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Spatial biology

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Spatial biology is how biological molecules and cells are organized, interact, and function in their native 2 and 3 dimensional environment. Many fields within biology are studied for their individual contribution to spatial biology.

Spatial biochemistry

Spatial biochemistry refers to the study of biochemical processes in their 3 dimensional cellular state. Biochemical reactions require molecular interactions for a process to proceed. Spatial biochemistry determines the spatial distribution that dictates these biochemical processes in the cell.

For example, enzymes require access to their substrate for a biochemical reaction to proceed. In a cellular environment an enzyme can be compartmentalized or sequestered away from its substrate and then activated by substrate presentation. Enzymes activated by this type of spatial biochemistry include phospholipase D and gamma secretase.

Within the membrane, the spatial distribution is controlled by clusters of lipids including PI(4,5)P2 and saturated lipids that bind palmitate.

Spatial proteomics

Spatial proteomics is the localizations of proteins and their dynamic expression at the sub-cellular level. A spatial map of proteins and their modifications in 3-D space generates a spatial proteome. Both how much of a protein is present and the types of modification to the protein are important.

Spatial genomics

Spatial genomics utilizes the spatial readout of gene transcripts to determine the 3-dimensional biological function of a cell. The technique spatial transcriptomics was introduced in 2016

References

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