South Bougainville languages

(Redirected from South Bougainville language) Language family of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea

South Bougainville
East Bougainville
Geographic distribution	Bougainville Island
Linguistic classification	One of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions	Buinic Nasioiic
Language codes
Glottolog	`sout2948`
Language families of the Solomon Islands. South Bougainville

The South Bougainville or East Bougainville languages are a small language family spoken on the island of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea. They were classified as East Papuan languages by Stephen Wurm, but this does not now seem tenable, and was abandoned in Ethnologue (2009).

Classification

Glottolog v4.8 presents the following classification for the South Bougainville languages:

South Bougainville

Buinic

Buin

	Terei

	Uisai

Siwai

Nasioiic

Nasioi

Simekuic

	Avaipa

	Simeku

South–Central Nasioi

Central Nasioi

	Naasioi

	Ounge

South Nasioi

	Daantanaiʼ

	Koromira

Sibe (Nasioi)

Proto-South Bougainville

Pronouns

Ross reconstructed three pronoun paradigms for proto-South Bougainville, free forms plus agentive and patientive (see morphosyntactic alignment) affixes:

	I	we	you	s/he, they
free	*ni(ŋ)	nee DL ni PL	da SG dee DL *dai PL	ba SG bee DL *bai PL
patientive	*-m		*-d	*-b
agentive	*a	*o	i or e	*u

SG: singular; DL: dual; PL: plural

Lexicon

A detailed historical-comparative study of South Bougainville has been carried out by Evans (2009). Reconstructed Proto-South Bougainville lexicon from Evans (2009):

Proto-South Bougainville reconstructed lexicon

Gloss	Proto-South Bougainville
blood	*ereŋ
bone	*kōna
ear	*rome
eye	*rutɔ
fat, grease	*titi
guts	*kō
hand (arm)	*komɔ
head	*bore
knee	*mī
left (hand)	*mɔre-
liver	*nonɔŋ
neck	*kuru
nose	*keni
right (hand)	*mē-
tongue	*meneŋ
wing	*kupɔ
three	*be-
four	*kɔre-
ten	*nɔraŋ
brother (older of male)	*batato
brother (older of male)	*tāta
child	*tōtō
daughter (my)	*norɔ
father	*bomɔ
husband	*bɔ
man	*nugaŋ
mother	*bōko
person	*nɔmm
name	*mīŋ
son (my)	*nuri
wife	*bana
cloud	*kɔmo
dust	*rɔmo
garden	*kɔti
island	*mɔto
ocean	*maira
sand	*piti(a)
sea	*piruŋ
sky	*pɔn(iŋ)
smoke	*ī
sun	*rua
water	*doŋ
betelnut	*mōti
branch	*āgu
coconut (tree)	*mou
fruit, seed	*tinaŋ
leaf	*pɔda
mango	*baiti
sugarcane	*tɔnɔŋ
sweet potato	(*ane)
tobacco	*buru
tree	*koi
(tree) trunk	*mono
bird	*bɔrege
dog	*masika
eel	*baramɔ
fowl, chicken	*kokore
rat	*koto
bad	*orara
big	*pɔn(n)ɔ
black	*muŋ
cold	*kamari
dirty	*kumi
far	*iti-
hungry	*perɔ
long, tall	*iti-
old	*uri-
sick	*tipɔ
thick	*mōtu
warm, hot	*tɔkɔtɔkɔ
white	*kākɔtɔ
fall	*ru-
flow	*tū
go	*be-
push	*tūme
put	*ti-
turn	*bero-
breathe, live	*roma-
cough	*k(o)u-
die	*bō
drink, eat	*nai
hear	*tarɔ-
sleep	*ati-
smell	*nū-
spit	*tutu-
suck	*muti-

Austronesian influence

South Bougainville words of likely Proto-Oceanic origin:

language	family	pig	fence	left	fish	back	shark
Nagovisi	South Bougainville	polo	para	akona-	kalege	vilo	—
Nasioi	South Bougainville	poro	parang	mare-	taki	bilo'	—
Buin	South Bougainville	uuru	holo	mori-	iana	muure	paaoi
Motuna	South Bougainville	huuru	horo	mori-	koringi	muuri	pakoi
Proto-Oceanic	Austronesian	*borok	*bara	*mawiri	*ikan	*muri-	*bakiwa
Torau	Austronesian	boo	barabara	mairi-	iala	mudi-	vavoi
Uruava	Austronesian	boro	bara		iana	pou-	bakubaku
Mono-Alu	Austronesian	boʔo	—	karaka	iana	aro-	baʔoi

Typology

South Bougainville languages have SOV word order, unlike the SVO Oceanic languages.

References

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - South Bougainville". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
Evans, Bethwyn. 2009. Beyond pronouns: further evidence for South Bougainville. In Bethwyn Evans (ed.), Discovering history through language: Papers in honour of Malcolm Ross, 73-101. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
^ Stebbins, Tonya; Evans, Bethwyn; Terrill, Angela (2018). "The Papuan languages of Island Melanesia". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 775–894. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History. Michael Dunn, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, Robert A. Foley, Stephen C. Levinson. Science magazine, 23 Sept. 2005, vol. 309, p 2072.
Malcolm Ross (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages." In: Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples, 15-66. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

v t e South Bougainville languages
Buin	Buin Motuna Uisai
Nasioi	Koromira Lantanai Naasioi Nagovisi Oune Simeku

Papuan language families
(Palmer 2018 classification)

Trans-New Guinea
subgroups

Central Papua, Indonesia	Ok-Oksapmin Dani Asmat-Kamoro Mek Paniai Lakes West Bomberai Somahai
Southeast Papua, Indonesia	Anim Greater Awyu Kayagaric Kolopom Marori
Southwest Papua New Guinea	Gogodala-Suki Turama-Kikori Kiwaian Awin-Pa
Central Papua New Guinea	Madang Finisterre-Huon Kainantu-Goroka Chimbu-Wahgi Enga-Kewa-Huli Bosavi East Strickland Kutubu Duna-Bogaya Wiru
Papuan Peninsula	Angan Greater Binanderean Dagan Mailuan Koiarian Goilalan Yareban Kwalean Manubaran

Eastern Nusantara
families and isolates

Timor-Alor-Pantar
North Halmahera

Tambora

Bird's Head Peninsula
families and isolates

Northern Western New Guinea
families and isolates

Abinomn
Burmeso
Elseng
Kapauri
Kembra
Keuw
Kimki
Massep
Mawes
Molof
Usku
Yetfa

Central Western New Guinea
families and isolates

Bayono-Awbono

Dem
Uhunduni

Sepik-Ramu basin
families and isolates

Torricelli
Sepik
Lower Sepik-Ramu
- Lower Sepik
- Ramu
Kwomtari
Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi)
Upper Yuat (Arafundi-Piawi)
Yuat
Left May
Amto-Musan

Busa
Tayap
Yadë

Torricelli subgroups	Marienberg Arapesh Urim Maimai Wapei Palei One (West Wapei) Monumbo?
Sepik subgroups	Middle Sepik Ndu Nukuma Yellow River Yerakai Upper Sepik Wogamus Iwam Abau Sepik Hill Tama Ram Amal
Ramu subgroups	Lower Ramu Ottilien Misegian Middle Ramu Grass? Tamolan Ataitan (Tanggu)

Gulf of Papua and southern New Guinea
families and isolates

Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands
families and isolates

Anêm
Ata
Kol
Kuot
Makolkol
Sulka

Rossel Island
isolate

Yélî Dnye

Proposed groupings

Proto-language

Proto-Trans–New Guinea

Primary language families

Africa

Afroasiatic Austronesian Khoe–Kwadi Kx'a Niger–Congo Nilo-Saharan? Tuu Mande? Songhay? Ijaw? Ubangian? Kadu?
Isolates	Bangime Hadza Jalaa Sandawe Laal? Shabo?

Eurasia
(Europe
and Asia)

Isolates

New Guinea
and the Pacific

Isolates

Australia

Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan? Bunuban Darwin Region? Eastern Daly Eastern Tasmanian Garawan Iwaidjan Jarrakan Marrku–Wurrugu? Mirndi Northern Tasmanian Northeastern Tasmanian Nyulnyulan Pama–Nyungan Southern Daly? Tangkic Wagaydyic Western Daly Western Tasmanian Worrorran Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?
Isolates	Giimbiyu Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?) Tiwi

North
America

Algic Alsea Caddoan Chimakuan Chinookan Chumashan Comecrudan Coosan Eskaleut Iroquoian Kalapuyan Keres Maiduan Muskogean Na-Dene Palaihnihan Plateau Penutian Pomoan Salishan Shastan Siouan Tanoan Tsimshianic Utian Uto-Aztecan Wakashan Wintuan Yukian Yuman–Cochimí
Isolates	Chimariko Esselen Haida Karuk Kutenai Seri Siuslaw Takelma Timucua Tonkawa Waikuri Washo Yana Yokuts Yuchi Zuni

Mesoamerica

Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Mixe–Zoque Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totonacan Uto-Aztecan Xincan
Isolates	Cuitlatec Huave Tarascan/Purépecha

South
America

Isolates
(extant in 2000)

Sign
languages

Arab BANZSL Chinese Francosign Germanosign Indo-Pakistani Japanese Original Thai Swedish Tanzanian?
Isolates	See list of sign languages

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