Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence

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The physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence spans from its original drafting in 1776 into the discovery of historical documents in the 21st century. This includes a number of drafts, handwritten copies, and published broadsides. The Declaration of Independence states that the Thirteen Colonies were now the "United Colonies" which "are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States"; and were no longer a part of the British Empire.

Drafts and pre-publication copies

Composition Draft

The earliest known draft of the Declaration of Independence is a fragment known as the "Composition Draft". The draft, written in July 1776, is in the handwriting of Thomas Jefferson, principal author of the Declaration. It was discovered in 1947 by historian Julian P. Boyd in the Jefferson papers at the Library of Congress. Boyd was examining primary documents for publication in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson when he found the document, a piece of paper that contains a small part of the text of the Declaration, as well as some unrelated notes made by Jefferson. Prior to Boyd's discovery, the only known draft of the Declaration had been a document known as the Rough Draft. The discovery confirmed speculation by historians that Jefferson must have written more than one draft of the text.

Many of the words from the Composition Draft were ultimately deleted by Congress from the final text of the Declaration. George Mason was a Virginian politician and wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights in May–June 1776. Mason wrote something very similar to Jefferson's first section of the declaration. Its opening was:

Section 1. That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.

Phrases from the fragment to survive the editing process include "acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation" and "hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends".

Forensic examination has determined that the paper of the Composition Draft and the paper of the Rough Draft were made by the same manufacturer. In 1995, conservators at the Library of Congress undid some previous restoration work on the fragment and placed it in a protective mat. The document is stored in a cold storage vault. When it is exhibited, the fragment is placed in a temperature and humidity controlled display case.

Rough Draft

Thomas Jefferson preserved a four-page draft that late in life he called the "original Rough draft". Known to historians as the Rough Draft, early students of the Declaration believed that this was a draft written alone by Jefferson and then presented to the Committee of Five drafting committee. Some scholars now believe that the Rough Draft was not actually an "original Rough draft", but was instead a revised version completed by Jefferson after consultation with the committee. How many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one, and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members, is unknown.

Jefferson showed the Rough Draft to John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, and perhaps other members of the drafting committee. Adams and Franklin made a few more changes. Franklin, for example, may have been responsible for changing Jefferson's original phrase "We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable" to "We hold these truths to be self-evident." Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee. Jefferson kept the Rough Draft and made additional notes on it as Congress revised the text. He also made several copies of the Rough Draft without the changes made by Congress, which he sent to friends, including Richard Henry Lee and George Wythe, after July 4. At some point in the process, Adams also wrote out a copy.

Fair Copy

In 1823, Jefferson wrote a letter to James Madison in which he recounted the drafting process. After making alterations to his draft as suggested by Franklin and Adams, he recalled that "I then wrote a fair copy, reported it to the Committee, and from them, unaltered, to Congress." If Jefferson's memories were correct, and he indeed wrote out a fair copy which was shown to the drafting committee and then submitted to Congress on June 28, this document has not been found. "If this manuscript still exists," wrote historian Ted Widmer, "it is the holy grail of American freedom."

The Fair Copy was presumably marked up by Charles Thomson, the secretary of the Continental Congress, while Congress debated and revised the text. This document was the one that Congress approved on July 4, making it what Boyd called the first "official" copy of the Declaration. The Fair Copy was sent to John Dunlap to be printed under the title "A Declaration by the Representatives of the united states of america, in General Congress assembled". Boyd argued that if a document was signed in Congress on July 4, it would have been the Fair Copy, and probably would have been signed only by John Hancock with his signature being attested by Thomson.

The Fair Copy may have been destroyed in the printing process, or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress's secrecy rule. Author Wilfred J. Ritz speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate, and that all of these copies were then destroyed to preserve secrecy.

Broadsides

The Declaration was first published as a broadside printed by John Dunlap of Philadelphia. One broadside was pasted into Congress's journal, making it what Boyd called the "second official version" of the Declaration. Dunlap's broadsides were distributed throughout the thirteen states. Upon receiving these broadsides, many states issued their own broadside editions.

Dunlap broadside

The Dunlap broadsides are the first published copies of the Declaration of Independence, printed on the night of July 4, 1776. It is unknown exactly how many broadsides were originally printed, but the number is estimated at 200. John Hancock's eventually famous signature is not on this document, but his name appears in large type under "Signed by Order and in Behalf of the Congress", with secretary Charles Thomson listed as a witness ("Attest").

On July 4, 1776, Congress ordered the same committee charged with writing the document to "superintend and correct the press", that is, supervise the printing. Dunlap, an Irish immigrant then 29 years old, was tasked with the job; he apparently spent much of the night of July 4 setting type, correcting it, and running off the broadside sheets.

"There is evidence it was done quickly, and in excitement—watermarks are reversed, some copies look as if they were folded before the ink could dry and bits of punctuation move around from one copy to another", according to Ted Widmer, author of Ark of the Liberties: America and the World. "It is romantic to think that Benjamin Franklin, the greatest printer of his day, was there in Dunlap's shop to supervise, and that Jefferson, the nervous author, was also close at hand." John Adams later wrote, "We were all in haste." The Dunlap broadsides were sent across the new United States over the next two days, including to Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, George Washington, who directed that the Declaration be read to the troops on July 9. Another copy was sent to England.

In 1949, 14 copies of the Dunlap broadside were known to exist. The number had increased to 21 by 1975. There were 24 known copies of the Dunlap broadside in 1989, when a 25th broadside was discovered behind a painting bought for four dollars at a flea market. Another copy was discovered in 2009 in The National Archives in Kew, England. An early assessment concluded that it was part of a group of papers seized from American colonists during the American Revolutionary War.

List of extant Dunlap broadsides

#	Location	Owner	Provenance
1	New Haven, Connecticut	Beinecke Library, Yale University
2	Bloomington, Indiana	Lilly Library, Indiana University	Previous owner was Henry N. Flynt of Greenwich, Connecticut.
3	Portland, Maine	Maine Historical Society	Given to the society in 1893 at the bequest of John S. H. Fogg.
4	Chicago, Illinois	Chicago Historical Society	Signed by John Steward (1747–1829) of Goshen, New York; sold July 2, 1975, at auction, by Christie's, London; later sold to the Chicago Historical Society.
5	Baltimore, Maryland	Maryland Historical Society	Fragment of upper left area of the document, including the first 36 lines.
6	Boston, Massachusetts	Massachusetts Historical Society
7	Cambridge, Massachusetts	Houghton Library, Harvard University	Donated in 1947 by Carleton R. Richmond.
8	Williamstown, Massachusetts	Williams College	Previously owned by the Wood family; sold at auction, April 22, 1983, by Christie's, New York.
9	Princeton, New Jersey	Scheide Library, Firestone Library, Princeton University	Currently owned by William R. Scheide; bought by John H. Scheide from A. S. W. Rosenbach.
10	New York, New York (last known location)	Private collector	Sold by the New-York Historical Society to a private collector in the United States, sometime between 1993 and 2008.
11	New York, New York	New York Public Library
12	New York, New York	Morgan Library	Once owned by the Chew family; sold April 1, 1982, at auction at Christie's, New York.
13	Exeter, New Hampshire	American Independence Museum	Copy discovered in 1985 in the Ladd-Gilman House in Exeter.
14	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	American Philosophical Society	Acquired from the Library of Congress in 1901 in a trade for Benjamin Franklin's Passy imprint of The Boston Independent Chronicle "Supplement."
15	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Historical Society of Pennsylvania	Fragment including the first 32 lines, thought to be likely an uncorrected proof, from the Frank M. Etting collection; Etting asserted it was this document that had been read in public. However, Charles Henry Hart wrote in 1900: "The endorsement is in the handwriting of the late Frank M. Etting, who died insane, one of the most inexact and inaccurate of collectors."
16	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Independence National Historical Park	Previously owned by Col. John Nixon, appointed by the sheriff of Philadelphia to read the Declaration of Independence to the public on July 8, 1776, in the State House yard; presented to the park by his heirs in 1951.
17	Dallas, Texas	Dallas Public Library	"The Leary Copy" discovered in 1968 amid the stock of Leary's Book Store of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a crate that had been unopened since 1911. Ira G. Corn Jr. and Joseph P. Driscoll of Dallas bought the manuscript on May 7, 1969. A group of 17 people later sold it to the Dallas city government.
18	Charlottesville, Virginia	University of Virginia	1/2. Found in 1955 in an attic in Albany, New York, where it had been used to wrap other papers. Bought by Charles E. Tuttle Company of Rutland, Vermont; later sold to David Randall, who sold it in 1956 to the university.
19	Charlottesville, Virginia	University of Virginia	2/2. "The H. Bradley Martin Copy"; exhibited at the Grolier Club in 1974; sold on January 31, 1990, to Albert H. Small, who gave it to the university.
20	Washington, D.C.	Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division	Acquired in 1867 as part of the purchase of documents assembled by Peter Force.
21	Washington, D.C.	Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division, Washington Papers	Fragment copy with 54 lines; thought to be the copy George Washington read to the troops on July 9, 1776, in New York.
22	Washington, D.C.	National Archives	Inserted into the Continental Congress manuscript journal, previously attached with a seal.
23	Roving copy	Norman Lear	Found in the back of a picture frame bought at a yard sale for $4.00 at an Adamstown, Pennsylvania flea market; now owned by a consortium which includes Norman Lear; sold in 2000 for $8.14 million; previously sold for $2.42 million on June 4, 1991.
24	London, United Kingdom	The National Archives, Colonial Office Papers	General William Howe and Vice Admiral Richard Howe from the flagship Eagle, off Staten Island, sent this copy with a letter dated August 11, 1776, which states, "A printed copy of this Declaration of Independency came accidentally to our hands a few days after the dispatch of the Mercury packet, and we have the honor to enclose it."
25	London, United Kingdom	The National Archives, Admiralty Papers	Vice Admiral Richard Howe sent this copy from the flagship Eagle, then "off Staten Island" with a letter dated July 28, 1776.
26	London, United Kingdom	The National Archives, Colonial Office Papers	Discovered in box of documents in 2009. Exact provenance is currently unknown.

Goddard broadside

In January 1777, Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that, unlike the Dunlap broadside, lists the signers of the Declaration. With the publication of the Goddard broadside, the public learned for the first time who had signed the Declaration. One of the eventual signers of the Declaration, Thomas McKean, is not listed on the Goddard broadside, suggesting that he had not yet added his name to the signed document at that time.

In 1949, nine Goddard broadsides were known to still exist. The reported locations of those copies at that time were these:

Library of Congress (Washington, D.C.)
Connecticut State Library (Hartford, Connecticut)
Library of the late John W. Garrett
Maryland Hall of Records (Annapolis, Maryland)
Maryland Historical Society (Baltimore, Maryland)
Massachusetts Archives (Dorchester, Massachusetts)
New York Public Library (New York, New York)
Library Company of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
Rhode Island State Archives (Providence, Rhode Island)

Other broadsides

In addition to the broadsides authorized by Congress, many states and private printers also issued broadsides of the Declaration, using the Dunlap broadside as a source. In 1949, an article in the Harvard Library Review surveyed all the broadsides known to exist at that time and found 19 editions or variations of editions, including the Dunlap and Goddard printings. The author was able to locate 71 copies of these various editions.

A number of copies have been discovered since that time. In 1971, a copy of a rare four-column broadside probably printed in Salem, Massachusetts was discovered in Georgetown University's Lauinger Library. In 2010, there were media reports that a copy of the Declaration was located in Shimla, India, having been discovered sometime during the 1990s in a book bought from the Viceroy's library. The type of copy was not specified.

Parchment copies

The Matlack Declaration

The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy. This copy was probably handwritten by clerk Timothy Matlack, and given the title of "The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America". This was specified by the Congressional resolution passed on July 19, 1776:

Resolved, That the Declaration passed on the 4th, be fairly engrossed on parchment, with the title and stile of "The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America," and that the same, when engrossed, be signed by every member of Congress.

Throughout the Revolutionary War, the engrossed copy was moved with the Continental Congress, which relocated several times to avoid the British army. In 1789, after creation of a new government under the United States Constitution, the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the custody of the secretary of state. The document was evacuated to Virginia when the British attacked Washington, D.C. during the War of 1812.

National Bureau of Standards preserving the engrossed copy of the Declaration of Independence in 1951.

The National Archives' Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom where, in-between two Barry Faulkner murals, the original United States Declaration of Independence, United States Constitution, and other American founding documents are publicly exhibited.

After the War of 1812, the symbolic stature of the Declaration steadily increased even though the engrossed copy's ink was noticeably fading. In 1820, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams commissioned printer William J. Stone to create an engraving essentially identical to the engrossed copy. Stone's engraving was made using a wet-ink transfer process, where the surface of the document was moistened, and some of the original ink transferred to the surface of a copper plate, which was then etched so that copies could be run off the plate on a press. When Stone finished his engraving in 1823, Congress ordered 200 copies to be printed on parchment. Because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century, Stone's engraving, rather than the original, has become the basis of most modern reproductions. 48 of the documents produced by Stone are known to still exist as of 2021; one was sold at auction for $4,420,000 on July 1, 2021.

From 1841 to 1876, the engrossed copy was publicly displayed on a wall opposite a large window at the Patent Office building in Washington, D.C. Exposed to sunlight and variable temperature and humidity, the document faded badly. In 1876, it was sent to Independence Hall in Philadelphia for exhibit during the Centennial Exposition, which was held in honor of the Declaration's 100th anniversary, and then returned to Washington the next year. In 1892, preparations were made for the engrossed copy to be exhibited at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, but the poor condition of the document led to the cancellation of those plans and the removal of the document from public exhibition. The document was sealed between two plates of glass and placed in storage. For nearly 30 years, it was exhibited only on rare occasions at the discretion of the Secretary of State.

In 1921, custody of the Declaration, along with the United States Constitution, was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress. Funds were appropriated to preserve the documents in a public exhibit that opened in 1924. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky, where they were kept until 1944.

For many years, officials at the National Archives believed that they, rather than the Library of Congress, should have custody of the Declaration and the Constitution. The transfer finally took place in 1952, and the documents, along with the Bill of Rights, are now on permanent display at the National Archives in the "Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom". Although encased in helium, by the early 1980s the documents were threatened by further deterioration. In 2001, using the latest in preservation technology, conservators treated the documents and transferred them to encasements made of titanium and aluminum, filled with inert argon gas. They were put on display again with the opening of the remodeled National Archives Rotunda in 2003.

The Sussex Declaration

On April 21, 2017, the Declaration Resources Project at Harvard University announced that a second parchment manuscript copy had been discovered at West Sussex Record Office in Chichester, England. Named the "Sussex Declaration" by its finders, Danielle Allen and Emily Sneff, it differs from the National Archives copy (which the finders refer to as the "Matlack Declaration") in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States. How it came to be in England is not yet known, but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson, who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people. The Sussex Declaration was probably brought to Sussex, England by Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond, known as the 'radical duke'.

The finders identify the Sussex Declaration as a transcription of the Matlack Declaration, probably made between 1783 and 1790 and likely in New York City or possibly Philadelphia. They propose that the Sussex Declaration "descended from the Matlack Declaration, and it (or a copy) served, before disappearing from view, as a source text for both the 1818 Tyler engraving and the 1836 Bridgham engraving".

References

Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 1:421.
^ Gerald Gawalt (July 1999). "Jefferson and the Declaration: Updated Work Studies Evolution of Historic Text". Information Bulletin. Library of Congress. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
see "Virginia Declaration of Rights" Archived 4 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine
^ Mark Roosa (July 1999). "Preservation Corner: Piecing Together Fragments of History". Information Bulletin. Library of Congress. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
^ Boyd, "Lost Original", 446.
Kaufman, Mark (2 July 2010). "Jefferson changed 'subjects' to 'citizens' in Declaration of Independence". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
Becker, Declaration of Independence, 142 note 1. Boyd (Papers of Jefferson, 1:427–28) casts doubt on Becker's belief that the change was made by Franklin.
Maier, 100.
Becker, 139.
Widmer.
Boyd, "Lost Original", 449.
Boyd, "Lost Original", 450.
Boyd, "Lost Original", 448–50.
Ritz, Wilfred J. (October 1992). "From the Here of Jefferson's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 116, no. 4. pp. 499–512. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
Boyd, "Lost Original", 452.
^ Walsh, Michael J. "Contemporary Broadside Editions of the Declaration of Independence". Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume III, Number 1 (Winter 1949), 31–43.
^ Phillips, Heather A., Safety and Happiness; The Paradox of the Declaration of Independence. The Early America Review, Vol. VII No. 4. http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2007_summer_fall/preserving-documents.html
^ Illustration for Widmer, Ted, "Looking for Liberty", oped commentary article, The New York Times, July 4, 2008, accessed July 7, 2008
Boyd, "Lost Original", 453.
"Hidden Copy of Declaration of Independence to be Auctioned". The Washington Post. 3 April 1991. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
^ "Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew". The Daily Telegraph. 3 July 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
Raab, Selwyn (4 June 1993). "Sotheby's Challenged In Selling Declaration". The New York Times.
North, Michael (4 July 2023). "Printing the Declaration of Independence | Bibliomania". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
"Projects - The Norman Lear Center".
McSorley, Joshua. "Reliam: Maintenance Page".
"The Declaration of Independence: A History". Charters of Freedom. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ Ann Marie Dube (May 1996). "The Declaration of Independence". A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions: The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States. National Park Service. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
Ann Marie Dube (May 1996). "Appendix D". A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions: The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States. National Park Service. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
Heller, Chris (6 July 2010). "Lauinger Library owns a very expensive document". The Georgetown Voice. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
"Copy of US Declaration found in Shimla". The Times of India. 1 April 2010. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
bedi, rahul. "Steady Decline: From Simla To Shimla, And Now To Shyamala!". www.thecitizen.in. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
This copy of the Declaration renders the "u" in United States in small case, "united States", one of several variations in capitalization and punctuation that historians Boyd and Becker believed to be of no significance; Boyd, Evolution, 25–26. In his notes and Rough Draft, Jefferson capitalized variously as "United states" (Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 1:315) and "United States" (ibid., 1:427).
"Journals of the Continental Congress --FRIDAY, JULY 19, 1776".
^ Gustafson, "Travels of the Charters of Freedom".
National Archives.
"Copy of US Declaration of Independence found in Scottish attic". STV News. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
Malone, Story of the Declaration, 257.
"Charter of Liberties Finds a Home". The New York Times Magazine. 6 April 1924. p. SM7.
Malone, Story of the Declaration, 263.
"National Archives Press Release". Archives.gov. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
"A New Era Begins for the Charters of Freedom". Archives.gov. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Wang, Amy B. (24 April 2017). "A rare copy of the Declaration of Independence has been found — in England". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Yuhas, Alan (22 April 2017). "Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
"The Sussex Declaration". Declaration Resources Project. Harvard University. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
"Rare Parchment American Declaration of Independence Found in Chichester Records Office". 24 April 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
Allen, Danielle; Sneff, Emily (20 April 2017). "The Sussex Declaration: Dating the Parchment Manuscript of the Declaration of Independence Held at the West Sussex Record Office (Chichester, UK) (Under final revision and preparation for publication at Papers of the Bibliographic Society of America)" (PDF). Retrieved 22 April 2017.

Bibliography

Becker, Carl (1970) . The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas. The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas at Google Books (Revised ed.). New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-70060-0. {{cite book}}: External link in |others= (help)
Boyd, Julian P. (1999) . Gawalt, Gerard W. (ed.). The Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of the Text (Revised ed.). University Press of New England. ISBN 0-8444-0980-4.
Boyd, Julian P. (1950). Boyd, Julian P. (ed.). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press.
Boyd, Julian P. (October 1976). The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original. Vol. 100. pp. 438–467. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011. {{cite book}}: |magazine= ignored (help)
Hazelton, John H. (1970) . The Declaration of Independence: Its History. Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence at Google Books. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-71987-8. {{cite book}}: External link in |others= (help)
Maier, Pauline (1997). American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45492-6.
Malone, Dumas (1975). The Story of the Declaration of Independence. New York: Oxford University Press.
Phillips, Heather A. Safety and Happiness; The Paradox of the Declaration of Independence. Vol. VII. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

External links

"Declaring Independence: Drafting the Documents" from the Library of Congress
"Declaration Resources Project". Harvard University.
Three copies of the Dunlap Broadside are held by the UK National Archives.
The Declaration of Independence Home Page Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine from Duke University features the evolution of the text through the drafts
PBS/NOVA: The Preservation and History of the Declaration

United States Declaration of Independence

Primary author

Thomas Jefferson

Signatories

President of Congress	John Hancock (Massachusetts)
New Hampshire	Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton
Massachusetts	Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island	Stephen Hopkins William Ellery
Connecticut	Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott
New York	William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris
New Jersey	Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark
Pennsylvania	Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross
Delaware	George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean
Maryland	Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia	George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr. Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton
North Carolina	William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn
South Carolina	Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr. Thomas Lynch Jr. Arthur Middleton
Georgia	Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton

Delegates voting
for Independence
(did not sign)

New York: Robert R. Livingston, Henry Wisner
Maryland: John Rogers, Matthew Tilghman

Display
and legacy

National Archives
- Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
Independence Day
Anniversaries
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence (Washington, D.C.)
Signers Monument (Georgia)
Pine portrait
Trumbull portrait

v t e Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States (1801–1809) 2nd Vice President of the United States (1797–1801) 1st United States Secretary of State (1790–1793) U.S. Minister to France (1785–1789) Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation (1783–1784) 2nd Governor of Virginia (1779–1781) Delegate to the Second Continental Congress (1775–1776) Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention (1776)
Founding documents of the United States	A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774) Olive Branch Petition (1775) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775) Declaration of Independence (1776) Committee of Five physical history "All men are created equal" "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" "Consent of the governed" Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786) Land Ordinance of 1784 Land Ordinance of 1785
French Revolution	Co-author, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
Presidency	Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Empire of Liberty Dunbar and Hunter Expedition Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake–Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act First Barbary War Native American policy Burr conspiracy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses 1801 1802 1805 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments
Other noted accomplishments	Early life and career Franco-American alliance Founder, University of Virginia history Ratification Day Anti-Administration party Democratic-Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy Coinage, Weights, and Measures report (1790) Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1801) Jefferson disk Swivel chair Megalonyx
Jeffersonian architecture	Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Jefferson Hall Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades
Other writings	The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia (1785) Pyratical states of Barbary proposals (1786) European journey memorandums (1787) Indian removal letters The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth (c. 1819) Jefferson manuscript collection Founders Online
Related	American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Founding Fathers of the United States Historical reputation Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Sally Hemings Jefferson–Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Tufton Farm Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia) Virginia dynasty Ward republic
Elections	Presidential elections 1796 1800 1804
Legacy and memorials	Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Jefferson River Jefferson Territory Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Statues Karl Bitter Louisville University of Virginia David d'Angers Jefferson Literary and Debating Society Thomas Jefferson Foundation Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City, Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Peaks and mountains Jefferson Rock Other placenames Jefferson–Jackson Day Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two-dollar bill Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar 250th Anniversary silver dollar U.S. postage stamps
Cultural depictions	The Patriots (1946 play) 1776 1969 musical 1972 film Jefferson in Paris (1995 film) Thomas Jefferson (1997 film) John Adams (2008 miniseries) Jefferson's Garden (2015 play) Hamilton (2015 musical) Wine bottles controversy Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings
Family	Martha Jefferson (wife) Martha Jefferson Randolph (daughter) Mary Jefferson Eppes (daughter) Harriet Hemings (daughter) Madison Hemings (son) Eston Hemings (son) Thomas J. Randolph (grandson) George W. Randolph (grandson) Ellen Randolph Coolidge (granddaughter) Cornelia Jefferson Randolph (granddaughter) Francis Eppes (grandson) John Wayles Jefferson (grandson) Sarah N. Randolph (great-granddaughter) T. Jefferson Coolidge (great-grandson) Frederick Madison Roberts (great-grandson) Peter Jefferson (father) Jane Randolph Jefferson (mother) Lucy Jefferson Lewis (sister) Randolph Jefferson (brother) Peter Carr (nephew) Samuel Carr (nephew) Dabney Carr (nephew) Dabney S. Carr (grand-nephew) Isham Randolph (grandfather) William Randolph (great-grandfather) Henry Soane (2nd great-grandfather)
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v t e John Hancock
1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts, 1780–1785, 1787–1793 President, Second Continental Congress, 1775–1777, 1785-1786 Boston Board of Selectmen, 1766–1775
United States Founding events	HMS Liberty confiscation Sons of Liberty Co-inspired, Boston Tea Party 1774 Massacre Day speech President, Massachusetts Provincial Congress Chairman, Massachusetts Committee of Safety Presided over, signed, United States Declaration of Independence (signing Dunlap broadside) Signed, Articles of Confederation 1788 Massachusetts Compromise
Life	Early life Hancock–Clarke House Hancock Manor Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University Boston Cadets Co-founder, American Academy of Arts and Sciences United States presidential election, 1788–89 Granary Burying Ground
Related	American Revolution patriots Founding Father Syng inkstand
Legacy	1776 (1969 musical, 1972 film) Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series) John Adams (2008 miniseries) Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries) USS Hancock, 1775 USS Hancock, 1776 USS John Hancock (1850) USS Hancock (1944) USS John Hancock (1977) John Hancock Center John Hancock Tower Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
Family	Dorothy Quincy (wife) John Hancock Jr. (father) Thomas Hancock (uncle) John Hancock Sr. (grandfather) Edmund Quincy (father-in-law)

v t e Charles Thomson
Founding of the United States	Sons of Liberty (Philadelphia) Secretary, Continental Congress, 1774-1789 Journals of the Continental Congress First Continental Congress Second Continental Congress Confederation Congress Dunlap broadside, Declaration of Independence Great Seal of the United States Annuit cœptis Novus ordo seclorum
Other events	Secretary, Treaty of Easton, 1758
Writings	Thomson's Bible translation
Home	Harriton House
Portrayals	1776 (1969 musical) 1776 (1972 film)
Related	Continental Association Articles of Confederation Seal of the president of the United States Syng inkstand

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