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 Statue of Beorhtnoth in Maldon, Essex | |
| Author | J. R. R. Tolkien |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Genre | play-script (historical fiction) in verse, & commentary |
| Publication date | October 1953 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | |
| Preceded by | Farmer Giles of Ham |
| Followed by | The Lord of the Rings |
The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son is a work by J. R. R. Tolkien originally published in 1953 in volume 6 of the scholarly journal Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association, and later republished in 1966 in The Tolkien Reader; it is also included in the most recent edition of Tree and Leaf. It is a work of historical fiction, inspired by the Old English poem The Battle of Maldon. It is written in the form of an alliterative poem, but is also a play, being mainly a dialogue between two characters in the aftermath of the Battle of Maldon. The work was accompanied by two essays, also by Tolkien, one before and one after the main work. The work, as published, was thus presented as:
- "The Death of Beorhtnoth" — an introductory essay concerning the battle and the Old English fragment that inspired Tolkien.
- The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son — the alliterative poem.
- "Ofermod" — an essay following on from the main work, discussing the meaning of the Old English word ofermod "overconfidence, foolhardiness".
Plot
The play itself is the story of two characters, Tidwald (Tida) and Torhthelm (Totta), retrieving the body of Beorhtnoth, Ealdorman of Essex, from the battlefield at Maldon. After a brief search they eventually find their lord's battle-mangled body and his golden sword. In the middle of the action, Totta slays an English battlefield-looter, for which Tída chastises him. The murder provides an opportunity for the characters to discuss the ethics of Beorhtnoth's actions. Totta is a romantic who thinks Beorhtnoth's actions were tragically noble, while Tída is the battle-experienced farmer who takes the realist position, pointing out the folly of Beorhtnoth's decision to let the Vikings cross the causeway. Eventually the two characters load the lord's body onto a cart, and the drama closes with them leaving the battlefield for a nearby abbey in Ely.
Critical discussion
Further information: Northern courage in Middle-earthLiterary critics generally agree that "Homecoming" is Tolkien's biting critique of the northern heroic ethos. For example, using Tolkien's original drafts of "Homecoming", Thomas Honegger makes the case that Tolkien was especially concerned with casting Beorhtnoth's pride in a wholly negative light. George Clark states that Tolkien's reworking of The Battle of Maldon specifically "chastises" Beorhtnoth for his pride and generally criticizes the Anglo-Saxon heroic ideals of pursuing fame and material wealth (41). Taking a similar position, Tom Shippey argues that Tolkien's condemnation of Beorhtnoth in "Homecoming" is "an act of parricide" against his Old English literary forebears, in which "e had...to take 'the northern heroic spirit' and sacrifice it" (337).
Taking a more nuanced approach, Mary R. Bowman claims that Tolkien "rehabilitated" the northern heroic spirit, instead of simply "rejecting" it (92). She recalls Tolkien's own metaphor of the northern heroic spirit as an impure "alloy", composed of a combination of a self-sacrificing bravery for the good of others (the gold) and a selfish, reckless pursuit for wealth and fame (the base metal). Bowman's point, then, is that Tolkien was concerned with "refining" the heroic code—with separating and burning away the selfish, destructive slag of "overmastering" and excessive pride, while retaining the gold of courage. More positively, Anna Smol and Rebecca Foster call the work "an alliterative tour de force".
Scholars have also discussed the influence of "Homecoming" on Tolkien's fictional world of Middle-earth. George Clark argues that Tolkien's ideas about the northern heroic spirit are manifested in The Lord of the Rings through the character Sam; in his steadfast, self-less devotion to Frodo, Sam serves as the "true hero", a kind of anti-Beorhtnoth. Likewise, Bowman claims that both Sam and Bilbo possess the "refined" brand of heroism that she thinks Tolkien is forging in "Homecoming". Other scholars have made similar cases; for example, Alexander Bruce argues that Gandalf's stand against the Balrog in Moria serves as Tolkien's correction of Beorhtnoth's tactical error, and Lynn Forest-Hill sees Beorhtnoth coming through in Boromir.
| Leader | Encounter | Action | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Byrhtnoth | Battle of Maldon | Allows Viking enemy across causeway | Army defeated, Byrhtnoth killed, English pay Danegeld tribute |
| Gandalf | Bridge of Khazad-dûm | Holds the bridge against the Balrog | Both Gandalf and the Balrog fall into the abyss. The Fellowship escape. |
References
- Christina Scull & Wayne G. Hammond (2006), The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide, HarperCollins, 'Chronology' volume, p. 411; ISBN 978-0-618-39113-4
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1966). The Tolkien Reader. New York: Ballantine. pp. 3–25.
- Honegger, Thomas (2007). "The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth: Philology and the Literary Muse". Tolkien Studies. 4 (1): 189–199. doi:10.1353/tks.2007.0021. S2CID 170401120.
- ^ Clark, George (2000). George Clark and Daniel Timmons (ed.). J. R. R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 39–51.
- Shippey, Tom A. (2007). Roots and Branches: Selected Papers on Tolkien. Zurich and Berne: Walking Tree Publishers. pp. 323–339.
- ^ Bowman, Mary R. (2010). "Refining the Gold: Tolkien, The Battle of Maldon, and the Northern Theory of Courage". Tolkien Studies. 7: 91–115. doi:10.1353/tks.0.0074. S2CID 170980457.
- Smol, Anna; Foster, Rebecca (2021). "J.R.R. Tolkien's 'Homecoming' and Modern Alliterative Metre". Journal of Tolkien Research. 12 (1). Article 3.
- ^ Bruce, Alexander M. (2007). "Maldon and Moria: On Byrhtnoð, Gandalf, and Heroism in The Lord of the Rings". Mythlore. 26.1/2: 149–59.
- Forest-Hill, Lynn (2008). "Boromir, Byrhtnoð, and Bayard: Finding a Language for Grief in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings". Tolkien Studies. 5 (1): 73–97. doi:10.1353/tks.0.0012. S2CID 170206638.
