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Twelver Shi'ism
The Fourteen Infallibles Muhammad Fatimah The Twelve Imams Ali Hasan Husayn al-Sajjad al-Baqir al-Sadiq al-Kazim ar-Rida al-Taqi al-Naqi al-Askari al-Mahdi
Principles Monotheism Justice Prophethood Imamate Judgement Day
Other beliefs Imamate of the Family Angels Mourning of Muharram Intercession Occultation Wilayat al-Faqih Usul al-fiqh Ijtihad Taqlid Irfan
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Other practices Mourning of Muharram Arba'een Pilgrimage Intercession
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Groups Ja'fari Usuli Akhbari Shaykhi
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Hadith collections The Four Books Kitab al-Kafi Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih Tahdhib al-Ahkam Al-Istibsar Other hadith collections Book of Sulaym ibn Qays Bihar al-Anwar Wasā'il al-Shīʿa Reality of Certainty Nahj al-Balagha Mafatih al-Jinan Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya Al-Amali
Sources of ijtihad and jurisprudence Qur'an Hadiths of The Infallibles Consensus Reason
Related topics List of Twelver Shia books Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism
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Part of a series on Shia Islam
Beliefs and practices Monotheism Holy Books Prophethood Succession to Muhammad Imamate Ismaili Twelver Zaydi Angels Judgment Day Mourning of Muharram Intercession Clergy The Four Companions Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage
Days of remembrance Ashura Arba'een Mawlid Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Adha Eid al-Ghadir Mourning of Muharram Omar Koshan
History Verse of purification Two weighty things Mubahala Khumm Fatimah's house First Fitna Second Fitna Battle of Karbala Origin Persecution
Branches and sects Ja'fari Akhbari Usuli Shaykhi Zaydi Houthi Isma'ili Musta'li Tayyibi Dawoodi Bohra Progressive Hebtiahs Bohra Atba-i-Malak Bohra Sulaymani Bohra Alavi Bohra Qutbi Bohra Hafizi Nizari Khoja Satpanth Ghulat Alawi Alevi Bektashi Bektashism and folk religion Qizilbash Ishiki Extinct Shi'a sects
Ahl al-Kisa Muhammad Ali Fatima Hasan Husayn
Holy women Fatima Khadija bint Khuwaylid Umm Salama Zaynab bint Ali Umm Kulthum bint Ali Umm al-Banin Fatima bint Hasan Ruqayya bint Husayn Rubab Shahrbanu Fatima bint Musa Hakimah Khātūn Narjis Fatimah bint Asad Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim Ruqayya bint Ali Sayyida Nafisa
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The Fourteen Infallibles (Arabic: ٱلْمَعْصُومُون ٱلْأَرْبَعَة عَشَر, al-Maʿṣūmūn al-ʾArbaʿah ʿAšar; Persian: چهارده معصومین, Čahârdah Ma'sūmīn) in Twelver Shia Islam are the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatima, and the Twelve Imams. All are considered to be infallible under the theological concept of Ismah. Accordingly, they have the power to commit sin but by their nature are able to avoid doing so, which is regarded as a miraculous gift from God. The Infallibles are believed to follow only God's desire in their actions because of their supreme righteousness, consciousness, and love for God. They are also regarded as being immune to error in practical matters, in calling people to religion, and in the perception of divine knowledge. Some Twelver Shia believe the Fourteen Infallibles are superior to the rest of creation and to the other major prophets.

Family tree

List of the Infallibles

See also

• Shia Islam
• Twelvers
• Ahl al-Bayt
• Ahl al-Kisa
• Twelve Imams
• Imamat doctrine
• Ismah
• Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam#Infallibility of Imams
• Salawat

Notes

1. The abbreviation CE refers to the Common Era solar calendar, while AH refers to the Islamic Hijri lunar calendar
2. Except the Twelfth Imam

References

1. Dabashi 2006, p. 463
2. Corbin 1993, p. 48
3. Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989, p. 98
4. Donaldson 1933, p. 326
5. Ansariyan 2007, p. 89
6. Algar 1990
7. ^ Nasr 2006
8. Mir 1987, p. 171
9. Tabatabaei 1975, p. 131
10. Tabatabaei 1975, p. 134
11. Walbridge 2001, p. 103
12. ^ Chittick 1980, p. 136
13. ^ Klemm 2014
14. Ordoni 2009, p. 94
15. Ordoni 2009, p. 70
16. Ordoni 2009, p. 56
17. Qurashī 2007, p. 38
18. ^ Chittick 1980, p. 137
19. Dungersi 1994, p. 4
20. Hughes 2013, p. 258
21. Rayshahri 2008, p. 68
22. Lammens 2012
23. ^ Rizvi 1988, p. 48
24. ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
25. Ahmed 2005, p. 234
26. Poonawala 1985
27. Mashita 2002, p. 69
28. Corbin 1993, p. 50
29. ^ Madelung 2003
30. Tabatabaei 1975, p. 173
31. ^ Rizvi 1988, p. 49
32. ^ Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 174
33. Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 198–199
34. ^ Madelung 2004
35. Qurashī 2007, p. 17
36. ^ Chittick 1980, p. 138
37. Madelung 1985
38. ^ Madelung, Wilferd. "ʿALĪ B. ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB, ZAYN-AL-ʿĀBEDĪN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2017-08-05. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
39. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 178–179
40. ^ Madelung, Wilferd. "BĀQER, ABŪ JAʿFAR MOḤAMMAD". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
41. Madelung 1988
42. "Jaʿfar A-Ṣādeq". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 5 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-10-20. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
43. Tabatabaei 1975, p. 15
44. Tabatabae (1979), p.203–204
45. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 180
46. Madelung 1985b
47. ^ Madelung, Wilferd. "ʿALĪ AL-REŻĀ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
48. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 181
49. Tabatabaei 1975, p. 68
50. Sachedina 1988, pp. 53–54
51. Amir-Moezzi 2011, p. 207
52. Tabatabae (1979), pp.205–207
53. Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 182–183
54. ^ Chittick 1980, p. 139
55. Tabatabaei 1975, p. 183
56. ^ Tabatabae (1979), p. 207
57. Qurashī 2005
58. Madelung 1985a
59. Dungersi 2005, p. 16
60. ^ Madelung, Wilferd. "ʿALĪ AL-HĀDĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
61. ^ Rizvi 1988, p. 50
62. Halm 1987
63. ^ Halm, H. "ʿASKARĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
64. Dungersi 2005, p. 188
65. Tabatabaei 1975, p. 184
66. Dungersi 2005, p. 196
67. Amir-Moezzi 2007
68. "THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
69. Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 115
70. "ḠAYBA". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
71. "Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Hujjah". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
72. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 186
73. Tabatabaei 1975, p. 185
74. Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 211–214

Sources

Encyclopedias

• Ahmed, M. Mukarram (2005). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-261-2339-1.
• Algar, Hamid (1990). "Chahardah M'asum". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
• Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2007). "Islam in Iran-vii. The Concept of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
• Halm, H (1987). "ʿAskari". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
• Klemm (2014). "Fāṭima bt. Muḥammad". Encyclopaedia of Islam 3.
• Lammens (2012). "Fatima". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Online. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
• Madelung, Wilferd (1985). "'Ali b. Al-Hosayn". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
• Madelung, Wilferd (1985a). "'Ali Al-Hadi". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
• Madelung, Wilferd (1985b). "ʿAli Al-Reza". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
• Madelung, Wilferd (1988). "Baqer, Abu Ja'far Mohammad". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
• Madelung, Wilferd (2003). "Hasan ibn Ali". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
• Madelung, Wilferd (2004). "Ḥosayn B.ʿAli. Life and Significance in Shi'ism". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
• Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-865772-1.
• Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). "Muhammad". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
• Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
• Poonawala, I. K. (1985). "ʿAli B. Abi Ṭaleb". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2014-07-07.

Books

• Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (1994). The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2122-2.
• Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2011). The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam: Belief and Practices. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-738-2.
• Ansariyan, Hussein (2007). Ahl Al-Bayt The Celestial Beings on the Earth. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-873-6. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
• Chittick, William C. (1980). A Shi'ite Anthology. SUNY Press. pp. 136–140. ISBN 978-0-87395-510-2. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
• Corbin, Henry (1993). History of Islamic Philosophy. Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 978-0-7103-0416-2.
• Dabashi, Hamid (2006). Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-4128-0516-3.
• Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak. Burleigh Press. ISBN 978-0-404-18959-4.
• Dungersi, Mohammed Raza (1994). A Brief Biography of Hazrat Fatima (s.a.). Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. OCLC 66915718.
• Dungersi, Mohammed Raza (2005). A Brief Biography of Imam Hasan al-Askari. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-689-3. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015.
• Hughes, Aaron (23 April 2013). Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-16147-3.
• Mashita (2002). Theology, ethics and metaphysics. Hiroyuki. Routledge Curzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1670-8.
• Mir, Mustansir (1987). "Seal of the Prophets, The". Dictionary of Qur’ānic Terms and Concepts. Garland Publishing.
• Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid; Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza (1989). Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'ism in History. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-843-0.
• Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2013). Islamic Spirituality: Foundations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-53895-9.
• Ordoni, Abu Muhammad (2009). Fatima (Sa) the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-618-3.
• Qurashī, Bāqir Sharīf (2007). The life of Imām Zayn al 'Abidin (A.S.). Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-9644381652. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014.
• Qurashī, Bāqir Sharīf (2005). The Life of Imam Muhammad Al-Jawad. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-653-4. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014.
• Rayshahri, M. Muhammadi (12 January 2008). The scale of wisdom: a compendium of Shi'a Hadith. ICAS Press. ISBN 978-1-904063-34-6.
• Rizvi, Sayyid Saeed Akhtar (1988). Imamate: The vicegerency of the Holy Prophet. Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. ISBN 978-9976-956-13-9.
• Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988). The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511915-0.
• Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-390-0.
• Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. SUNY press. ISBN 978-0-87395-272-9.
• Walbridge, Linda S. (6 August 2001). The Most Learned of the Shi'a: The Institution of the Marja' Taqlid. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534393-9.

External links

• A Chronological List of the Fourteen Infallibles
• A Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by WOFIS World Organization for Islamic Services Tehran -Iran
• The Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by Mohammad Hussein il’adeeb

• The Fourteen Infallibles
• Groups of Quranic people
• Twelver theology
• Islam-related lists
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• Family of Muhammad
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