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Taikun

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Japanese title for the shogun For other meanings of "tycoon", see Tycoon (disambiguation).

Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the last taikun
Letter of Abraham Lincoln to "Tycoon" Tokugawa Iemochi, announcing the departure of Townsend Harris. 14 November 1861.
Letter of Napoleon III to the Japanese "Taïcoun" nominating Léon Roches, in replacement of Duchesne de Bellecourt, 23 October 1863. Diplomatic Record Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan).

Taikun (大君), spelled as tycoon during its brief usage in English language diplomatic notes in the 1860s, is an archaic Japanese term of respect derived from Chinese I Ching, which once referred to an independent ruler who did not have an imperial lineage. Its literal meaning is "Great Lord/Prince" or "Supreme Commander". In the Edo period, this word was used as a diplomatic title designating the shōgun of Japan in relations with foreign countries, as an attempt to convey that in fact not the Japanese Emperor, but rather the shōgun was the point of call in relations with foreign countries. The official name is Nihon-koku Taikun (日本国大君, Tycoon of Japan).

For purposes of foreign relations, the term was first used by the Tokugawa shogunate in an attempt to extricate Japan from the Sino-centric system of relations. The shōgun certainly could not call himself the Emperor of Japan (天皇, Tennō), but he also could not use the term "king" (国王, kokuō). As formal language is extremely important in diplomacy, the connotations of most alternative terms were found to be inappropriate, and so taikun was chosen to best represent the shōgun in formal diplomatic communications.

Still going back 1,000 years and more in history, Empress Kōgyoku (皇極天皇, Kōgyoku-tennō, 594–661) of Japan and predecessors are said to have had the title (大和大君), read "Yamato Taikun".

The word has entered the English language as tycoon, where it has assumed the meaning of "a person of great wealth, influence or power". The term is notable as a Japanese word in English that comes from a different meaning in Japanese culture. Still, a "tycoon" is a person of great influence without formal title, whereas a "taikun" was a ruler without imperial lineage.

See also

References

  1. Wai-ming, Ng (2000). The I ching in Tokugawa thought and culture. University of Hawaii Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8248-2242-2. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  2. MARK RAVINA, Emory University (2015). Journal of World History Vol. 26, No. 2 (June 2015). University of Hawaii Press. p. 280. JSTOR 43901753. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
  3. Cummings, Donald Wayne (1988). American English spelling: an informal description. JHU Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-8018-3443-1. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  4. "tycoon". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
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