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Zond L1S-1 was a Zond capsule to be placed into orbit around the Moon by the first launch of the N1, a Soviet-made super heavy-lift launch vehicle designed to land crewed Soviet spacecraft on the Moon. The Zond capsule was equipped with a dummy lander and cameras to photograph the lunar surface for possible sites of a crewed landing. The failure of the N1 launch vehicle caused the launch escape system to ignite, saving the Zond capsule from destruction.

Engines 12 and 24 shut down about 3 to 7 seconds after liftoff. The fault was found to be an error in the control system. The control system compensated by giving more power to the working engines. But at 25 seconds after lift off, the control system throttled back the working engines, as there was too much vibration. At an altitude of about 30 km, just 66 seconds after liftoff, the engines again were set to full power. This caused an oxidizer pipe to break open. A fire started, and the engine's turbopumps exploded.

Zond L1S-2 launched on 3 July 1969 also failed. Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1 launched on 26 June 1971 failed. The last N-1 launch of Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 failed on 23 November 1972.

NASA used the Saturn V rocket for lunar missions, a super heavy-lift launch vehicle like the N-1.

See also

• N1 (rocket)
• Soyuz Kontakt

References

1. "Tentative IDs". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
2. "N1 No. 3L launch". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
3. "Tentative IDs". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
4. Raketno-kosmicheskii kompleks N1-L3, book: Гудилин В.Е., Слабкий Л.И. (Слабкий Л.И.)(Gudilin V., Slabkiy L.)"Ракетно-космические системы (История. Развитие. Перспективы)",М.,1996
5. Wade, Mark. "1969.02.21 - N1 3L launch". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Mark Wade - Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
6. Harvey, Brian (2007). Soviet and Russian lunar exploration. Berlin: Springer. p. 222. ISBN 978-0387739762.
7. "Die russische Mondrakete N-1 (in German)".
8. Harford, James (1997). Korolev: how one man masterminded the Soviet drive to beat America to the moon. New York; Chichester: Wiley. p. 294. ISBN 9780471327219.
9. Zak, Anatoly. "N1 No. 3L launch". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Anatoly Zak. Retrieved 5 February 2015.

v t e Soviet crewed lunar programs
Launch vehicles and ascent/upper stages	N1 rocket Proton rocket Blok E Blok D
Spacecraft	LK-1 VA spacecraft LK-700 Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1) Zond-M (Soyuz 7K-L1S) Zond-LOK (Soyuz 7K-L1E) LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3) LK (spacecraft)
Other hardware	Lunokhod-LK Krechet-94
Soyuz docking tests	Soyuz 1, Soyuz 2A Soyuz 2, Soyuz 3 Soyuz 4, Soyuz 5 Soyuz 6, Soyuz 7, Soyuz 8 Soyuz Kontakt 1, 2
Zond (7K-L1/L1S) lunar flyby missions	Kosmos 146 Kosmos 154† Zond 1967A† Zond 1967B† Zond 4 Zond 1968A† Zond 1968B† Zond 5 Zond 6 Zond 1969A† Zond-M 1 (L1S-1) Zond-M 2 (L1S-2)† Zond 7 Zond 8 Zond 9 Zond 10 Kosmos 382
LOK (7K-LOK/L1E) test missions	Zond-LOK 1† LOK 1† LOK 2
LK Lander (T2K) test missions	Kosmos 379 Kosmos 398 Kosmos 434 LK-1
The † sign designates failed missions. Italics designates cancelled missions.

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