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Theodor Tolsdorff
Born	(1909-11-03)3 November 1909 Lehnarten, German Empire
Died	25 May 1978(1978-05-25) (aged 68) Dortmund, West Germany
Buried	Cemetery Heckinghauser Strasse, Wuppertal
Allegiance	Germany
Service / branch	Army (Wehrmacht)
Years of service	1934–45
Rank	Generalleutnant (lieutenant general)
Unit	1st Infantry Division
Commands	340th Volksgrenadier Division LXXXII Army Corps
Battles / wars	World War II
Awards	Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
Crimes
Criminal charge	execution of Franz Xaver Holzhey [de]
Penalty	3.5 years imprisonment in 1954 (acquitted in 1960)

Theodor Tolsdorff (3 November 1909 – 25 May 1978) was a general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was one of 27 recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds. Charged with the killing of Franz Xaver Holzhey [de] in the closing days of the war, Tolsdorff was convicted in 1954 but acquitted in 1960 in trials that drew substantial public interest and media coverage.

Early life

Tolsdorff was born on 3 November 1909, in the family estate in Lehnarten in the Province of East Prussia, a state of the German Empire (today's Poland). He was the youngest of four children and only son of Theodor Tolsdorff, an artillery officer. Tolsdorff attended the Gymnasium (advanced secondary school) in Königsberg, present-day Kaliningrad, and following the death of his father in 1919 took over the family estate. On 1 October 1934, Tolsdorf joined the German Army. By 1938, he was an Oberleutnant (first lieutenant); he was given command of an anti-tank company in the 1st Infantry Division on 1 April 1939.

World War II

As commander of a company, Tolsdorff participated in the German invasion of Poland in 1939 and was awarded both classes of the Iron Cross. Tolsdorff participated in the Battle of France in 1940.

Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June 1941. In November, Tolsdorff was wounded while leading an attack. He was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) on 1 December 1941 and awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 4 December 1941, while in the hospital. He returned to the front in April 1942 and participated in the heavy fighting for Shlisselburg. Tolsdorff was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 15 September 1943.

In June 1944, Tolsdorff participated in the fighting against the Soviet Vilnius Offensive. He was promoted to Oberst (colonel) and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords on 18 July 1944. Afterwards, he was appointed commander of the new 340th Volksgrenadier Division. In mid-November, the unit moved to the Aachen-Jülich area on the west to fight U.S. forces trying to cross the Rhine. In December, the unit was withdrawn to prepare for the Ardennes offensive. The division fought as part of the 5th Panzer Army under command of Hasso von Manteuffel. On 18 March 1945, Tolsdorff received in Berlin the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds. He was promoted to Generalleutnant (lieutenant general) and appointed commander of the LXXXII Army Corps, which was stationed in Bavaria.

On 8 May, he surrendered in Austria to Lt. Carwood Lipton and Robert F. Sink of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division. Tolsdorff's convoy of 31 vehicles drove down from the mountains loaded with his personal baggage, liquor, cigars, cigarettes, and his girlfriends. Private Edward Heffron took Tolsdorff's Luger pistol and a briefcase containing Iron Cross medals and a stash of pornographic pictures.

Criminal charges, trials, conviction, and acquittal

Tolsdorff was married to Eleonore, née van der Berk (6 September 1921 – 15 April 1996). The marriage produced two sons. His youngest son Jürgen died in 1957, in an accident. His older son, Peter, became a doctor and settled in Bad Honnef.

On 9 May 1947, Tolsdorff was released from American captivity. He took various jobs, such as truck driver in the firm belonging to his father-in-law, bus driver on the route Diepholz to Hanover, and construction worker. He was arrested on 7 December 1952.

In 1954, he faced charges for the execution of Franz Xaver Holzhey, an army captain and First World War veteran, on 3 May 1945. Holzhey, without orders, had put up a red cross sign near the command post. The Landgericht (court) in Traunstein had initially sentenced Tolsdorff to three and a half years. The Federal Court of Justice of Germany overturned the decision in 1959 and ordered a retrial. On 24 June 1960, Tolsdorff was declared not guilty and cleared of all charges.

The same year, Tolsdorff was hired by Deutsche Asphalt GmbH, presently owned by Strabag Group, and held a position of manager until 1969, when he took over the branch office in Dortmund. Tolsdorff retired on 31 December 1974. Following a serious accident, he died on 25 May 1978 in Dortmund.

Summary of career

Awards

• Iron Cross (1939)
  • 2nd Class (22 September 1939)
  • 1st Class (23 October 1939)
• German Cross in Gold on 23 August 1942 as Hauptmann in the I./Infanterie-Regiment 22
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
  • Knight's Cross on 4 December 1941 as Oberleutnant and chief of the 14./Infanterie-Regiment 22
  • 302nd Oak Leaves on 15 September 1943 as Major and commander of the I./Füsilier-Regiment 22
  • 80th Swords on 18 July 1944 as Oberstleutnant and commander of Grenadier-Regiment 1067 and leader of the Kampfgruppe Tolsdorff
  • 25th Diamonds on 18 March 1945 as Generalmajor and commander of the 340. Volksgrenadier-Division

Promotions

References

Citations

1. "Pałac w Białej Oleckiej". Wirtualny Przewodnik po krainie EGO (in Polish). Retrieved 24 June 2014.
2. Fraschka 2002, p. 293.
3. ^ Stockert 2010, p. 170.
4. Stockert 1998, p. 4.
5. ^ Fraschka 2002, p. 294.
6. ^ Stockert 2010, p. 172.
7. ^ Stockert 2010, p. 174.
8. Stockert 1998, p. 10.
9. Ambrose, Stephen E. (2013). From D-Day to Victory: Band of Brothers, D-Day, Pegasus Bridge. Simon and Schuster. p. 353. ISBN 9781476755816. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
10. Fraschka 2002, p. 299.
11. "Team". HNO Honnef (in German). Retrieved 25 June 2014.
12. Fraschka 2002, p. 298.
13. ^ Stockert 2010, p. 299.
14. Osterloh & Vollnhals 2012, pp. 65–66.
15. Eichmüller 2012, p. 205.
16. "Prior notification of a concentration (Case M.9666 – Deutsche Asphalt/KEMNA BAU Andrae/Heideasphalt)". eur-lex.europa.eu. 18 May 2020.
17. ^ Thomas 1998, p. 385.
18. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 478.
19. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 747.
20. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 424.
21. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 72.
22. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 44.
23. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 38.

Bibliography

• Eichmüller, Andreas (2012). Keine Generalamnestie: Die Strafverfolgung von NS-Verbrechen in der frühen Bundesrepublik [No General Amnesty: The Prosecution of Nazi Crimes in the early Federal Republic] (in German). Munich, Germany: Oldenbourg Verlag. ISBN 978-3-486-70412-9. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
• Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) . Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
• Fraschka, Günther (2002) . Mit Schwertern und Brillanten—Die Träger der höchsten deutschen Tapferkeitsauszeichnung [With Swords and Diamonds—The Bearers of the Highest German Award for Bravery] (in German) (11 ed.). Munich, Germany: Universitas. ISBN 978-3-8004-1435-2.
• Osterloh, Jörg; Vollnhals, Clemens (2012). NS-Prozesse und deutsche Öffentlichkeit: Besatzungszeit, frühe Bundesrepublik und DDR [Nazi Trials and German Public: Occupation, early Federal Republic and the GDR] (in German). Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-647-36921-1.
• Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
• Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
• Searle, Alaric (2003). Wehrmacht Generals, West German Society, and the Debate on Rearmament, 1949–1959. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-97968-3.
• Stockert, Peter (1998). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 4 [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 4] (in German). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. ISBN 978-3-932915-03-1.
• Stockert, Peter (2010). Die Brillantenträger der deutschen Wehrmacht 1941–1945—Zeitgeschichte in Farbe [The Diamonds Leaves Bearers of the German Armed Forces 1941–1945—History in Color] (in German). Selent, Germany: Pour le Mérite. ISBN 978-3-932381-59-1.
• Thomas, Franz (1998). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2300-9.

• Biography

• Media from Commons

• 1909 births
• 1978 deaths
• People from Olecko
• Military personnel from East Prussia
• Lieutenant generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
• German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
• Recipients of the Gold German Cross
• Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds