The first Study Commission on the Women's Diaconate was established in August 2016 by Pope Francis to review the theology and history of the ministry of women deacons (deaconesses) in the Roman Catholic Church. The commission report was not published. After the Amazonian synod, Pope Francis promised to re-open this commission. He established a second commission instead in April 2020.
Background
After existing for several centuries, the vocation of deacon was gradually transformed in the Catholic Church into an office reserved to men who were candidates for ordination as priests and were ordained as transitional deacons. Participants in the Second Vatican Council recommended the restoration of the ancient permanent diaconate with votes taken in October 1963 and September 1964. The Council's Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen gentium) said that:
…the diaconate can in the future be restored as a proper and permanent rank of the hierarchy. It pertains to the competent territorial bodies of bishops, of one kind or another, with the approval of the Supreme Pontiff, to decide whether and where it is opportune for such deacons to be established for the care of souls. With the consent of the Roman Pontiff, this diaconate can, in the future, be conferred upon men of more mature age, even upon those living in the married state. It may also be conferred upon suitable young men, for whom the law of celibacy must remain intact.
Although the question of including women in the ordained diaconate was brought to the Council, in 1967, Pope Paul VI authorized the establishment of a ministry of permanent deacons, still restricted to men but open to married men. Under the rules he established, both permanent and transitional deacons belonged to a single order and were ordained according to the same rite.
The Catholic Church had examined the question of women deacons in 2002, a report by the International Theological Commission, an advisory body to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. On 26 October 2009, Pope Benedict XVI modified canon law to clarify the distinction between deacons and priests, writing that only the latter act "in the person of Christ", that the diaconate and priesthood are specific ministries rather than stages within the sacrament of order.
Archbishop Paul-André Durocher of Gatineau, Canada, raised the idea of ordaining women as deacons when speaking to the Synod on the Family in 2015, and continued to raise the issue following the synod. A few senior prelates took opposing positions on the possibility of a female diaconate, including Cardinals Walter Kasper and Gerhard Müller. Some bishops support the ordination of women as deacons.
In a May 2016 audience with women religious at the triennial assembly of the International Union of Superiors General (UISG), Pope Francis was asked about whether women could be included in the permanent diaconate, and was asked about the possibility of establishing an official commission to study the matter. Francis responded that the history was "obscure" and that it was not clear what role deaconesses played or whether they were ordained, and added: "It seems useful to me to have a commission that would clarify this well." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi subsequently said that Francis "did not say he intends to introduce a diaconal ordination for women and even less did he speak of the priestly ordination of women."
Creation
When Pope Francis created the Study Commission on the Women's Diaconate on 2 August 2016, he tasked it with examining the history of women serving as deaconesses in the Roman Catholic Church. He named Archbishop Luis Francisco Ladaria SJ, Secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, as its President and twelve members, six women and six men:
- Núria Calduch Benages, member of the Pontifical Biblical Commission
- Francesca Cocchini, faculty member at La Sapienza University (Rome) and the Patristic Institute Augustinianum
- Piero Coda [it], president of Sophia University Institute (Rome), member of the International Theological Commission
- Robert Dodaro OSA, president of the Patristic Institute Augustinianum
- Santiago Madrigal SJ, ecclesiologist at the Pontifical University Comillas (Madrid)
- Mary Melone SFA, president of the Pontifical University Antonianum (Rome)
- Karl-Heinz Menke [de], emeritus professor of dogmatic theology at the University of Bonn, member of the International Theological Commission
- Aimable Musoni SDB, ecclesiologist at Salesian Pontifical University (Rome)
- Bernard Pottier SJ, faculty member at Institute D'etudes Théologiques (Brussels), member of the International Theological Commission
- Marianne Schlosser [de], theologian at the University of Vienna, member of the International Theological Commission;
- Michelina Tenace, theologian at the Pontifical Gregorian University (Rome)
- Phyllis Zagano, senior research associate-in-residence at Hofstra University (New York)
The commission's members appear divided in their views. Zagano has written a book titled Holy Saturday: An Argument for the Restoration of the Female Diaconate in the Catholic Church, while Menke has argued that women cannot be deacons because they cannot be priests.
In August 2016, the UISG thanked the Pope for following through on his commitment and for the number of women members.
Work of the first Study Commission and outcome
The Commission held its first meeting in November 2016 in Rome.
The Study Commission produced an initial report to Pope Francis by January 2019. In May 2019, Francis said the Study Commission had not yet produced a "definitive response" due to a lack of consensus regarding the role of deaconesses in early Christianity. Francis stated that: "They worked together. And they found agreement up to a certain point. But each one of them has their own vision, which doesn't accord with that of the others. They stopped there as a commission, and each one is studying and going ahead." While Francis indicated that individual study continued, he did not indicate whether the Study Commission remains active as a body.
Second Commission
The Amazonian synod called for a continued study of the female diaconate. Pope Francis promised first to re-open the previous commission but then decided to established a new commission on 8 April 2020 with the following members:
- Giuseppe Petrocchi, Cardinal and president of the Commission
- Denis Dupont-Fauville, secretary of the Commission
- James Keating
- Dominic Cerrato
- Santiago del Cura Elena [de]
- Angelo Lameri
- Barbara Hallensleben [de]
- Manfred Hauke [de]
- Catherine Brown Tkacz
- Caroline Farey
- Anne-Marie Pelletier
- Rosalba Manes
See also
References
- Cummings, Owen F. (2004). Deacons and the Church. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780809142422. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- Rahner SJ, Karl (1993). "The Teaching of the Second Vatican Council on the Diaconate". In Bourke, David; Kruger, Karl H. (eds.). Foundations for the Renewal of the Diaconate. Bishops' Committee on the Diaconate, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. pp. 181ff. ISBN 9781555861858.
- "Dogmatic Constitution on the Church". The Holy See. 21 November 1964. Retrieved 8 August 2016, chapter III, paragraph 29.
- "Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- "Apostolic Letter: Sacrum Diaconatus Ordinem". The Holy See. 18 June 1967. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
Finally as regards the rite to be followed in conferring the sacred order of the diaconate and those orders which precede the diaconate, let the present discipline be observed until it is revised by the Holy See.
- Schneible, Ann (2 August 2016). "Pope creates commission to study women deacons". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- "New papal decree clarifies role of deacons and result of defections on marriage". Catholic News Agency. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- Elliott, Elizabeth A. (12 May 2016). "Deacons: Synod puts women deacons on the table". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- Hansen SJ, Luke (23 October 2015). "Archbishop Durocher: Address Violence against Women, Empower Women in the Church". America. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- "Bischofskonferenz: Kardinal Kasper schlägt neues Amt für Frauen vor". Der Spiegel (in German). 20 February 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- Muller, Gerhard Ludwig (2002). "II. Who Receives the sacrament of Holy Orders in the Degrees of Priesthood and Diaconate?". Priesthood and Diaconate: The Recipient of the Sacrament of Holy Orders from the Perspective of Creation Theology and Christology. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-0898708929.
- Kelly, Michael (11 June 2017). "We should discuss married priests and female deacons". Irish Catholic. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
- Ryan, Sean (19 February 2017). "Archbishop Kieran O'Reilly Believes Permanent Diaconate will Benefit Church". CatholicIreland.net. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
- McElwee, Joshua J. (12 May 2016). "Full text of questions to Francis from women religious". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- McElwee, Joshua J. (12 May 2016). "Francis to create commission to study female deacons in Catholic church". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- Wooden, Cindy (13 May 2016). "Pope did not say he'd ordain women deacons, spokesman says". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- "Pope Sets Up Vatican Panel to Study Female Deacons Issue". New York Times. Associated Press. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- McElwee, Joshua J. (2 August 2016). "Francis institutes commission to study female deacons, appointing gender-balanced membership". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- "Santiago Madrigal, miembro de la comisión que estudiará el diaconado de las mujeres". Diario ABC (in Spanish). 2 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ McElwee, Joshua J. (9 August 2016). "Members of Francis' women deacons commission express diverse views". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- "La teologa sammarchese Michelina Tenace è stata chiamata da Papa Francesco" (in Italian). San Marco in Lamis. 3 August 2016.
- Gibson, David (4 August 2016). "American named to women deacons panel feels like she won Oscar". CRUX. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- Zauzmer, Julie (2 August 2016). "'It could be a world-changing decision,' member of new Vatican committee on female deacons says". Washington Post. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- McElwee, Joshua J. (3 August 2016). "Global sisters group thanks Francis for creating commission on women in the diaconate". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- McElwee, Joshua J. (19 November 2016). "Women deacons commission to meet in Rome for first time next week". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
- ^ Joshua J. McElwee, Francis: Women deacons commission gave split report on their role in early church, National Catholic Reporter (May 7, 2019).
- Christopher White, Papal advisers say Francis will know right moment to act on women deacons, Cruz (January 16, 2019).
- Brockhaus, Hannah (8 April 2020). "Pope Francis establishes new commission to study women deacons". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
