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Sunless (Russian: Без солнца, Bez Solntsa, literally Without Sun) is a song cycle by Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, written in 1874 and arranged for voice and piano. The song cycle is set to poems by Arseny Golenishchev-Kutuzov, a relative of the composer.

Mussorgsky chose six unpublished poems for the cycle by Golenishchev-Kutuzov, whom he had recently met. These poems comprise a loose narrative that is nostalgic, surreal, and pessimistic, dwelling upon lost love, romantic rejection, and doubts from the protagonist's past, culminating in a contemplation of death. This narrative is believed to be in part autobiographical; musicologist Richard Taruskin characterized it as the voice of "a neurotically self-absorbed, broken-down aristocrat." Scholars have speculated that this pessimism may have arisen from the poor reception of Mussorgsky's opera Boris Godunov, the death of Mussorgsky's friends Viktor Gartmann and Nadezhda Opochinina in 1873-74, tensions in Mussorgsky's relationship with Golenishchev-Kutuzov, and/or the class tensions of the decade.

Sunless was described by scholar Simon Perry as "aesthetically and stylistically anomalous" among Mussorgsky's work, makes use of symmetrical or “synthetic” chromaticism.

The song cycle, like Boris Godunov, met a scathing reception, and Mussorgsky did not mention it in his autobiography.

Song titles

The individual song titles are as follows:

1. "В четырех стенах" ("Within four walls") – D major
2. "Меня в толпе ты не узнала" ("Thou didst not know me in the crowd") – D major
3. "Окончен праздный шумный день" ("The noisy festival day is ended") – C major
4. "Скучай" ("Boredom: For the album of a fashionable young lady") – B minor
5. "Элегия" ("Elegy") – B minor, ending in F-sharp minor
6. "Над рекой" ("By the River") – C-sharp major

In popular culture

• The piece was featured and discussed in the film-essay Sans Soleil by director Chris Marker, receiving an electronic experimental interpretation by composer Isao Tomita.

References

1. Russ, Michael (1996). "Be Bored: Reading a Mussorgsky Song". 19th-Century Music. 20 (1): 27–45. doi:10.2307/746666. JSTOR 746666. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
2. Volkov, Solomon (15 June 2010). St. Petersburg: A Cultural History. Free Press. ISBN 9781451603156. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
3. Perry, Simon (2004). "A Voice Unknown: Undercurrents in Mussorgsky's "Sunless"". 19th-Century Music. 28 (2): 15–49. doi:10.1525/ncm.2004.28.1.15.
4. Fuh, Jason. "Musical Means in Mussorgsky's Songs and Dances of Death: A Singer's Study Guide". Retrieved 14 February 2023.
5. Valkola, Jarmo (2012). Thoughts on images: a philosophical evaluation by Jarmo Valkola. ISBN 9786068266237. Retrieved 2020-05-24.

External links

• Sunless: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project

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