-sheet tesserae applied in their outlines, a decision that was made by Stefan Uroš I to provide a greater sense of visual grandeur.

Iconography

A demand was created for portable icons due to Byzantine influence and the introduction of iconostasis in churches. The icons in Sopoćani largely represent a matriarchal ideology, depicting the life and death of the Virgin Mary, among others. The portraits of these icons incorporated techniques and symbolism from Byzantine, and earlier Roman style, which emphasizes the positioning of the head, as well as male and female qualities of the hands. For instance, the left hand would often be considered female, holding books or scriptures. The right hand would be considered male, holding a sword, a cross, or a spear. These qualities can be seen in icon plates of the martyrs, saints, apostle, and evangelist in Sopoćani. The portrayal of figures in these icons are also concurrent with the development of naturalism in painting, found in other Byzantine icons and mosaics such as the Deisis in Hagia Sophia.

Gallery

• Monastery building.
• Detail of the fresco Dormition of the Mother of God from Sopoćani c. 1265
• Detail of the fresco Dormition of the Mother of God.
• Stefan Uroš I with his son Dragutin
• Shepherd

Burials

• Stefan Uroš I of Serbia
• Anna Dandolo
• Joanikije I

In popular culture

Sopoćani, two episodes of the documentary series "Witnesses of Times" produced by the broadcasting service RTB in 1999-2000 was created by Petar Savkovića, directed by Stevan Stanić and Radoslav Moskovlović, music was composed by Zoran Hristić.

See also

• Studenica
• Žiča
• Mileševa
• Visoki Dečani
• Gračanica
• Nemanjić dynasty
• Danilo's anonymous pupil
• Spatial Cultural-Historical Units of Great Importance

References

1. By Their Fruit you will recognize them - Christianization of Serbia in Middle Ages, Perica Speher, 2010.
2. ^ Rajković, Mila (1963). Sopoćani. Jugoslavija. pp. 5–6.
3. Upadhya 1994, p. 25.
4. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander; Talbot, Alice-Mary; Cutler, Anthony; Gregory, Timothy; Sevcenko, Nancy (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1929.
5. Upadhya 1994, p. 283.
6. Upadhya 1994, p. 28.
7. Upadhya 1994, p. 29.
8. Upadhya 1994, p. 30.
9. ^ Upadhya 1994, p. 214.
10. Upadhya 1994, p. 215.
11. Schug-Wille, Christa (1969). Art of the Byzantine World. New York: Abrams. p. 210.
12. Upadhya 1994, p. 150.
13. Cormack, Robin (2000). Byzantine Art. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-19-284211-4.
14. Sopoćani - first episode on YouTube Official channel of RTS
15. Sopoćani - second episode on YouTube Official channel of RTS

Sources

• Upadhya, Om (1994). The art of Ajanta and Sopoćani: A comparative study: An enquiry in prāṇa aesthetics. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0990-4.

Further reading

• Sopoćani, Vojislav Đurić, Prosveta, Beograd, 1991.

External links

• Official website
• BLAGO Fund: Sopoćani
• Aerial video of the Sopoćani
• Sopoćani and Gradac - About the relation of funerary programmes of the two churches by Branislav Todić
• Representations of Lancet or Phlebotome in Serbian Medieval Art

v t e World Heritage Sites of Serbia
	Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius Stari Ras and Sopoćani Đurđevi Stupovi Monastery Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Ras Studenica Monastery Mramorje (Perućac) Medieval Monuments in Kosovo Visoki Dečani Patriarchate of Peć Our Lady of Ljeviš Gračanica Monastery Stećak (with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Montenegro)

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Historic Landmarks	Bela Crkva Bubanj Šumarice Stolice Marićevića jaruga Radovanjski Lug Cer Memorial Ossuary Vuk Karadžić's birth house Kraljevo Memorial Park Čegar Ljubić Boško Buha Memorial Complex Chapel of Peace Site of the Battle of Slankamen Vezirac Hill Memorial Idvor Memorial Complex Site of the Battle of Senta Syrmian Front Memorial Complex Takovski grm
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Orthodox Cathedral (Sremski Karlovci) St. Demetrius (Sremska Mitrovica) St. Archdeacon Stephen (Sremska Mitrovica) Holy Archangel Gabriel (Susek) Presentation of the Theotokos (Sviloš) St. Nicholas (Šid) Dormition of the Theotokos (Titel) St. George (Tovariševo) Transfer of the relics of the Holy Father Nicholas (Turija) St. Nicholas (Vršac) Assumption (Zrenjanin) Central Serbia St. Achillius (Arilje) St. Nicholas (Baljevac na Ibru) Nativity of the Virgin (Bogatić) St. Nicholas (Brezova) Kađenica (Dljin) Saints Peter and Paul (Dobrić) Saints Emperor Constantine and Empress Helena (Ivanjica) White Church (Karan) St. Nicholas (Kosovica) Holy Trinity (Kraljevo) Apostles Peter and Paul (Kriva Reka) Transfiguration (Krivaja) Holy Ascension (Krupanj) St. George (Kruševac) Lazarica (Kruševac) Holy Mother of God (Kuršumlija) Holy Trinity (Leskovac) Odžaklija (Leskovac) Cave Church (Lukovo) St. George (Lukovo) Štava Church (Lukovska Banja) Holy Trinity (Negotin) Holy Trinity Cathedral (Niš) Nativity of the Theotokos (Novaci) Nativity of Christ (Pirot) Cave Church (Rsovci) St. Petka (Staničenje) Apostles Peter and Paul (Stari Ras) St. John the Baptist (Stevanac) Oplenac (Topola) St. Mark (Užice) Kosovo* (status) Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Belo Polje) St. Stephen (Donje Nerodimlje) St. Paraskeva (Drsnik) St. Nicholas (Đurakovac) Holy Archangels (Gornje Nerodimlje) Virgin Hodegetria (Mušutište) Nativity of the Theotokos (Obilić) Christ the Saviour (Pristina) Holy Saviour (Prizren) Our Lady of Ljeviš (Prizren) St. Elijah (Podujevo) Saint George (Prizren) St. Nicholas (Prizren) St John the Baptist (Samodreža) St. Nicholas (Slovinje) St. Nicholas (Štrpce) St. Uroš (Uroševac) Saint Elijah (Vučitrn) Montenegro St. Jovan Vladimir (Bar) Cetinje Monastery (Cetinje) Court Church (Cetinje) Vlah Church (Cetinje) Holy Savior (Grahovac) Holy Savior (Herceg Novi) St. Luke (Kotor) St. Nicholas (Kotor) Podgorica Cathedral (Podgorica) Morača Ostrog Monastery Savina Monastery Nativity of the Theotokos (Zabrđe) Njegoš's Testament Church Bosnia and Herzegovina Republika Srpska Banja Luka Cathedral (Banja Luka) St. Nikola (Dobrelji) St. Nicholas (Dobrljin) St. Nicholas (Javorani) St. Nicholas (Rijeka) St. Nicholas (Romanovci) St. George (Sopotnica) St. Nicholas (Srđevići) St. Archangel Michael (Veličani) Federation B&H Holy Trinity (Mostar) Nativity of the Theotokos (Mostar) Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (Sarajevo) Holy Transfiguration (Sarajevo) Nativity of the Theotokos (Sarajevo) Dormition of the Theotokos (Tuzla) Croatia Holy Venerable Mother Parascheva (Banovci) Transfer of the relics of the Holy Father Nicholas (Bijelo Brdo) St. George (Bobota) St. Peter and Paul (Bolman) St. Stephen (Borovo) Ascension of the Lord (Cetina) Presentation of Mary (Čakovci) Dalj Cathedral (Dalj) Saint Archangel Michael (Darda) Nativity of the Theotokos (Drežnica) Holy Annunciation (Dubrovnik) Nativity of the Theotokos (Gaboš) St. George (Grubišno Polje) St. Michael the Archangel (Ilok) St. Nicholas (Jagodnjak) St. Stefan Štiljanović (Karanac) St. Nicholas (Karlovac) St. George (Kneževo) Intercession of the Holy Virgin (Knin) Pentecost (Markušica) St. Nicholas (Mikluševci) St. Nicholas (Mirkovci) St. Panteleimon (Mirkovci) Transfiguration of the Lord (Mohovo) Dormition of the Theotokos (Negoslavci) St. Elijah (Novi Jankovci) St. George (Opatovac) St. Peter and Paul (Orolik) Dormition of the Mother of God (Osijek) Nativity of Saint John the Baptist (Ostrovo) St. Nicholas (Pačetin) St. Spyridon (Peroj) Presentation of Mary (Popovac) St. Nicholas (Rijeka) Saint Parascheva (Slabinja) Nativity of the Theotokos (Srijemske Laze) Transfiguration of the Lord (Šarengrad) Dormition of the Theotokos (Šibenik) Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (Štikada) St. Peter and Paul (Tepljuh) St. George (Tovarnik) Transfiguration of the Lord (Trpinja) St. George (Varaždin) Pentecost (Vinkovci) St. Nicholas (Vrlika) St. Nicholas (Vukovar) Serbian Orthodox Cathedral (Zagreb) Hungary Transfer of the Relics of the Holy Father Nicholas (Baja) St. George (Budapest) St. Nicholas (Eger) St. George (Pomáz) St. George (Somberek) John the Baptist (Székesfehérvár) Annunciation Church (Szentendre) Dormition of the Theotokos (Szentendre) Požarevac Church (Szentendre) St. Nicholas (Szeged) Transfiguration Church (Szentendre) Romania St. Peter and St. Paul (Arad) Ascension Cathedral (Timișoara) St. Nicholas (Timișoara) St. George (Timișoara) United Kingdom Holy Prince Lazar (Birmingham) Serbian Orthodox Church (Halifax) St. Nicholas (West Wycombe) United States Sts. Constantine and Helen Serbian Orthodox Church, Galveston Trinity Chapel Complex, Manhattan Saint Sava Church, Jackson, California Saint Sava Church, Merrillville, Indiana Saint Sava Cathedral, Milwaukee Canada Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Hamilton Saint Sava Church, Toronto All Serbian Saints Church, Mississauga Saint Arsenije Sremac Church, Whitby Saint Michael the Archangel Church, Toronto Other countries Sts. Cyril and Methodius Church, Slovenia St. Sava Church, Paris, France Saint Spyridon Church, Trieste, Italy Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Church, Stockholm, Sweden Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos, Komárno, Slovakia (in care of OCLS) Notes * indicate churches in Kosovo, which is the subject of a territorial dispute between Serbia and Kosovo.
v t e Saints of the Serbian Orthodox Church St. Angelina St. Basil of Ostrog St. Danilo II St. Gavrilo Rajić St. Grigorije the Silent St. Helen of Anjou St. Joanikije St. Jovan Vladimir St. Prince Lazar / St. Princess Milica St. Makarije Sokolović St. Maksim Branković St. Nikodim I St. Nikolaj of Ohrid and Žiča St. Peter of Cetinje St. Sava St. Sava II St. Simeon the Monk St. Simeon the Myrrh-streaming St. Stefan Lazarević St. Stefan Štiljanović St. Stefan Uroš St. Stefan of Dečani St. Stefan the Blind St. Stefan of Piperi St. Teodor Komogovinski St. Vladislav St. Vukašin St. Rafailo of Šišatovac St. Georgije Bogić St. Branko St. Justin of Ćelije St. Hieromartyr Joanikije St. Avakum the Deacon St. Metropolitan Petar of Dabar-Bosna St. Sava of Gornji Karlovac St. Platon of Banja Luka St. Varnava of Hvosno St. Pajsije of Janjevo St. Jakov Novi Tumanski St. Sebastian of Jackson St. Mardarije of Libertyville

• Cultural Monuments of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)
• Serbian Orthodox monasteries in Serbia
• Christian monasteries established in the 1250s
• Spatial Cultural-Historical Units of Exceptional Importance
• 13th-century Serbian Orthodox church buildings
• Nemanjić dynasty endowments
• World Heritage Sites in Serbia