Hasan Tahsin Bey (27 August 1878 – 5 December 1939; surnamed Uzer after 1934) was an Ottoman and later Turkish bureaucrat and politician. Throughout his career as a politician, Tahsin served as a governor to several Ottoman cities including Aydın, Erzurum, Van and the province of Syria. Thereafter, he served as deputy to the cities of Ardahan, Erzurum, and Konya. During the Armenian genocide, he was complicit in the Kemah massacres. After the war, he provided important testimony on the genocide.
Life and career
Hasan Tahsin was born in Selanik, Ottoman Empire on 27 August 1878, he was of Albanian descent. He was the son of Ibarahim Ağa and Hatice Hanim, and the childhood friend of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. In 1897, after finishing his studies in political science, Hasan Tahsin became the sub-district director of Prosotsani. In 1902, he became district governor. Tahsin would become district governor of several cities before becoming the Vali of Van in 1913. During his tenure, he attempted to counter the influence of the Kurds around Abdürrezak Bedir Khan, who were supported by the Russians. After the Russians and the Christian Assyrian tribes retaliated over massacres perpetrated by groups of the Ottoman Special Organization by also inflicting massacres against Kurdish villages, he suggested the deportation of the Assyrians from Hakkari. However, in 1914, Tahsin was removed from his post and transferred to Erzurum where he served as governor until 12 September 1916. He was then transferred to Syria and became the governor of the Syrian province. He resigned from this post on 18 June 1918, but was appointed governor of Syria again a few months later. However, when the Turkish Empire lost the province in late 1918, Tahsin was immediately transferred to Aydın. His governorship of Aydın lasted a few weeks. He was then elected to the Turkish National Assembly as a representative of Izmir. Tahsin was apprehended by British forces in the aftermath of World War I and sent to Malta as one of the Malta exiles. When eventually freed, he continued his political career. After the dissolution of the Turkish Empire and the formation of the Turkish Republic, he joined the Turkish National Assembly once more and represented several cities including Ardahan, Erzurum, and Konya in 1924, 1927, and 1933 respectively.
In December 1934, Hasan Tahsin adopted the last name Uzer through Atatürk's insistence during the introduction of the Surname Law.
Hasan Tahsin died on 5 December 1939. He was the father of two sons and two daughters.
Armenian Genocide testimony
Missionary doctor Clarence Ussher, who was stationed in Van, relates in his memoir An American Physician in Turkey: A Narrative of Adventures in Peace and War, that Hasan Tahsin, the "strong and liberal-minded" vali of the province, whose governance was relatively peaceful, was replaced in February 1915 with Cevdet Bey, brother-in-law of the Turkish commander-in-chief, Enver Pasha. Cevdet Bey would eventually be considered responsible for the massacres of Armenians in and around Van. Ussher reported that 55,000 Armenians were subsequently killed in these massacres.
While Tahsin was governor of Erzurum, the deportations of Armenians, as part of the initial stages of the Armenian genocide, began. Upon receiving orders to likewise carry out deportations, Tahsin Bey was hesitant. He appealed to the Third Army commandment stationed near Erzurum to stall the deportations, since he believed that the deportees' lands, assets, and lives would be in jeopardy. Historian Raymond Kévorkian thus notes that Tahsin "joined the ranks of the valis, mutesarifs, and kaymakams who displayed a degree of reluctance to apply the deportation orders because they were perfectly conscious of what these implied for the people involved." Kévorkian adds that Tahsin's reaction to the deportations demonstrates that the military authorities were enforcing the deportation orders, and that the politicians had no other choice but to comply with the fait accompli. These military personnel, according to Tahsin himself, were under orders of the central government, and directly involved in the "cleansing" of the Armenians around Erzurum. Meanwhile, in a coded telegram he sent to the central government on 24 May 1915, Tahsin stated that the Armenians were not a threat. He then attempted to spare women, children, and the elderly from deportation, but failed; the army commandment systematically deported all Armenians. Tahsin had to comply with the deportation orders, albeit reluctantly, so as to prevent harsher measures from occurring. Tahsin reportedly told Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, the German vice consul of Erzerum, that he was against the deportations but that he had to "obey" in order to "soften it." Scheubner-Richter testified himself that Tahsin "did what he could, but he had no power." This was also confirmed by American missionary Robert Stapleton's testimony which says that Tahsin rejected all orders to massacre Armenians, but was "overruled by force majeure."
Tahsin served as governor of Erzurum until 10 August 1916, when he was transferred to Syria.
On 2 August 1919, in the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide, during the Mamuretulaziz trial, Tahsin testified that the Teskilat-ı Mahsusa, under the command of Behaeddin Shakir, was mobilized to kill Armenians. According to his testimony, when orders for deportation and massacre were issued by the Interior Ministry, he protested, saying the Armenians were blameless and that the local Armenian population was not staging a rebellion. He also pointed out that the Van rebellion would not have occurred if the Ottoman government had not provoked the Armenians. Tahsin also testified that he attempted to ensure the safety of the deportees within his jurisdiction. However, despite his efforts, many convoys were "destroyed" in the outskirts of the city.
Hasan Tahsin summarized his testimony during the trial as follows:
During the deportation of the Armenians I was in Erzurum ... The caravans which were subject to attacks and killings resulted from the actions of those who'd assembled under the name "Tes-ı Mahsusa." The Teskilat-ı Mahsusa was composed of two units. When I came back from Erzurum, the Teskilat-ı Mahsusa had turned into a major power and they’d become involved in the war. The Army knew about it. Then there was another Teskilat-ı Mahsusa, and that one had Bahaeddin Sakir’s signature on it. In other words, he was sending telegrams around as the head of the Teskilat-ı Mahsusa...Bahaeddin Sakir had a code. He’d communicate with the Sublime Porte and with the Ministry of the Interior with it. During the deportation he communicated with the Army as well. Bahaeddin Sakir had two different codes with which to communicate with both the Sublime Porte and the Ministry of War."
References
- Kaiser, Hilmar (2019). "Financing the Ruling Party and Its Militants in Wartime:The Armenian Genocide and the Kemah Massacres of 1915". Études arméniennes contemporaines (12): 7–31. doi:10.4000/eac.1942. ISSN 2269-5281.
- ^ Sahin, Mustafa (2011). "Suriye'nin Son Osmanlı Valisi Tahsin (Uzer) Bey'in Suriye Valiliği ve Mustafa Kemal Paşa İle Buradaki Çalışmaları". Journal of Social Sciences (in Turkish). 1 (2): 1–27.
- "Hasan Tahsin Uzer". Erzurum Arastirmalari Web Sitesi (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2016-02-15. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
- Erdeha, Kâmil (1975). Millî Mücadelede vilâyetler ve valiler. Remzi Kitabevi. p. 374.
- Koyunoğlu, Arif Hikmet (2008). Akbayar, Nuri (ed.). Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e bir mimar Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu: anılar, yazılar, mektuplar, belgeler (in Turkish) (1. ed.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. p. 163. ISBN 978-9750814877.
- Kaiser, Hilmar (2019). Kieser, Hans-Lukas Dieser; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (eds.). p.69
- Kaiser, Hilmar (2019). Kieser, Hans-Lukas Dieser; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (eds.). The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-78831-241-7.
- Kaiser, Hilmar (2019). Kieser, Hans-Lukas Dieser; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (eds.). pp.102–103
- ^ "Atatürk'ün Hasan Tahsin Uzer'e Uzer Soyadını Vermesi". İşte Atatürk.
- Ussher 1917, p. 234.
- Kévorkian 2010, p. 321.
- Steven Leonard Jacobs, ed. (2009). Confronting genocide Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 130. ISBN 978-0739135907.
- Rubenstein, Richard L. (2010). Jihad and genocide (1st pbk. ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 51. ISBN 978-0742562028.
- Kévorkian 2010, p. 246.
- ^ Kévorkian 2010, p. 291.
- ^ Akcam, Taner (2013). A shameful act the armenian genocide and the question of turkish responsibility. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 167. ISBN 978-1466832121. - Profile at Google Books
- ^ Winter 2003, p. 68.
- Toynbee, Arnold (1916). The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 223.
- ^ Akçam, Taner (2006). "The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (Ittihat ve Terakki) towards the Armenians in 1915". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 1 (2): 142–3. doi:10.3138/7087-4340-5H2X-7544. ISSN 1911-0359.
- Winter 2003, p. 67.
- Kévorkian 2010, p. 231.
- Hovannisian, Richard G., ed. (2003). Armenian Karin/Erzerum. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Publ. p. 352. ISBN 1568591519.
- Kirakossian, John (1992). The Armenian genocide : the Young Turks before the judgment of history. Madison, Conn.: Sphinx Press. p. 169. ISBN 0943071143.
Bibliography
- Ussher, Clarence D. (1917). An American Physician in Turkey: A Narrative of Adventures in Peace and War. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
- Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2010). The Armenian genocide : a complete history (Reprinted. ed.). London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1848855618.
- Winter, J. M. (2003). America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-16382-1.