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Syngnathoidea Temporal range: Eocene–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Syngnathus taenionotus
Hippocampus hippocampus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Syngnathiformes
Superfamily:	Syngnathoidea Peitsch, 1978

Syngnathoidea is a superfamily of the pipefish order Syngnathiformes. It is divided into two families, the speciose pipefish Syngnathidae, which includes the sea horses and monotypic Solenostomidae, the ghost pipefishes, which has just five species. The superfamily occurs worldwide in tropical, subtropical and temperate seas, especially in coastal waters around rock and coral reefs and among sea weed and sea grass beds. However, there are also pelagic species of pipefish and even freshwater species. In total the superfamily comprises in excess of 50 genera and nearly 300 species.

Classification

The superfamily Syngnathoidea contains the following families and subfamilies:

• Superfamily Syngnathoidea
  • Family †Eekaulostomidae Cantalice & Alvarado-Ortega, 2016 (Paleocene of Mexico) (possibly in Aulostomoidea instead)
  • Family †Protosyngnathidae Boulenger, 1902 (Eocene of Indonesia)
  • Family Solenostomidae Nardo, 1843 (ghost pipefishes)
    • Subfamily Solenostominae
    • Subfamily †Solenorhynchinae Bannikov and Carnevale, 2017 (Eocene of Italy)
  • Family Syngnathidae Bonaparte, 1831 (pipefishes and seahorses)
    • Subfamily Syngnathinae Bonaparte, 1831 (pipefishes)
    • Subfamily Hippocampinae Bonaparte, 1835 (sea horses and pygmy pipefishes)
    • Subfamily †Eogastrophinae Jerzmanska, 1968 (Oligocene to Miocene of Eurasia & California)
    • Subfamily †Pshekhagnathinae Bannikov, Carnevale & Popov, 2017 (Oligocene of Russia)

References

1. "Superfamily Syngnathoidea Pietsch 1978 (ray-finned fish)". Fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
2. ^ Nelson, JS; Grande, TC & Wilson, MVH (2016). "Classification of fishes from Fishes of the World 5th Edition" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2018.
3. "Taxon: Superfamily Syngnathoidea (fish)". The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
4. Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230.
5. Cantalice, K. M.; Alvarado-Ortega, J. (2016). "Eekaulostomus cuevasae gen. and sp. nov., an ancient armored trumpetfish (Aulostomoidea) from Danian (Paleocene) marine deposits of Belisario Domínguez, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico". Palaeontologia Electronica. doi:10.26879/682. ISSN 1094-8074.
6. Brownstein, C D (2023). "Syngnathoid Evolutionary History and the Conundrum of Fossil Misplacement". Integrative Organismal Biology. 5 (1): obad011. doi:10.1093/iob/obad011. ISSN 2517-4843. PMC 10210065. PMID 37251781.
7. Murray, Alison M. (2022-12-31). "Re-description and phylogenetic relationships of † Protosyngnathus sumatrensis (Teleostei: Syngnathoidei), a freshwater pipefish from the Eocene of Sumatra, Indonesia". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 20 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2113832. ISSN 1477-2019.

• Syngnathiformes