Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 39 in C major, Perger 31, Sherman 39, MH 478, written in Salzburg in 1788, is the last C major symphony he wrote, the sixth of his final set of six symphonies.
The symphony is scored for 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani and strings. The edition by H. C. Robbins Landon for Verlag Doblinger has the cellos and basses on the same staff for most of the work even though the cellos occasionally are independent of the bassoons and basses in the first movement. Close to the beginning of the third movement it becomes necessary to split the cellos and basses on to different staves as the cellos switch to tenor clef and double the violas, leaving the bass to the bassoons and basses.
The three movements are:
The first movement is notable for its use of horns in G instead of the usual horns in C (compare Haydn's earlier C major symphonies and those of his brother Joseph), so that the horns can participate in the harmonization of ii chords. The music begins straightaway with a triadic theme and bass on the beat, offset by half-beat syncopation in the second violins and violas.
For the recapitulation, the horns change to horns in C. There are even more horn crook changes in store for the players: in the second movement, the first horn switches to horn in E while the second player switches to horn in D, "a clever use ... to increase the range of notes available on instruments without valves." Robbins Landon also points out that in the Andante of this symphony of Haydn's uses the low C of the second trumpet, something Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart also did later when he wrote his Symphony No. 41 in C major (also written in 1788).
The last movement is a vigorous fugato, something else this work has in common with Mozart's Symphony No. 41 and Haydn's own Symphony No. 28 in C major which Mozart certainly studied. Unlike the "Jupiter" Symphony, in this symphony the fugal theme is at its first instance accompanied by its usual countersubject:
Robbins Landon speculates that Mozart also studied Haydn's No. 39 before writing his No. 41, since he "often requested his father Leopold to send him the latest fugue that Haydn had written." (Robbins Landon, 1967) Whether Mozart knew Haydn's later C major symphony has not been proven conclusively by historical means, but Alfred Einstein ranks among the convinced, because of comparisons of the music. As in the first movement, in the last movement the two horns again begin in G and switch to in C for the recapitulation.
According to Leopold Mozart, Michael Haydn considered continuo to be essential even for his most fully instrumented works. Yet only one recording of Symphony No. 39 uses harpsichord continuo, Pál Németh with Capella Savaria; the bass line for the figured bass realization is the bassoons' and not the celli's. Neither Johannes Goritzki nor Hans-Peter Frank have continuo in their recordings.
Notes
- Robbins Landon, 1967
- Peter Brown, "Eighteenth-Century Traditions and Mozart's "Jupiter" Symphony K.551" Journal of Musicology 20 2 (2003): 183. "Mozart's knowledge of another C major Symphony of Michael Haydn, P.31/MH 478, finished on 19 February 1788, is more open to question. The sources do not indicate a Viennese distribution, though this does not rule out Mozart's access to the work through his sister Nannerl. In any event, three distinctive traits of this finale are replicated in K.551: 1) the dotted note fanfares, 2) a moment of Sturm und Drang, here using the diminished seventh harmony, and 3) ... the more general manner of combining sonata form functions with contrapuntal procedures."
- Alfred Einstein, Mozart: His Character, His Work, translated to English by Arthur Mendel & Nathan Broder. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1945): 127 - 128. "And it is quite certain that we would not have possessed the finale of the 'Jupiter' Symphony in its particular form, in its contrapuntal texture, had it not been for the finale, entitled Fugato, of a C major symphony of Michael's, dated 19 February 1788. Here no doubt is possible: Ex. 8 And if this should still be thought an accident, there is the rhythmic motive, which appears at first in the horns: Ex. 9 or a counter-motive to the principal theme: Ex. 10 —further, the play of syncopation, the introduction of groups of rapid eighth-notes; the juxtaposition of all these motives."
- C. Sherman, Foreword to score of Sinfonia in F, Perger 30 Vienna: Doblinger K. G. (1988)
References
- H. C. Robbins Landon, Foreword to score of Sinfonia in C, Perger 31 Vienna: Doblinger K. G. (1967)
- C. Sherman, "Johann Michael Haydn" in The Symphony: Salzburg, Part 2 London: Garland Publishing (1982): lxviii
- Charles H. Sherman and T. Donley Thomas, Johann Michael Haydn (1737 - 1806), a chronological thematic catalogue of his works. Stuyvesant, New York: Pendragon Press (1993)
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