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| Infancy Gospel of Thomas | |
|---|---|
 Young Jesus brings clay birds to life. | |
| Information | |
| Religion | Christianity |
| Author | Attributed to Thomas |
| Language | Greek |
| Period | Early Christianity (2nd Century) |
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The Infancy Gospel of Thomas is an apocryphal gospel about the childhood of Jesus. The scholarly consensus dates it to the mid-to-late second century, with the oldest extant fragmentary manuscript dating to the fourth or fifth century, and the earliest complete manuscript being the Codex Sabaiticus from the 11th century. There are references in letters by Hippolytus of Rome and Origen of Alexandria to a "Gospel of Thomas", but it is unclear whether those letters refer to the Infancy Gospel or the Gospel of Thomas, a sayings gospel discovered near Nag Hammadi, Egypt in 1945.
Early Christian writers regarded the Infancy Gospel of Thomas as inauthentic and heretical. Eusebius rejected it as a heretical "fiction" in the third book of his fourth-century Church History, and Pope Gelasius I included it in his list of heretical books in the fifth century.
Date of creation
The first known quotation of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas is from Irenaeus of Lyon around AD 180, who calls it spurious and apocryphal. Scholars generally agree on a date in the mid-to-late-2nd century AD. There are two 2nd-century documents, the Epistula Apostolorum and Irenaeus' Adversus haereses, that refer to a story of Jesus's tutor telling him, "Say alpha," and Jesus replied, "First tell me what is beta, and I can tell you what alpha is." At least some period of oral transmission of the source material is generally believed to have occurred, either wholly or as several different stories before it was first transcribed and over time redacted. Thus, both of these documents and the Infancy Gospel of Thomas possibly all refer to the oral versions of this story. The area of origin for the work is unknown and many proposed locations of origin have been put forward.
Besides the difficulty in its name, given that the work is not related to the Gospel of Thomas, the work is not a gospel but possibly an appendage to the Gospel of Luke or a stand-alone work that has a dependent association to the canonical Gospel texts. This infancy story ends with Jesus in the temple at age 12 quoting parts of the gospel of Luke. (see Infancy 19:1–12 and Luke 2:41–52).
Authorship
The author of the gospel is unknown. In the earliest Syriac manuscripts, no author is indicated at all, indicating either a truncated introduction, an author who wished to remain anonymous, or a compilation of existing stories by an editor. In later manuscripts dating from the Middle Ages, the Gospel opens with a prologue where "Thomas the Israelite" introduces himself, but with no further explanation. It is possible that this was meant to hint that the author was Judas Thomas, better known as Thomas the Apostle, thought by some Christians to be a brother of Jesus and thus familiar with young Jesus's activities.
Manuscript tradition
Whether the original language of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas was Greek or Syriac is unknown. The few surviving Greek manuscripts provide no clues themselves because only one small scrap on papyrus predates the 13th century, whereas the earliest authorities, according to the editor and translator Montague Rhodes James, are a much abbreviated sixth-century Syriac version, and a Latin palimpsest of the fifth or sixth century, which has never been fully translated and can be found in Vienna. Many manuscripts, translations, shortened versions, alternates, and parallels have slight, nuanced differences. James found that their large number makes the compilation of an urtext very difficult. This number of texts and versions reflects the great popularity of the work during the High Middle Ages.
Of the many different versions and alternate forms (e.g. Greek, Syriac, Latin, Slavonic, etc.), the three principal forms are commonly referred to as given by Constantin von Tischendorf. Two of those are Greek texts which are called Greek Text A (Greek A); Greek Text B (Greek B); and the third is Latin. The first known publication of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas was by J Fabricius and has come to be known as Greek A. The Greek A is the most well-known form often used and in its full form is the longer of the two Greeks, based on at least 2 manuscripts. It consists of nineteen chapters with several alternate other manuscripts with abbreviated forms. The Greek B was found by Tischendorf on a trip to Mount Sinai in 1844, which is not only shorter (11 chapters), but is a different version of the well-known A text. It has some chapters abbreviated, other entire chapters left out completely, and few new lines. The Latin translations has two distinct form of versions from the Old Latin with the Late Latin. The Latin was notable as it was the first discovered with an Egyptian prologue.
Parts of the Latin version were translated into Old Irish poetry, probably around 700 AD according to James Carney, making this translation one of the earliest of this gospel.
An earlier manuscript of the infancy gospel has since discovered, dating to the fourth or fifth century.
Content
The text describes the life of the child Jesus from the ages of five to twelve, with fanciful, and sometimes malevolent, supernatural events. He is presented as a precocious child who starts his education early. The stories cover how the young Incarnation of God matures and learns to use his powers for good and how those around him first respond in fear and later with admiration. One of the episodes involves Jesus making clay birds, which he then proceeds to bring to life, an act also attributed to Jesus in Quran 5:110, and in a medieval Jewish work known as Toledot Yeshu, although Jesus's age at the time of the event is not specified in either account. In another episode, a child disperses water that Jesus has collected. Jesus kills this first child, when at age one he curses a boy, which causes the child's body to wither into a corpse. Later, Jesus kills another child via curse when the child apparently accidentally bumps into Jesus, throws a stone at Jesus, or punches Jesus (depending on the translation).
When Joseph and Mary's neighbors complain, Jesus miraculously strikes them blind. Jesus then starts receiving lessons, but tries to teach the teacher, instead, upsetting the teacher who suspects supernatural origins. Jesus is amused by this suspicion, which he confirms, and revokes all his earlier apparent cruelty. Subsequently, he resurrects a friend who is killed when he falls from a roof, and heals another who cuts his foot with an axe.
After various other demonstrations of supernatural ability, new teachers try to teach Jesus, but he proceeds to explain the law to them instead. Another set of miracles is mentioned, in which Jesus heals his brother, who is bitten by a snake, and two others, who have died from different causes. Finally, the text recounts the episode in Luke in which Jesus, aged 12, teaches in the temple.
Although the miracles seem quite randomly inserted into the text, three miracles are before and three are after each of the sets of lessons. The structure of the story is essentially:
- Bringing life to a dried fish (this is present only in later texts)
- (First group)
- Three Miracles – Breathes life into birds fashioned from clay; curses a boy, who then becomes a corpse (not present in Greek B); curses a boy who falls dead and his parents become blind
- Attempt to teach Jesus, which fails, with Jesus doing the teaching
- Three Miracles – Reverses his earlier acts (this would include resurrecting the two boys and healing the blind parents), resurrects a friend who fell from a roof, heals a man who chopped his foot with an axe
- (Second group)
- Three Miracles – carries water on cloth, produces a feast from a single grain, and stretches a beam of wood to help his father finish constructing a bed
- Attempts to teach Jesus, which fail, with Jesus doing the teaching
- Three Miracles – heals James from snake poison, resurrects a child who died of illness, and resurrects a man who died in a construction accident
- Incident in the temple paralleling Luke
Episodes from Jesus's childhood as depicted in the Klosterneuburger Evangelienwerk, a 14th-century gospel translation:
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Jesus is carrying water in his lap, after his water jar got broken; other children are watching in surprise.
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Jesus hands the water in his lap over to Mary.
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Jesus reassembles the water jars of the children who, in an attempt to imitate him, smashed their jars on purpose.
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Jesus raises the clay birds of his playmates to life.
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Jesus tells Joseph to raise a dead man.
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Joseph raises the man on the stretcher from the dead.
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During play, a child Zenon falls off the roof of a house; two Jews accuse Jesus of having pushed him.
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Jesus raises the dead child from the dead, so he can testify that Jesus is innocent.
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Together with other children, Jesus is catching fish on Sabbath.
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A Jew who scolds the children dies on the spot.
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The children complain about Jesus to adult Jews.
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At Mary's and Joseph's request, Jesus raises the dead man.
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Jesus plays with lions and guides them up to the town gates. The town people are scared.
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Jesus quarrels with his teacher in front of other pupils about the nature of the letters.
See also
Further reading
- Barnstone, Willis (ed.). The Other Bible, HarperCollins, 1984, pp. 398–403. ISBN 0-06-250031-7
References
- ^ Georgiou, Aristos (2024-06-07). "Experts decipher oldest manuscript of Jesus childhood gospel". Newsweek. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
- Vukovic, Marijana (2022). Survival and Success of an Apocryphal Childhood of Jesus: Reception of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas in the Middle Ages. De Gruyter. pp. 32, 56. ISBN 9783110752786. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
- Carlson, Stephen C. (1 January 2014). "Origen's Use of the Gospel of Thomas". Sacra Scriptura: How "Non-Canonical" Text Functioned in Early Judaism and Early Christianity.
- ^ J.R.C. Cousland (16 November 2017). Holy Terror: Jesus in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-0-567-66817-2.
- ^ The Infancy Gospels of Jesus: Apocryphal Tales from the Childhoods of Mary and Jesus--annotated & Explained. SkyLight Paths Publishing; 2009. ISBN 978-1-59473-258-4. p. 10–.
- Gero, Stephen (1971). "The Infancy Gospel of Thomas: A Study of the Textual and Literary Problems". Novum Testamentum. 13 (1): 56–57. doi:10.2307/1560167. JSTOR 1560167.
- Ehrman, Bart (2003). Lost Scriptures: Books that did not make it into the New Testament. Oxford University Press. pp. 64–66. ISBN 0195141822.
- Georgiou, Aristos (7 June 2024). "Experts decipher oldest manuscript of Jesus childhood gospel". Newsweek.
- ^ James, M.R. (1924). Christian Apocrypha and Early Christian Literature (PDF). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 276. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-09. Retrieved 2019-01-11.
- van Aarde, A.G. (2005). "The infancy Gospel of Thomas: Allegory or myth - Gnostic or Ebionite?" (PDF). University of Pretoria. p. 3 (p. 828).
- Burke, Tony. "Infancy Gospel of Thomas: Greek A". TonyBurke.ca. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- Burke, Tony. "Infancy Gospel of Thomas: Greek B". TonyBurke.ca. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- Burke, Tony. "Infancy Gospel of Thomas: Late Latin". TonyBurke.ca. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- "The Infancy Gospel of Thomas: Irish | Tony Burke".
- KNA (2024-06-05). "Oldest manuscript of the Gospel about the childhood of Jesus discovered". The Irish Catholic. Retrieved 2024-06-10.
- ^ Reidar Aasgaard (30 June 2011). The Childhood of Jesus: Decoding the Apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Thomas. Lutterworth Press. pp. 255–. ISBN 978-0-227-90301-8.
- Kate Zebiri of the University of London (Spring 2000). "Contemporary Muslim Understanding of the Miracles of Jesus" (PDF). The Muslim World. 90. Hartford Seminary's Macdonald Center for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations: 74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-09. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
In the Qur'an, the miracles of Jesus are described in two passages: 3:49 and 5:110. Qur'an 3:49 attributes the following words to Jesus: 'I have come to you with a sign from your Lord: I will make for you a bird from clay, breathe into it, and it will become a real bird—by Allah's Will. I will heal the blind and the leper and raise the dead to life—by Allah's Will.
- Aasgaard, Reidar. "The Childhood of Jesus: Decoding the Apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Thomas" James Clarke & Co, 2009, p. 179-180.
- Gospel of Thomas Greek Text A(Archive), Wesley Center Online, Northwest Nazarene University
External links
- Early Christian Writings: Infancy Gospel of Thomas
- Gnostic Society Library: Infancy Gospel of Thomas introduction and translations by M.R. James, 1924