Misplaced Pages

Ellimmichthyiformes Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–Late Oligocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Diplomystus dentatus from Wyoming
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Superorder:	Clupeomorpha
Order:	†Ellimmichthyiformes Grande, 1982
Type genus
†Ellimmichthys Jordan, 1919
Families
†Armigatidae †Gasteroclupeidae †Paraclupeidae †Sorbinichthyidae

The Ellimmichthyiformes, also known as double-armored herrings, are an extinct order of ray-finned fish known from the Early Cretaceous to the Oligocene. They were the sister group to the extant true herrings, shad and anchovies in the order Clupeiformes, with both orders belonging to the suborder Clupeomorpha.

A highly successful group throughout the Cretaceous, they were found worldwide and are known to have inhabited both marine and freshwater habitats. They appear to have been a largely marine group for most of their history, with the first freshwater lineages appearing during the Late Cretaceous.

Shortly after the origin of the Ellimmichthyiformes in the Early Cretaceous, the Mediterranean portion of the Tethys Ocean appears to have been a major center of diversification for them, as the majority of fossils of this group are known from there. Following this, they saw an explosion in diversity during the Cenomanian, possibly due to the high sea levels of the Tethys at the time and the resulting impact on geography and food distribution, with the group evolving numerous different body plans. However, they were devastated by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and saw a drastic reduction in range. Only a few freshwater species in the genera Diplomystus and Guiclupea survived primarily in North America and China (although the unusual Gasteroclupea of South America appears to have briefly survived into the Paleocene), including Diplomystus dentatus of the famous Green River Formation. A few marine lineages survived in the Tethys Ocean near modern Italy, such as "Diplomystus" trebicianensis in the Paleocene and Eoellimichthys, the last marine ellimmichthyiform, during the Eocene. The last surviving ellimmichthyiform, Guiclupea, was a freshwater species that occurred in southern China during the Oligocene, representing the youngest member of the group.

Taxonomy

The following families are known:

• Genus ?†Ornategulum

  

• Suborder †Armigatoidei
  • Family †Armigatidae
    • Genus †Armigatus

      

    • Genus †Diplomystus
    • Genus †Guiclupea
    • Genus †Horseshoeichthys
• Suborder †Ellimmichthyoidei
  • Family †Paraclupeidae
    • Genus †Caboellimma
    • Genus †Codoichthys
    • Genus †Ellimma
    • Genus †Ellimmichthys
    • Genus †Eoellimmichthys
    • Genus †Foreyclupea
    • Genus †Ezkutuberezi
    • Genus †Kwangoclupea
    • Genus †Paraclupea
    • Genus †Ranulfoichthys
    • Genus †Rhombichthys
    • Genus †Scutatoclupea
    • Genus †Scutatuspinosus
    • Genus †Thorectichthys
    • Genus †Tunisiaclupea
    • Genus †Tycheroichthys
• Suborder †Sorbinichthyoidei
  • Family †Sorbinichthyidae
    • Genus †Sorbinichthys
  • Family †Gasteroclupeidae
    • Genus †Gasteroclupea

Other studies have found this division of families to be paraphyletic.

References

1. ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016-02-22). Fishes of the World. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
2. ^ Boukhalfa, Kamel; Wu, Feixiang; Ben Ali, Walid; Fang, Gengyu (2018-09-03). "A new paraclupeid fish (Clupeomorpha: Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Lower Cretaceous Sidi Aich Formation of southern Tunisia: phylogenetic and paleobiogeographic implications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (5): e1529675. Bibcode:2018JVPal..38E9675B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1529675. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 91457179.
3. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Kriwet, Jürgen; Carnevale, Giorgio (2019). Cavin, Lionel (ed.). "An Eocene paraclupeid fish (Teleostei, Ellimmichthyiformes) from Bolca, Italy: the youngest marine record of double-armoured herrings". Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (1): 83–98. Bibcode:2019PPal....5...83M. doi:10.1002/spp2.1230. ISSN 2056-2799. PMC 6392134. PMID 30854219.
4. ^ Chen, Gengjiao; Chang, Mee-mann; Wu, Feixiang; Liao, Xiaowen (2021-06-01). "Guiclupea superstes, gen. et sp. nov., the youngest ellimmichthyiform (clupeomorph) fish to date from the Oligocene of South China". PeerJ. 9: e11418. doi:10.7717/peerj.11418. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8176909. PMID 34131517.
5. "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
6. Figueiredo, Francisco J. De; Ribeiro, Douglas R. M. (2017-02-06). "Reassessment and Relationships of †Scutatuspinosus itapagipensis (Teleostei, Clupeomorpha, †Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Neocomian of Recôncavo Basin, Northeastern Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 89 (2): 799–823. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201620160310. ISSN 0001-3765.
7. Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2017-10-03). "The relationships of Gasteroclupea branisai Signeux, 1964, a freshwater double-armored herring (Clupeomorpha, Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene of South America". Historical Biology. 29 (7): 904–917. Bibcode:2017HBio...29..904M. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1262855. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 88892891.

v t e Herrings
True herrings	Clupea Araucanian herring Atlantic herring Baltic herring Pacific herring Chosa herring White Sea herring
Other herrings	Freshwater herrings Longfin herrings Round herrings Thread herrings Dwarf round herring
Misc herrings	Alewife Atlantic thread herring Australian herring Blueback herring Deepsea herring Hilsa herring Scaled herring Skipjack herring Wolf herring †Double-armored herring
Herring boats	Herring buss Herring seiner Drifter (fishing boat) Tradewind (schooner) Lydia Eva (steam drifter) Reaper (sailing vessel)
As food	Herring (food) Avruga caviar Bloater Brathering Buckling Dressed herring Gibbing Gwamegi Herring soup Kibinago Kipper Craster kipper Pickled herring Schmaltz herring Solomon Gundy Soused herring Spekesild Surströmming Rollmops Vorschmack
Related topics	Herring gull Red herring Herring fair The Herring Song Herringbone Scania Market Scottish east coast fishery Marc Guylaine Netz über Bord Herring Hunt

• Prehistoric ray-finned fish orders
• Otocephala
• Valanginian first appearances
• Chattian extinctions