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Tagalog Republic (Filipino: Republikang Tagalog; Spanish: República Tagala) is a term used to refer to two revolutionary governments involved in the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and the Philippine–American War. Both were connected to the Katipunan revolutionary movement.

Etymology

The term Tagalog commonly refers to both an ethno-linguistic group in the Philippines and their language. Katagalugan often refers to the Tagalog-speaking regions of the island of Luzon in the Philippine archipelago.

However, the Katipunan secret society extended the meaning of these terms to all of the natives in the Philippine islands. The society's primer explains its use of Tagalog in a footnote:

The revolutionary Carlos Ronquillo wrote in his memoirs:

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In this respect, Katagalugan may be translated as the "Tagalog nation."

Andrés Bonifacio, a founding member of the Katipunan and later its supreme head (Supremo), promoted the use of Katagalugan for the Philippine nation. The term "Filipino" was then reserved for Spaniards born in the islands. By eschewing "Filipino" and "Filipinas" which had colonial roots, Bonifacio and his cohorts "sought to form a national identity."

In 1896, the Philippine Revolution broke out after the discovery of the Katipunan by the authorities. Prior to the outbreak of hostilities, the Katipunan had become an open revolutionary government. The American historian John R. M. Taylor, custodian of the Philippine Insurgent Records, wrote:

The Katipunan came out from the cover of secret designs, threw off the cloak of any other purpose, and stood openly for the independence of the Philippines. Bonifacio turned his lodges into battalions, his grandmasters into captains, and the supreme council of the Katipunan into the insurgent government of the Philippines.

Several Filipino historians concur. According to Gregorio Zaide:

The Katipunan was more than a secret revolutionary society; it was, withal, a Government. It was the intention of Bonifacio to have the Katipunan govern the whole Philippines after the overthrow of Spanish rule.

Likewise, Renato Constantino and others wrote that the Katipunan served as a shadow government.

Influenced by Freemasonry, the Katipunan had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership". For each province it involved, the Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level" and local councils, in charge of affairs "on the district or barrio level".

Bonifacio

Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People Republic of the Tagalog PeopleHaring Bayang Katagalugan Republika ng Katagalugan
1896–1897
Flag Seal
Anthem: Marangál na Dalit ng̃ Katagalugan ("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalog Nation")
Seal of the Supreme Council
Status	Unrecognized state
Common languages	Tagalog, Philippine languages
Government	Revolutionary republic
Supreme President (Kataas-taasang Pangulo) / President of the Sovereign Nation (Pangulo ng Haring Bayan)
• 1896–1897	Andrés Bonifacio
Legislature	Kataas-taasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)
Historical era	Philippine Revolution
• Cry of Pugad Lawin	23 August 1896
• Battle of Pinaglabanan	30 August 1896
• Siege of Imus	1 September 1896
• Execution of José Rizal	30 December 1896
• Imus Assembly	31 December 1896
• Tejeros Convention	22 March 1897
• Execution of Andrés Bonifacio	10 May 1897
Currency	Peso
Preceded by Succeeded by Captaincy General of the Philippines Captaincy General of the Philippines Tejeros Government

In the last days of August 1896, Katipunan members met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt (the event was later called the "Cry of Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the exact location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council of the Katipunan held elections, with the following results:

The above was divulged to the Spanish by the Katipunan member Pío Valenzuela while in captivity. Teodoro Agoncillo thus wrote:

Immediately before the outbreak of the revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a government revolving around a ‘cabinet’ composed of men of his confidence.

Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert:

As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the planning of military strategies and the preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against the nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and positioned troops in the fronts. On the basis of command responsibility, all victories and defeats all over the archipelago during his term of office should be attributed to Bonifacio.

One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving Katipunan documents: Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") - sometimes shortened into Haring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation"). Bayan may be rendered as "nation" or "people". The term haring bayan (sometimes haringbayan) was Bonifacio's neologism which sought to express and adapt in native terms the Western concept of "republic", from Latin res publica, meaning public thing or commonwealth. Since haring bayan means both "sovereign nation" and "sovereign people", where sovereign power is held by the nation/people, his concept was essentially democratic and republican in nature.

Thus Bonifacio is named as the president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue of the Spanish periodical La Ilustración Española y Americana published in February 1897 ("Andrés Bonifacio - Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala"). Another name for Bonifacio's government was Repúblika ng Katagalugan (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a picture of a rebel seal published in the same periodical the next month.

Official letters and one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows:

• President of the Supreme Council
• Supreme President
• President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog Nation
• President of the Sovereign Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution
• Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution

An 1897 power struggle at the Imus Assembly in Cavite led to command of the revolution shifting at the Tejeros Convention, where a new insurgent government was formed with Emilio Aguinaldo as president. Bonifacio refused to recognize the new government after his election as Director of the Interior was questioned by Daniel Tirona. This led to the Acta de Tejeros, the Naic Military Agreement and Bonifacio's trial and execution.

Sakay

Republic of the Tagalog Nation Republic of the Archipelago of the Tagalog NationRepublika ng Katagalugan Republika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan
1902–1906
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan
Status	Unrecognized state
Capital	Morong
Government	Provisional government
President
• 1902–1906	Macario Sakay
Vice President
• 1902–1906	Francisco Carreón
Historical era	Philippine–American War
• Declaration of Independence	6 May 1902
• Surrender of Macario Sakay	14 July 1906
Preceded by Succeeded by United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
Today part of	Philippines

After Emilio Aguinaldo and his men were captured by the US forces in 1901, General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member, re-established in 1902 the Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan, or Republika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan, kapuluan referring to the entire Philippine archipelago, as in "Philippine Islands" or "Islas Filipinas") as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan government in contrast to Aguinaldo's Republic. Sakay was based in the mountains of Morong (today, the province of Rizal), and held the presidency with Francisco Carreón as vice president. In April 1904, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring Filipino right to self-determination at a time when support for independence was considered a crime by the American colonial government.

The republic ended in 1906 when Sakay and his leading followers surrendered on July 14 to the American authorities upon being promised amnesty and being convinced of the need for a Philippine Assembly as a peaceful "gate to liberty". Instead they were arrested days later at a welcoming reception party in Cavite, imprisoned at the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila, and the following year executed for banditry. Some of its survivors escaped to Japan to be joined with Artemio Ricarte, an exiled Katipunan veteran, who later returned to support the Second Philippine Republic, a client state of Japan, during World War II.

See also

• Tejeros revolutionary government
• List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines

Notes

1. ^ Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (2003), "Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution", Sulyap Kultura, 1 (2), National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12, archived from the original on 2017-02-11, retrieved 2016-07-20
2. ^ Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998), Reform and Revolution, Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People, vol. 5, Asia Publishing Company Limited, ISBN 962-258-228-1
3. Agoncillo 1990, pp. 177–179
4. ^ Zaide, Gregorio (1984), Philippine History and Government, National Bookstore Printing Press
5. Constantino 1975, pp. 179–181
6. Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 25 (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p. 61, citing Guerrero, Encarnacion & Villegas 2003);
   ^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 26, "Formation of a revolutionary government";
   ^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 135 (in "Document G", Account of Mr. Briccio Brigado Pantas).
7. Halili & Halili 2004, pp. 138–139.
8. Severino, Howie (November 27, 2007), Bonifacio for (first) president, GMA News, archived from the original on September 3, 2009, retrieved July 6, 2009.
9. Agoncillo 1990, p. 152
10. Kabigting Abad, Antonio (1955). General Macario L. Sakay: Was He a Bandit or a Patriot?. J. B. Feliciano and Sons Printers-Publishers.
11. ^ Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995). "Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?". Philippine History Group of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
12. Bell, Ronald Kenneth (April 1974). The Filipino Junta in Hong Kong, 1898–1903: history of a revolutionary organization (Thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. pp. 127–129 (270–275 in PDF).
13. "G.R. No. L-2189: The United States, plaintiff-appellee, vs. Francisco Bautista, et al., defendants-appellants". The Lawphil Project. November 3, 1906.

References

• Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) , History of the Filipino People (8th ed.), R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, ISBN 971-10-2415-2
• Borromeo, Soledad Masangkay; Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad (1998), The cry of Balintawak: a contrived controversy : a textual analysis with appended documents, Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 978-971-550-278-8.
• Constantino, Renato (1975), The Philippines: A Past Revisited, ISBN 971-8958-00-2.
• Halili, Christine N; Halili, Maria Christine (2004), Philippine History, Rex Bookstore, Inc., ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.

v t e Calabarzon (Region IV-A)
CAvite, LAguna, BAtangas, Rizal, QueZON
Regional center	Calamba
Provinces	Batangas Cavite Laguna Quezon Rizal
Highly urbanized cities	Lucena
Component cities	Antipolo Bacoor Batangas City Biñan Cabuyao Calamba Calaca Carmona Cavite City Dasmariñas General Trias Imus Lipa San Pablo San Pedro Santa Rosa Santo Tomas Tagaytay Tanauan Tayabas Trece Martires
Provincial capitals	Antipolo Batangas City Imus (de jure) Lucena Santa Cruz Trece Martires (de facto)
Municipalities	Agdangan Agoncillo Alabat Alaminos Alfonso Alitagtag Amadeo Angono Atimonan Balayan Balete Baras Bauan Bay Binangonan Buenavista Burdeos Cainta Calatagan Calauag Calauan Candelaria Cardona Catanauan Cavinti Cuenca Dolores Famy General Emilio Aguinaldo General Luna General Mariano Alvarez General Nakar Guinayangan Gumaca Ibaan Indang Infanta Jalajala Jomalig Kalayaan Kawit Laurel Lemery Lian Liliw Lobo Lopez Los Baños Lucban Luisiana Lumban Mabini Mabitac Macalelon Magallanes Magdalena Majayjay Malvar Maragondon Mataasnakahoy Mauban Mendez Morong Mulanay Nagcarlan Naic Nasugbu Noveleta Padre Burgos Padre Garcia Paete Pagbilao Pagsanjan Pakil Pangil Panukulan Patnanungan Perez Pila Pililla Pitogo Plaridel Polillo Quezon Real Rizal Rodriguez Rosario (Batangas) Rosario (Cavite) Sampaloc San Andres San Antonio San Francisco San Jose San Juan San Luis San Mateo San Narciso San Nicolas San Pascual Santa Cruz Santa Maria Santa Teresita Sariaya Silang Siniloan Taal Tagkawayan Talisay Tanay Tanza Taysan Taytay Teresa Ternate Tiaong Tingloy Tuy Unisan Victoria
Barangays	Batangas (List) Cavite (List) Laguna (List) Quezon (List) Rizal (List)
Luzon, Republic of the Philippines

• Former countries in Philippine history
• Former unrecognized countries
• Former republics
• History of Calabarzon
• Philippine–American War
• Philippine Revolution
• States and territories established in 1896
• States and territories disestablished in 1902
• 1896 establishments in the Philippines
• 1896 establishments in the Spanish East Indies
• 1903 disestablishments in the Philippines