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The garklein recorder in C, also known as the sopranissimo recorder or piccolo recorder, is the smallest size of the recorder family. Its range is C₆–A₇ (C₈). The name garklein is German for "quite small", and is also sometimes used to describe the sopranino in G. Although some modern German makers use the single-word form Garkleinflötlein, this is without historical precedent. Double holes for the two lowest notes (used on the larger recorders to achieve a fully chromatic scale) are uncommon. The instrument is usually notated in the treble clef two octaves lower than its actual sound. The garklein recorder is only about 16 to 18 cm long and is different from larger recorders in that it is usually made in one piece due to its size.

This very small recorder was unknown before the Baroque era, but a one-handed zuffolo with three front finger holes and one thumb hole is described by Michael Praetorius in his Syntagma Musicum, where it is called gar kleine Plockfloetlein (a very small little recorder). Praetorius says it is about three to four Brunswick inches long. Praetorius's descriptive expression is the source of the name given by modern makers to their recorders in C₆. Correctly describing Praetorius's gar klein Flötlein as der höchsten Schnabelflötenart mit nur vier Grifflöchern (the highest type of fipple flute, with only four finger holes), Curt Sachs equated this instrument with the flauto alla vigesima seconda specified by Claudio Monteverdi in the 1607 score of his opera L'Orfeo. Because Praetorius gives the sounding pitch of the instrument's lowest note as C₆ in Plate IX of the supplement to Syntagma Musicum 2, Sachs associated the name with gar klein as used by organ builders to refer to the so-called "one-foot" or "third-octave" register. Today, Monteverdi's instrument is generally assumed to be the sopranino in G₅, the smallest true recorder described by Praetorius, which he calls exilent (topmost) in Latin and klein flöttlein (small little flute) in German. Adding to the confusion, however, he also uses the expression klein flöttlein for the one-handed zuffolo.)

The earliest-known example of a true recorder in C₆ is an ivory instrument by a Nuremberg maker identified by the mark "M", dating from about 1670.

In comparison to larger recorders, the fingering is relatively difficult because of the very tight hole spacing.

Frans von Twaalfhoven produced an even smaller piccolino recorder in F. The experimental piccolino plays a fourth higher than the garklein. Designed as jewellery (brooch and necklet pendant), there is an even smaller recorder, available from the Mollenhauer company in castello boxwood, rosewood, tulipwood, or grenadilla, that is actually playable.

References

1. Reuter 2002, 81.
2. Bär 2002, 152n1.
3. Praetorius 1619a, 34 and supplement, plate IX.
4. Sachs 1913, 142.
5. Lasocki 2001a.
6. Praetorius 1619a, 13, 21, 34.
7. Hunt 1988, 143.
8. Lasocki 2001b.
9. Sachs 1913, 50.
10. Thalheimer 1990, 203.
11. Lander 1996–2018.
12. Anon. 2018.

Sources

• Anon. 2018. "Miniature Recorders" (advertisement) Conrad Mollenhauer GmbH (accessed 11 August 2018).
• Bär, Frank P. 2002. Holzblasinstrumente im 16. und frühen 17. Jahrhundert: Familienbildung und Musiktheorie. Tübinger Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft 24. Tutzing: Hans Schneider. ISBN 9783795210458.
• Lander, Nicholas S. 1996–2018. "Recorder Home Page: History: Innovations". Recorder Home Page (accessed 11 August 2018).
• Hunt, Edgar. 1988. "Syntagma Musicum II, Parts 1 and 2 of De Organographia by Michael Praetorius; David Z. Crookes" (review). The Galpin Society Journal 41 (October): 142–144.
• Lasocki, David. 2001a. "Flautino (i)". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.
• Lasocki, David. 2001b. "Recorder". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.
• Praetorius, Michael. 1619a. Syntagmatis Musici Michaelis Praetorii C. Tomus Secundus De Organographia. Wolfenbüttel: Elias Holwein, in Verlegung des Autoris.
• Reuter, Christoph. 2002. Klangfarbe und Instrumentation: Geschichte, Ursachen, Wirkung. Systemische Musikwissenschaft 5. Bern: Peter Lang. ISBN 9783631502723.
• Sachs, Curt. 1913. Real-Lexikon der Musikinstrumente, zugleich ein Polyglossar für das gesamtr Instrumentengebiet. Berlin: Julius Bard.
• Thalheimer, Peter (1990). "Aspekte zur Geschichte der Blockflöte in c´´´" (PDF). Tibia [de] (in German). Vol. 15, no. 3. pp. 202–205 – via Moeck Musikinstrumente + Verlag.

Further reading

• Baines, Anthony C. 1967. Woodwind Instruments and Their History, third edition, with a foreword by Sir Adrian Boult. London: Faber and Faber. Reprinted with corrections, 1977. This edition reissued, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 1991, and reprinted again in 2012. ISBN 978-0-486-26885-9.
• Griscom, Richard W., and David Lasocki. 2013. The Recorder: A Research and Information Guide, third edition. Routledge Music Bibliographies. Routledge. ISBN 9781135839321.
• Praetorius, Michael. 1619b. Syntagmatis Musici Michaelis Praetorii C. Tomus Tertius. Wolfenbüttel: Elias Holwein.

• Baroque instruments
• Early musical instruments
• Internal fipple flutes
• Recorders (musical instruments)