Ten Pound Poms were British citizens who migrated to Australia and New Zealand after the Second World War. The Government of Australia initiated the Assisted Passage Migration Scheme in 1945, and the Government of New Zealand initiated a similar scheme in 1947. The Australian government arranged for assisted passage to Australia on chartered ships and aircraft.
The migrants were called Ten Pound Poms because of the charge of £10 in processing fees to migrate to Australia.
Assisted Passage Migration Scheme
The Assisted Passage Migration Scheme was created in 1945 by the Chifley government and its first Minister for Immigration, Arthur Calwell, as part of the "Populate or Perish" policy. It was intended to substantially increase the population of Australia and to supply workers for the country's booming industries. As well as subsidising the cost of travelling to Australia, the Government promised employment prospects, affordable housing, and a generally more optimistic lifestyle. But upon arrival, migrants were placed in basic migration hostels and the expected job opportunities were not always readily available.
Adult migrants were charged only ten pounds sterling for the fare (hence the name; in 1945 pounds, equivalent to £545 in 2023), and migrant scheme children travelled free of charge. It was a follow-on to the unofficial Big Brother Movement and attracted more than a million migrants from the British Isles between 1945 and 1972. It was the last substantial scheme for preferential migration from the British Isles to Australia. In 1957 more migrants were encouraged to travel following a campaign called "Bring out a Briton". The scheme reached its peak in 1969, when more than 80,000 migrants took advantage of the scheme. In 1973 the cost to migrants of the assisted passage was increased to £75 (equivalent to £1,146 in 2023). The scheme was ended in 1982.
While the term "Ten Pound Pom" is in common use, the scheme was not limited to migrants from the United Kingdom. People born in the Irish Free State or in the southern counties of Ireland before the establishment of the Republic of Ireland in 1949 were also classified as British subjects. In fact most British subjects were eligible and, at the time, that included not only those from the British Isles but also residents of British colonies such as Malta and Cyprus. Australia also operated schemes to assist selected migrants from other countries, notably the Netherlands (1951), Italy (1951), Greece (1952), West Germany (1952) and Turkey (1967).
Assisted migrants were generally required to remain in Australia for two years after arrival, or alternatively refund the cost of their assisted passage. If they chose to travel back to Britain, the cost of the journey was at least £120 (in 1945 pounds, equivalent to £6,541 in 2023), a large sum in those days and one that most could not afford. It was also possible for many British people to migrate to Australia on a non-assisted basis before the early 1970s, although most travelled as Ten Pounders. This was part of the wider White Australia policy. An estimated quarter of British migrants returned to the UK within the qualifying period; however, half of these—the so-called "Boomerang Poms"—returned to Australia.
Before 1 December 1973, migrants to Australia from Commonwealth countries were eligible to apply for Australian citizenship after one year's residence in Australia. In 1973 the residence requirement was extended to three years, the requirements being place of residence, good character, knowledge of the language, and rights and duties of citizenship and the intention to live permanently in Australia. In November 1984 the residence requirement was reduced to two years. However, relatively few British migrants—compared to other post-war arrivals, such as Turks—took up Australian citizenship. Consequently, many may have lost their Australian residency status later on, usually through leaving Australia.
New Zealand scheme
The Government of New Zealand initiated a similar immigration scheme in July 1947. The first immigrants arrived on the RMS Rangitata later that year. The scheme was administered by the Department of Labour under the guidance of Bert Bockett, and was expanded to include the Netherlands in 1950. The Dutch immigration scheme finished in 1963, with just over 6,000 immigrants to New Zealand; with Bockett receiving the Olivier van Noort medallion from the Dutch government in the following year. The British immigration scheme lasted until 1971, with 76,673 immigrants. From 1957 to 1971, the scheme applied to further European countries, with a total of 1,442 immigrants.
Well-known participants
Prime Minister Julia Gillard migrated with her family from Barry, Glamorgan, Wales, in 1966, aged four. Her parents hoped the warmer climate would help cure her lung infection.
Another prime minister, Tony Abbott, migrated in 1960 under the scheme, although his father had already lived in Australia after arriving at the beginning of the Second World War on a Blue Funnel Liner and his mother was an Australian expatriate living in Britain at the time of his birth.
England fast bowlers Harold Larwood (in 1950) and Frank Tyson (in 1960) also took advantage of the scheme when they retired from cricket.
The Bee Gees (Gibb brothers), born on the Isle of Man, spent their first few years in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, England, then moved in the late 1950s to Redcliffe in Queensland, where they began their musical careers.
The five original members of the Easybeats migrated independently and formed their band after arriving in Sydney. Lead singer Stevie Wright migrated from Leeds, England. Harry Vanda migrated from The Hague, Netherlands, and George Young migrated from Glasgow, Scotland, to become the twin guitars and later the songwriting team that took the Easybeats to the world with "Friday on My Mind". George's younger brothers, Malcolm Young and Angus Young, formed the twin guitars of AC/DC with another immigratory Scotsman, Bon Scott.
Other musical artists to have migrated to Australia under the scheme include John Farnham, Jimmy Barnes. John Paul Young, Colin Hay of Men at Work, Jon English and Cheetah, while Kylie Minogue is the daughter of two Ten Pound Poms: her mother was on the same boat as the Gibbs and Red Symons.
Businessman Alan Bond moved to Australia with his parents in 1950. He was named "Australian of the Year" in 1978.
Rugby league player and actor Ian Roberts moved to Sydney with his family in 1967. According to Roberts, he "was brought up in an English household and Australia existed outside the front door".
Actor Nicholas Hope, best known for his role in the 1994 film Bad Boy Bubby, was born in Manchester on Christmas Day 1958 and migrated to Whyalla soon afterwards.
See also
- The Feldons' song "Win One Time" off their 2012 album Goody Hallett and Other Stories refers to Ten Pound Poms, as the writer's father-in-law was one
- Ten Pound Poms (BBC television series)
References
- "New generation of Ten Pound Poms". BBC News. BBC. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
- "Post World War II British Migration to Australia". Museums Victoria Collections. 2014.
- "'Ten Pound Pom' – oral interview". manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ "The £10 ticket to another life". 31 January 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ "Ten Pound Poms". Immigration Museum, State of Victoria. 10 May 2009. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- "Ten Pound Poms". The University of Sussex at Brighton. Retrieved 16 March 2006.
- "Ten Pound Poms". www.pandosnco.co.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ Matthews, Lisa (31 January 2008). "The £10 ticket to another life". BBC Timewatch. BBC. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland
- "Immigration to Australia During the 20th Century – Historical Impacts on Immigration Intake, Population Size and Population Composition – A Timeline" (PDF). Australian Government, Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- "Australian citizenship: a chronology of major developments in policy and law". www.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ "Peopling New Zealand". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- "Assisted immigration resumes after war". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- Martin, John E. "Herbert Leslie Bockett". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- "Leaving the grey UK". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- "Profile: Julia Gillard". BBC News. 7 September 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
- "North Coast Voices: In 1960 the Menzies Government decided to inflict Master Anthony John Abbott on the nation". Northcoastvoices.blogspot.com.au. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- Keating, Frank (28 April 2010). "Harold Larwood's low-key leaving of England went almost unnoticed". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
- "Frank Tyson obituary". the Guardian. 27 September 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- "Famous Ten Pound Poms". Ten Pound Pom. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- "Stevie Wright obituary". the Guardian. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- developer@themonthly.com.au (2 December 2010). "Harry Vanda & George Young". The Monthly. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- "Sizzled and burned...The baby-faced superstar who took Australian music to the world". Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- "What do we really know about national treasure Colin Hay". sbs.com.au.
- "Session expired | RecordSearch | National Archives of Australia". recordsearch.naa.gov.au.
- "Alan Bond – In Memoriam". Australian of the Year. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- Skene, Patrick (17 August 2015). "The courageous journey of Ian Roberts, rugby league's first openly gay player | Patrick Skene". The Guardian.
- "Nicholas Hope, b. 1959". National Portrait Gallery people. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- Stanley, Peter (20 February 2017). "Diminishing city: hope, despair and Whyalla". The Conversation. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
Bibliography
- Hammerton, A. James; Thomson, Alistair (2005). 'Ten Pound Poms': Australia's Invisible Migrants. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-719071321.
External links
- New Zealand Ten Pound Pom interviewed by Radio New Zealand (2014)
