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Sponge isolates

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Halichondria produces the eribulin (Halaven) precursor halichondrin B

Lacking an immune system, protective shell, or mobility, sponges have developed an ability to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds for survival. C-nucleosides isolated from Caribbean Cryptotethya crypta, were the basis for the synthesis of zidovudine (AZT), aciclovir (Cyclovir), cytarabine (Depocyt), and cytarabine derivative gemcitabine (Gemzar).

Isolate Source Researched activity / Chemical description
3-Alkylpyridinium (3-AP) Haplosclerida hemolytic and cytotoxic
Agosterol A anticancer
Aplyzanzine A Aplysina sp.
Avarol Dysidea avara antitumor, antimicrobial and antiviral effects
Aciculitin Aciculites ciliate antifungal cyclic peptide
Discodermin Discodermia kiiensis antimicrobial tetradecapeptide
Dysidenin Lamellodysidea herbacea Highly toxic
Girolline Girolline inhibits protein synthesis
Halichondrin B Halichondria okadai Kadota (Miura Peninsula) precursor to eribulin (Halaven)
Halicylindramide Halichondria antifungal peptide
Hymenamides Phakellia fusca proline-containing cyclopeptide
Hymenistatin Phakellia fusca bio-active proline-containing cyclopeptide
Hyrtinadine A Hyrtios bio-active bis-indole alkaloid
Manzamines various sponge species bio-active β-carbolines
Mirabamide Siliquariaspongia mirabilis antiviral depsipeptide
Neamphamide A Neamphius huxleyi antiviral depsipeptide
Onnamide A Theonella swinhoei cytotoxic, inhibits protein synthesis
Peloruside A Mycale sp. (New Zealand) cytotoxic / structurally similar to bryostatin
Phakellistatins Phakellia fusca proline-containing cyclopeptides
Phoriospongin Phoriospongia and Callyspongia bilamellata nematocidal compound
Plakevulin A Plakortis DNA polymerase inhibitor
Plakoridine A Plakortis
Polydiscamide B Ircinia the first example of a nonendogenous human SNSR (human sensory neuron-specific G protein couple receptor) agonist
Ptilomycalin A Monanchora arbuscula antifungal spirocyclic guanidine alkaloid / laccase and melanization inhibitor
Sceptrin Agelas conifera Antibiotic
Suberedamine Suberea
Theonellamide F Theonella antimicrobial/antifungal cytotoxic bicyclic dodecapeptide
Topsentolides Topsentia cytotoxic oxylipins
Xestoquinone Xestospongia Antimalarial, antifungal, and cytotoxic

Semisynthetic analogs of the sponge isolate jasplakinolide, were submitted to National Cancer Institute’s Biological Evaluation Committee in 2011.

Other marine isolates

Trabectedin, aplidine, didemnin, were isolated from sea squirts. Monomethyl auristatin E is a derivative of a dolastatin 10, a compound made by Dolabella auricularia. Bryostatins were first isolated from Bryozoa.

Salinosporamides are derived from Salinispora tropica. Ziconotide is derived from the sea snail Conus magus.

See also

References

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