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Taksai kurgans
Taksai-1 Golden Lady and artifacts.
-500SAKASTasmolaKulayGoro- khovoItkulSargatAnanyino cultureMassagetaeSauro- matiansMumunDian cultureSABEANSOrdos cultureSha- jingPazyrykTagarChandmanAldy-BelYUEZHISubeshiACHAEMENID EMPIREMAHA- JANAPADASZHOU DYNASTYSlab-grave cultureDONGHUMEROËScythiansclass=notpageimage| Location of the Taksai kurgans () and contemporary cultures circa 500 BCE

Saka kurgans
SalbykArzhanPazyrykIssykBoraldayTaksaiEleke SazyTasmolaIngalaTillya Tepe
Arzhan-1 c. 800 BCE Shilikty c. 700 BCE Arzhan-2 c. 650 BCE Bes Shatyr c. 550 BCE Taksai c. 500 BCE Ingala c. 500 BCE Tasmola 7th-5th centuries BCE Boralday c. 600-400 BCE Salbyk c. 600-400 BCE Eleke Sazy c. 600-400 BCE Berel-1 c. 350 BCE Pazyryk-1,2 c. 300 BCE Berel-11 c. 300 BCE Issyk c. 400-200 BCE Tillya Tepe 1st century BCE
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The Taksai kurgans (more precisely Taksai-1, Ru: Таксайский курган) are a series of Saka or Sauromatian funeral mounds or kurgans, located in the Terekti District of the southern Urals, in northwestern Kazakhstan. They are dated to circa 500 BCE. The Kurgan was undisturbed and had provided numerous valuable artifacts. The Taksai-1 kurgan was the tomb of a rich Saka lady, dubbed the "golden lady". Some of her objects reflect the iconography of the Achaemenid Empire, which must have been in contact with these nomadic tribes.

The nomadic people of the southern Ural are traditionally identified as Sauromatians, but the people of the Taksai kurgan seem to be issued from the immigration of a new wave of nomads to the region around the 6th century BCE, who were characterized by this type of kurgans, and may represent the immigration of Asian nomads to the Urals, possibly prompted by the conflicts with the Achaemenid Empire.

• Taksai plan of barrow no. 6, burial ground Taksay-1; 2 – central pit covered by logs;3 – grave no. 3.
• Taksai-1, barrow 6 artifacts
• Taksai-1 Barrow 6 lady (reconstruction)
• Pendant, Taksai I kurgan 6, 6-5th century BCE.
• Gold appliqués in the form of a ram’s head, Barrow 6 of Taksai I, Kazakhstan
• Decoration of the tip of the hat. Taksai I, kurgan 6, 5th–4th century BCE. H. 46.0 cm. National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan
• Small sewed-on plaque in the form of a swastika, formed from four heads of griffins. Taksai I, mound 6
• Taksai artifacts

See also

• Filippovka kurgans, about 100 km to the east
• Araltobe kurgan

Sources

• Summerer, Lâtife (1 January 2020). "The wooden comb of the 'golden lady': a new battle image from the Taksai-1 kurgan (western Kazakhstan)". Masters of the Steppe: The Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia.
• Altynbekov, Krym (2013). ВОЗРОЖДЕННАЯ ИЗ ПЕПЛА. Реконструкция по материалам погребения жрицы из комплекса Таксай I. Алматы-Уральск, 2013 / REVIVED FROM THE ASHES. Reconstruction on material of priestess burial from Taksay I complex. Almaty-Uralsk.

References

1. Image file with complete data, Amir, Saltanat; Roberts, Rebecca C. (2023). "The Saka 'Animal Style' in Context: Material, Technology, Form and Use". Arts. 12: 23. doi:10.3390/arts12010023.
2. Times, Astana (27 September 2019). "Kazakh National Museum to present masterpieces of ancient and medieval art in Kuala Lumpur". The Astana Times. the Saka mounds of Taksai in the West Kazakhstan Region
3. Kang, In Uk (2020). "Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Relations of the Korean Peninsula with the Eurasian Steppe" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 301: 7. The Tasmola Culture of the early Scythia Culture is spread across Central Kazakhstan, while the Savromat and Sarmat cultures are distributed along Western Kazakhstan and the Ural Mountain regions. The Taksai kurgan of Western Kazakhstan and the Pokrovka kurgan of the Ural Mountains are the distinctive archaeological remains found in those regions. Represented by these, Saka Culture refers to the groups of people who built great burial mounds and created gold relics based on the nomadic economy of Central Asia centered in Kazakhstan.
4. ^ Summerer 2020, p. 604, notes 82, 85: "The southern Ural piedmont is traditionally associated with the Sauromatians, a collective ethnonym used for all nomadic people living in the vast region east of the Don at the time of Herodotus. However, recent studies see the inhabitants of this region as multi-ethnic and favour the more neutral term of early nomads of the southern Ural piedmont. While the Bronze Age in the southern Ural region is archaeologically well evidenced, there seems to be a hiatus in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. It has been suggested that new nomad groups came into the region during the 6th century BC. The earliest archaeological evidence of this immigration is a group of kurgan burials of the late 6th or early 5th century BC, of which Taksai-1 is part."
5. Lukpanova, Ya.A. (2017). "Reconstruction of Female Costume From the Elite Burial Ground Taksay-I: a View of the Archaeology". Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Arcaheology). 1 (19).
6. Gursoy, M. (28 February 2023). "Жазба Және Археологиялық Деректер Негізінде Савромат-Сармат Тайпаларының Шығу Тегі". BULLETIN Series Historical and Socio-political Sciences. 1 (72): 159. doi:10.51889/2022-1.1728-5461.16. In particular, B. N. Grakov proposed a general four-stage chronology of the Savromat-Sarmatian tribes, based on the specifics of their burial structures, burial traditions and material world: 1.The Savromat period or Blumenfeld -VI-IV centuries BC. 2.Savromat-Sarmatian or Prokhorov period-IV-II Centuries BC. 3.The middle Sarmatian period or Suslov -II BC -II Centuries AD. 4.The late Sarmatian period or Shipov –II –IV centuries AD. Since this proposal is generally supported by the majority, this chronology is taken as a basis in the research papers.
7. ^ Summerer 2020.
8. Lukpanova, Yana Amangeldyevna (30 November 2018). "A complex of ritual objects from the elite female burial in Western Kazakhstan". Samara Journal of Science. 7 (4): 228–232. doi:10.17816/snv201874211.
9. Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia. p. 137, item 67.

v t e Rulers of ancient Central Asia

Territories/ dates Khorasan Margiana Bactria Sogdia Trans-Jaxartes steppes Altai Mountains Preceded by: Chronology of the Neolithic period 3500–2500 BCE (Eastern migration of the Yamnaya culture from the Pontic steppe through the Eurasian Steppe,as far as the Altai region) Afanasievo culture (Proto-Tocharian) 2400–2000 BCE Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 2000–1900 BCE Andronovo culture 2000–900 BCE 626–539 BCE Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages Saka Massagetae Tomyris Saka Skunkha Saka (Arzhan culture) (Pazyryk Culture) 539–331 BCE Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III 331–256 BCE Hellenistic Period Argead dynasty: Alexander I Philip Alexander II Antigonus Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Saka Yuezhi 256–160 BCE Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Yuezhi Xiongnu Modu Chanyu Laoshang Hunnic tribes 160–141 BCE Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I Vologases III Parthamaspates Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV Eucratides 141 BCE – 30 CE Yuezhi Agesiles Sapadbizes Heraios 30–224 CE Kushan Empire Kujula Kadphises Vima Takto Vima Kadphises Kanishka I Huvishka Vasudeva I Saka 224–350 CE Sasanian Empire Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm Khosrow II Kavad II Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh Kushano-Sasanians Ardashir I Peroz I Hormizd I Hormizd II Peroz II Varahran Kangju Wanunkhur 320–467 CE Kidarites Yosada Kirada Peroz Kidara Grumbates Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) Tobazini 370–540 CE Alchon Huns Khingila Javukha Mehama Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman Toramana Mihirakula 440–560 CE Hephthalites Akhshunwar Kun-khi Ghadfar 560–651 CE First Turkic Khaganate (Ashina Tuwu) Bumin Qaghan Issik Qaghan Muqan Qaghan Taspar Qaghan Ashina Anluo Ishbara Qaghan Bagha Qaghan Tulan Qaghan (Istämi) (Empress Ashina) (Apa Qaghan) (Yangsu Tegin) (Tamgan) 560–625 CE Western Turks (vassal of the Tang dynasty 657–742) Niri Qaghan Heshana Qaghan Sheguy Tong Yabghu Qaghan 625–651 CE Tokhara Yabghus Tardush Shad Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili Külüg Sibir Sy Yabghu Khagan Duolu Qaghan Ishbara Tolis Yukuk Shad Irbis Seguy Ashina Helu 651–673 CE Muslim conquest of Persia 673–751 CE Muslim conquest of Transoxiana Second Turkic Khaganate Rulers of the Ancient Near-East

• Buildings and structures completed in the 5th century BC
• Archaeological sites in Kazakhstan
• Kurgans
• Saka
• Tumuli in Kazakhstan
• Sauromatian culture